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1、Enteric Diseases of Young Pigs仔猪肠道疾病仔猪肠道疾病Diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality in swine下痢一直是新生仔猪死亡的主要原因下痢一直是新生仔猪死亡的主要原因Definition of Diarrhea下痢的定义下痢的定义n nExcess water in feces relative to dry matter.粪中含水量过大n nNormally, much of the fluid is absorbed in the small intestine
2、before it exits the ileum 通常，大部分水都在进入回肠之间就在小肠中被吸收了n nColon serves to conserve water and electrolytes结肠只起吸收水和电解质的作用Mechanisms of Diarrhea下痢的机下痢的机理理n nSecretory Diarrhea分泌性下痢分泌性下痢n nResult of the effect of enterotoxins secreted by Result of the effect of enterotoxins secreted by bacteria and some viru
3、sesbacteria and some viruses细菌和其它病毒分泌细菌和其它病毒分泌的肠毒素造成的结果的肠毒素造成的结果n nAlteration in secretion of electrolytes, water, and Alteration in secretion of electrolytes, water, and bicarbonate: gradient pulls water into lumenbicarbonate: gradient pulls water into lumen电解电解质、水和碳酸氢钠的分泌发生改变：使水进入肠质、水和碳酸氢钠的分泌发生改变：
4、使水进入肠腔腔n nAbsorption continues: Chyle in lymphaticsAbsorption continues: Chyle in lymphaticsMechanisms of Diarrhea下痢的机下痢的机理理n nMalabsorptive Diarrhea吸收不良性下吸收不良性下痢痢n nReduction in surface area of intestineReduction in surface area of intestine肠粘膜表面积减少肠粘膜表面积减少n nLoss of absorptive capacityLoss of abso
5、rptive capacity吸收能力减弱吸收能力减弱n nVillous atrophyVillous atrophy绒毛萎缩绒毛萎缩n nChyle absent in lymphaticsChyle absent in lymphatics淋巴乳糜缺乏淋巴乳糜缺乏n nUndigested ingesta fermentsUndigested ingesta ferments未消化的食糜发酵未消化的食糜发酵Mechanisms of Diarrhea下痢的机下痢的机理理n nEffusive Diarrhea渗漏性下痢渗漏性下痢n nResult of severe damage to
6、mucosaResult of severe damage to mucosa粘膜严重受粘膜严重受损的结果损的结果n nNecrotoxins produced by bacteriaNecrotoxins produced by bacteria细菌产生的坏死毒素细菌产生的坏死毒素n nLeakage of serum proteins and water due to Leakage of serum proteins and water due to vascular damagevascular damage血管受损导致血清蛋白质和水漏血管受损导致血清蛋白质和水漏出出n nLoss o
7、f absorptive capacityLoss of absorptive capacity吸收能力减弱吸收能力减弱Arriving at a Diagnosis诊断诊断n nHistory病史n nAge of onsetAge of onset发病年龄发病年龄n nVaccination historyVaccination history免疫接种历史免疫接种历史n nSudden death vs. protracted diarrheaSudden death vs. protracted diarrhea猝死和长猝死和长期下痢期下痢Arriving at a Diagnosis诊
8、断诊断n nSelection of specimens病料采集n nDiarrhea of 24 hrs or lessDiarrhea of 24 hrs or less下痢开始后下痢开始后2424小时以小时以内内n nUntreatedUntreated未经治疗未经治疗n nAvoid pigs which “died during the night”Avoid pigs which “died during the night”不要从不要从夜间死亡的猪采集病料夜间死亡的猪采集病料Selecting Segments of Intestine肠段的选择肠段的选择n nHistopath
9、ology组织病理学n nSections representative of all areas of Sections representative of all areas of intestinesintestines要选择能代表肠道所有区域的部分要选择能代表肠道所有区域的部分n nBetter to have many small pieces than one Better to have many small pieces than one large piecelarge piece最好要采集多个较短肠段，而不要最好要采集多个较短肠段，而不要只采集一个很长的肠段只采集一个很长的
