非谓语动词2

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1、非谓语动词在英语中，不能用作句子谓语，但可以担任其它语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词(Non-finite Verbs)。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。1 1动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式 (Infinitive)(Infinitive)1.1 1.1 动词不定式的功能动词不定式的功能动词不定式的功能动词不定式的功能动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式。它由动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式。它由“ “to +to +动动词原形词原形” ”构成，动词不定式可以带宾语或状语，构构成，动词不定式可以带宾语或状语，构成不定式短语（如：成不定式短语（如：to answ

2、er the question, to to answer the question, to study hard, to study English hard study hard, to study English hard 等）。动词不定等）。动词不定式可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语或式可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语或主语的补语。主语的补语。 作主语作主语 例如：例如： To master a foreign language is very important.To master a foreign language is very important. 掌握一门外

3、语是非常重要的。掌握一门外语是非常重要的。 To solve the problem is not easy. To solve the problem is not easy. 解决这个问题不解决这个问题不容易。容易。 不定式短语作主语时，可用不定式短语作主语时，可用it it作形式主语，而真正主作形式主语，而真正主语语- -动词不定式放在句子的后面，以保持句子平衡。动词不定式放在句子的后面，以保持句子平衡。上面的例句可用如下形式：上面的例句可用如下形式： 例如：例如：It is very important to master a foreign It is very important

4、to master a foreign language.language. It is not easy to solve the problem. It is not easy to solve the problem. 2） 作表语例如：Her wish is to become a doctor. 她的愿望就是成为一名医生。 My suggestion is to give up smoking. 我的建议是戒烟。 作宾语作宾语 常接不定式作宾语的动词有：常接不定式作宾语的动词有：want (want (想要想要), ask (), ask (要求要求), hope (), hope

5、(希望希望), wish (), wish (希望希望), expect (), expect (期望期望), refuse (), refuse (拒绝拒绝), learn (), learn (学会学会), decide ), decide ( (决定决定), agree (), agree (同意同意), promise (), promise (许诺许诺), plan (), plan (计划计划), offer (), offer (提出提出), ), manage (manage (设法设法), prepare (), prepare (准备准备), fail (), fail (

6、未能未能), afford (), afford (担负得起担负得起), ), arrange (arrange (安排安排), attempt (), attempt (试图试图), tend (), tend (倾向于倾向于), pretend (), pretend (假装假装), ), intend (intend (企图企图), claim (), claim (声称声称), long (), long (渴望渴望), determine (), determine (决定决定) ) 等。等。 例如：例如：He intended to change his job. He inten

7、ded to change his job. 他想换工作。他想换工作。 She managed to accomplish her work in time.She managed to accomplish her work in time.她设法及时完成了工作。她设法及时完成了工作。 不定式短语作宾语，如后面有宾语补足语时，往往把不定式宾语放在不定式短语作宾语，如后面有宾语补足语时，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语后，而用宾语补足语后，而用it it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。 例如：例如： The workers think it necessary to increase productiv

8、ity.The workers think it necessary to increase productivity. 工人们认为提高生产率是必要的。工人们认为提高生产率是必要的。 We found it impossibleWe found it impossible to get everything ready in advance. to get everything ready in advance. 我们发现提前做好一切准备是不可能的。我们发现提前做好一切准备是不可能的。 4 4）作宾语）作宾语( (或主语或主语) )的补足语的补足语 在主动语态句中做宾语补足语的成分，在被动语态

9、句中则做在主动语态句中做宾语补足语的成分，在被动语态句中则做主语补足语。主语补足语。 例如：例如：The manager asked him to work out a plan. The manager asked him to work out a plan. 经理要他制定一个计划。（宾语补足语）经理要他制定一个计划。（宾语补足语） He was asked to work out a plan. (He was asked to work out a plan. (主语补足语）主语补足语） 注注注注 在感官动词在感官动词see, watch, look at, hear, listen

10、to, feel, see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, observe notice, observe 等和使役动词等和使役动词make, let , have make, let , have 等词后的宾等词后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带语补足语中，不定式不带toto，但以上动词若为被动语态时，但以上动词若为被动语态时，作主补的不定式则要加上作主补的不定式则要加上“ “to”to”。 例如：例如： I saw her enter the classroom. I saw her enter the classroom. 我看见

11、她走进了教室。我看见她走进了教室。 She was seen to enter the classroom.She was seen to enter the classroom. 有人看见她走进了教有人看见她走进了教室。室。 I had him go home. I had him go home. 我让他回家。我让他回家。 He was had to go home. He was had to go home. 他被叫回家。他被叫回家。 5 5）作定语）作定语 例如：例如：She is the first one to come to the office. She is the fir

12、st one to come to the office. 她是第一个到办公室的她是第一个到办公室的人。人。 I have a meeting to attend. I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要参加。我有一个会议要参加。 注注注注 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面必须有相应的介词。作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面必须有相应的介词。例如：例如：This is the earth for us to live on. This is the earth for us to live on. 这是我们居住的地球。这是我们居住的地球。 Sh

13、e is looking for a room to live in. She is looking for a room to live in. 她正在找一个住的房间。她正在找一个住的房间。 He has nothing to worry about.He has nothing to worry about. 他没有什么值得发愁的事。他没有什么值得发愁的事。 但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, placetime, place或或wayway，不定式后面的介，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。词习惯上要省去。 例如：例如：The old man had no

14、 money and no placeThe old man had no money and no place to live. to live. 这位老人没有钱和住的地方。这位老人没有钱和住的地方。 6 6）作状语（表目的、原因和结果）作状语（表目的、原因和结果） 例如：例如：To improve his spoken English, he often talks to To improve his spoken English, he often talks to foreigners in English. foreigners in English. (= In order to