10、肠段n nSegments 1 cm long, opened lengthwiseSegments 1 cm long, opened lengthwise根根据纵向尺寸的不同，采集据纵向尺寸的不同，采集1 1厘米左右的肠段厘米左右的肠段n nFresh samples样本要新鲜n n7 10 cm segments of ileum, jejunum77 10 cm segments of ileum, jejunum71010厘厘米回肠和空肠的肠段米回肠和空肠的肠段n nSegment of spiral colonSegment of spiral colon结肠螺旋襻的肠段结肠螺旋襻
11、的肠段Selecting Segments of Intestine肠段的选择肠段的选择Causes of pig diarrheas仔猪肠炎原因仔猪肠炎原因NursingNursingWeaningWeaning断奶前断奶前断奶后断奶后E. coliE. coli 大肠杆菌大肠杆菌1111% 49% 49%Rotavirus Rotavirus 轮状病毒轮状病毒14%14% 12%12%C. perfringens C. perfringens 1919% 0% 0%产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌TGE TGE 传染性胃肠炎传染性胃肠炎传染性胃肠炎传染性胃肠炎 8% 8% 7%7%
12、CoccidiosisCoccidiosis球虫病球虫病20%20% 15%15%Source-Iowa State Diagnostic Lab 2000-2002Source-Iowa State Diagnostic Lab 2000-2002Colibacillosis - E. coli大肠杆菌病大肠杆菌病 分泌过度性下痢分泌过度性下痢 Hypersecretion diarrheaHypersecretion diarrhea1212小时至小时至3 34 4天龄或更大的猪下痢天龄或更大的猪下痢 Diarrhea from Diarrhea from 12 hours to 3-4
13、days12 hours to 3-4 days 可能极度水样化可能极度水样化 May be extremely wateryMay be extremely watery 随后发病的各窝猪更严重随后发病的各窝猪更严重 Increases severity in succeeding littersIncreases severity in succeeding litters 头胎仔猪可能更严重头胎仔猪可能更严重 Gilt litters may be more severeGilt litters may be more severeDiagnosis - E. coli大肠杆菌病诊断大肠
14、杆菌病诊断 进行性水样下痢progressive watery diarrhea实验室用琼脂平板培养大肠杆菌 culture E. coli on agar plate用分离的大肠杆菌作敏感性测定 culture and sensitivity testingDiarrhea Treatments 下痢的治疗下痢的治疗Gentamycin庆大霉素Spectinomycin 壮观霉素Kanamycin 卡哪霉素Neomycin 新霉素Sulfa, trimethoprim 磺胺，三甲氧苄氨嘧啶Colibacillosis vaccines大肠杆菌疫苗大肠杆菌疫苗菌苗含有最常见的致病性菌株 在母猪
15、产前的5周和 2周注射 此后的母猪只需产前2周注射一次疫苗应该含有K88, K99, 987P, F41。Bacterin - most common pathogenic strainsInject sows 5 weeks and 2 weeks prior to Inject sows 5 weeks and 2 weeks prior to farrowingfarrowingSubsequent farrowings - 2 weeks onlySubsequent farrowings - 2 weeks onlyClostridium perfringens type CC型产气
16、荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌型产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌n n12hrs 7 days12小时7天n nDeath in as little as 4-8 hours48小时内死亡n nBloody or yellow to gray diarrhea带血或黄色至灰色下痢n nNecrotoxins坏死毒素Clostridium perfringens type A A型产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌型产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌n nWatery to pasty, white to yellow diarrheaWatery to pasty, white to yellow diarrhea水样至水样至粘性下痢，白色至黄色
17、粘性下痢，白色至黄色n nToxinsToxins毒素毒素n n -2 often seen in isolates from pigs with diarrhea-2 often seen in isolates from pigs with diarrhea下痢下痢仔猪分离到的菌株常见仔猪分离到的菌株常见-2-2毒素毒素n nLesions similar to those with type CLesions similar to those with type C病变与病变与C C型所型所致的病变相似致的病变相似n nNecrosis of tips of villiNecrosis
18、of tips of villi绒毛顶端坏死绒毛顶端坏死n nLack hemorrhageLack hemorrhage无出血无出血Prevention and Treatments预防和治疗预防和治疗n nVaccinate sows 5 and 2 weeks prior to farrowing Vaccinate sows 5 and 2 weeks prior to farrowing May require development of an autogenous May require development of an autogenous vaccinevaccine分娩前
19、分娩前5 5周和周和2 2周对母猪免疫，可能需要生周对母猪免疫，可能需要生产自家菌苗产自家菌苗n nFeeding antibiotics such as bacitracin to sows Feeding antibiotics such as bacitracin to sows prior to farrowingprior to farrowing分娩前对母猪饲喂杆菌肽等抗生分娩前对母猪饲喂杆菌肽等抗生素素n nTreat piglets at birth with penicillin or antiserumTreat piglets at birth with penicill
20、in or antiserum在仔猪出生时用青霉素或抗血清对其进行治疗在仔猪出生时用青霉素或抗血清对其进行治疗TGE传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎Highly contagious viral disease 高度传染性病毒病Can result in 100% mortality 能引起100%死亡Survival depends on the age of the pig存活取决于猪的年龄Endemic forms can develop 可能成为地方流行性TGE 传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎Cause is a coronavirus 病原为冠状病毒Attacks cells lining the sma
21、ll intestine攻击小肠内壁细胞Survives for long periods of time in the environment 在环境中可长期存活Very stable when frozen 冰冻后非常稳定生存TGE 传染胃肠炎TGE 传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎Inactivation of the virus 病毒的灭活sunlight sunlight 阳光阳光drying drying 干燥干燥warm temperatures warm temperatures 高温高温most disinfectants most disinfectants 多数消毒药多数消毒药TGE
22、 Clinical Signs 传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎临床症状临床症状Severe diarrhea 严重的下痢Vomiting呕吐Dehydration 脱水High mortality in young pigs under 2 weeks of age 两周龄以下的猪死亡率高Lower mortality in pigs over 3 weeks of age 三周龄以上的猪死亡率低TGE Spreads Rapidly 传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎传播快传播快Very short incubation period 潜伏期很短Within 2-3 days majority of pigs on
23、 farm can be infected 2-3天内猪场内多数猪即被感染Sources of Infection 传染胃肠炎传传染胃肠炎传染源染源Primarily infected shedding pigs 主要为受感染的排毒猪People second most important 人是第二重要的传播因素Starlings and other animals 椋鸟科鸟和其它动物Diagnosis of TGE 传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎诊断诊断Clinical signs临床症状Necropsy 病理剖检Diagnostic Laboratory 实验室诊断histological conf
24、irmation histological confirmation 病史确认病史确认positive FA test positive FA test 荧光抗体阳性检测荧光抗体阳性检测Treatment of TGE 传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎治疗治疗Keep warm 保暖Antibiotics to control secondary bacteria 应用抗生素防止继发感染Wean pigs early 早期断奶Young pigs rarely survive despite treatment efforts 尽管进行治疗，年龄小的猪仍然很少存活。TGE Immunization 传染胃
25、肠炎传染胃肠炎免疫免疫Deliberate entire herd exposure to virus故意让整个猪群接触病毒Timing is important Timing is important 上述处理的时间很重要上述处理的时间很重要Is infection in farrowing facility? Is infection in farrowing facility? 产房内有无感染产房内有无感染? ?Goal is to shorten the overall effect Goal is to shorten the overall effect 目标是减轻整体影响目标是减
26、轻整体影响TGE Immunization 传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎免疫免疫If not in farrowing facility 如果产房内无感染Isolate these facilities from the rest of the farm Isolate these facilities from the rest of the farm 将产房与场内其他猪舍隔离开将产房与场内其他猪舍隔离开Expose other sows on the farm Expose other sows on the farm 自然免疫场内的其它母猪自然免疫场内的其它母猪TGE Vaccines 传染胃肠
27、炎传染胃肠炎疫苗疫苗Injectable 注射型Oral 口服型Variable protection to piglets through the colostrum 通过初乳对仔猪提供的免疫力强弱不一Autogenous TGE Vaccine 传染胃肠炎自家疫苗传染胃肠炎自家疫苗Harvest intestines from acutely infected piglets when Harvest intestines from acutely infected piglets when clinical signs appearclinical signs appear当出现临床症状
28、时，收集急性感染仔猪的小肠当出现临床症状时，收集急性感染仔猪的小肠Homogenize in a blender Homogenize in a blender 放在组织粉碎机内制成匀浆放在组织粉碎机内制成匀浆Material can be frozen for later use Material can be frozen for later use 冰冻保存备用冰冻保存备用Autogenous TGE Vaccine Use传染胃肠炎自家疫苗的应用传染胃肠炎自家疫苗的应用One piglets intestines per 20 sows in 2 1/2 liters of water
29、, 125cc(1/2 cup) per sow mixed in feed 每20头母猪饲喂一头仔猪的肠道组织，肠道组织匀浆溶于2.5升水中；每头母猪125毫升(半杯)混入饲料中。Feed to sows at least 3 weeks prior to farrowing 至少在分娩前三周投喂母猪Planned exposure to specific groups may not be contained 可以不包括对特定年龄组猪的计划性感染Autogenous TGE Vaccine Use 传染胃肠炎自家疫苗的应用传染胃肠炎自家疫苗的应用Exposure to entire her
30、d may eliminate the virus from the farm 饲喂整个猪群可能会根除猪场内的病毒Eliminates carrier pigs 清除带毒猪Virus dies out 病毒死亡Best done during hot weather最好进行于天气炎热时Enzootic (chronic) TGE 地方性地方性(慢性慢性)传染胃肠炎传染胃肠炎Diarrhea in 7-14 day old piglets 714日龄的猪表现腹泻Post weaning in the nursery 断奶后的保育仔猪Not all pigs or litters affected
31、 不是所有的猪或窝都被被感染Vomiting is rare 极少发生呕吐Sows not sick 母猪不发病Dealing With Enzootic TGE 对付地方性对付地方性(慢性慢性)传染性胃肠炎传染性胃肠炎Entire herd exposure 令整个猪群接触病毒All-in/All-out production 全进全出的生产系统Good sanitation and disinfectant 良好的卫生和消毒措施Footbaths to reduce spread of virus 实施脚浴以减少病毒传播Rotavirus 轮状病毒轮状病毒黄色至白色下痢 Yellow to
32、 white scours 危害10日龄至3周龄的仔猪Affects 10 day to 3 week old pig除非受感染的幼猪，否则死亡率低。Mortality low unless younger pigs affected发病率-100% Morbidity - 100%Coccidiosis 球虫病球虫病 猪等孢球虫(Isospora suis) 在热天时发病增多 Incidence increase during hot weather发病率：水泥及木板地面 100%发病Morbidity - 100% on concrete or wood floor死亡率020% Mort
33、ality 第一胎的仔猪较易发病 gilt littersCoccidiosis: Diagnosis 球虫病诊断球虫病诊断Histopathology 组织学 病原学 Intestinal smear 小肠涂片Fecal flotation 粪便漂浮法检查Coccidiosis - Prevention 球虫病球虫病预防预防金属丝网状地面 wire floors极好的卫生 extremely good sanitation漂白剂或氨水消毒 bleach or ammonia (例如：次氯酸钠) sodium hypochlorite 冲洗母猪 wash sow 远离病圈 stay out of pensControl & Treatment of Pig Diarrheas仔猪下痢治疗与预防仔猪下痢治疗与预防Diagnosis诊断Antimicrobials 抗菌药Electrolytes 电解质Extreme sanitation 高度卫生All-in,all-out 全进全出Immunizations 免疫接种