15、improve his spoken English, he often talks to (= In order to improve his spoken English, he often talks to foreigners in English.)foreigners in English.) (= He often talks to foreigners in English so as to improve his (= He often talks to foreigners in English so as to improve his spoken English.)sp

16、oken English.) 为了提高口语，他常常用英语和外国人交谈。为了提高口语，他常常用英语和外国人交谈。( (目的目的) ) I am very glad to meet you. I am very glad to meet you. 见到你我很高兴。见到你我很高兴。( (原因原因) ) He woke up only to find himself lying on a bed in a hospital. He woke up only to find himself lying on a bed in a hospital. 他醒来结果发现他自己躺在病床上。他醒来结果发现他自己躺

17、在病床上。( (结果）结果） 不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式。时，不定式多用主动形式。 例如：例如：The novel is difficult to understand. (to understand the The novel is difficult to understand. (to understand the novel). novel). 这部小说难以理解。这部小说难以理解。 “ “ too +too +形容词或副词形容词或副词+ +不定式不定式” ”作状语，一般表示否定的

18、结果。作状语，一般表示否定的结果。 例如：例如：Its too dark for us to see anything. Its too dark for us to see anything. 天太黑了我们什么也看天太黑了我们什么也看不见。不见。 7 7）不定式与疑问词）不定式与疑问词what, which, who, when, how, whywhat, which, who, when, how, why等连用，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、表语、宾语等。等连用，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、表语、宾语等。 例如：例如：Where to have the meeting hasnt bee

19、n decided yet.Where to have the meeting hasnt been decided yet. 在哪里开会还没有决定。（在哪里开会还没有决定。（Where to have the meetingWhere to have the meeting作主语）作主语） My question is how to organize the work. My question is how to organize the work. 我的问题是如何组织这项工作。（我的问题是如何组织这项工作。（how to organize the workhow to organize t

20、he work作表作表语）语） There were so many good books that I didnt know which to There were so many good books that I didnt know which to choose. choose. 有这么多好书以至于我不知道选哪一本。有这么多好书以至于我不知道选哪一本。 （which to choosewhich to choose作动词作动词knowknow的宾语）的宾语） 1.2 1.2 动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式的逻辑主语 有时，所表达的意义需要不定式

21、有一个逻辑主语。就用有时，所表达的意义需要不定式有一个逻辑主语。就用“ “for +for +名词（或名词（或代词宾格）代词宾格）+ +不定式不定式” ”的结构，其中的结构，其中“ “for +for +名词（或代词宾格）名词（或代词宾格）” ”作不作不定式的逻辑主语。定式的逻辑主语。 例如：例如：It is possible for us to realize our hopes. It is possible for us to realize our hopes. 我们实现希望是可能的。我们实现希望是可能的。 I found an interesting bookI found an i

22、nteresting book for my son to read. for my son to read. 我找到了一本我儿子看的有趣的书。我找到了一本我儿子看的有趣的书。 有时，在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词的后面，用有时，在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词的后面，用ofof引出不定式的逻引出不定式的逻辑主语。辑主语。 例如：例如：It was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary It was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.

23、arrangements for us. 你们考虑得真周到，为我们作好了一切必要的安排。你们考虑得真周到，为我们作好了一切必要的安排。 It is wise of her to do that. It is wise of her to do that. 他那样做是明智的。他那样做是明智的。1. 3 不定式的否定式不定式的否定式“not + to do”例如：He pretended not to see me. 他假装没看见我。 It would be wrong not to take that problem into consideration.不把那个问题考虑在内是错误的。1.4 1

24、.4 不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态 语态语态时态时态主动主动被动被动一般式一般式to doto doto be doneto be done进行式进行式to be doingto be doing/ /完成式完成式to have doneto have doneto have been doneto have been done1）动词不定式的时态（1） 不定式的一般式表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或发生在其后。例如：I saw her go out. 我看见她出去了。 I promise not to be late aga

25、in. 我保证不再迟到。（2）不定式进行时所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。例如：I am very glad to be working with you in the same office.我很高兴与你在同一个办公室工作。They seem to be getting along quite well. 他们好像相处得很好。（3）不定式的完成时所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 我很抱歉让你久等了。He is said to have written a letter to his mother.据说他已给他母亲

26、写了信。 2 2）动词不定式的语态）动词不定式的语态 当不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者时，当不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者时，用主动语态。是动作的承受者时，用被动语态。用主动语态。是动作的承受者时，用被动语态。 例如：例如：He agreed to work in the countryside. He agreed to work in the countryside. 他同意到农村他同意到农村工作。工作。 He agreed to be sent to work in the countryside. He agreed to be sent to wo

27、rk in the countryside. 他同意被派到农村工作。他同意被派到农村工作。 It is impossible for the task to be finished in an hour.It is impossible for the task to be finished in an hour. 在一小时之内完成这项任务是不可能的。在一小时之内完成这项任务是不可能的。 1.5 1.5 使用不带使用不带使用不带使用不带“ “to”to”的不定式的几种句型的不定式的几种句型的不定式的几种句型的不定式的几种句型 1 1）在口语中，以）在口语中，以whywhy开头的简短疑问句中开头

28、的简短疑问句中 例如：例如：Why not go out for a walk? Why not go out for a walk? 为什么不出去散散步呢？为什么不出去散散步呢？ 在在had better, rather thanhad better, rather than等习惯用法中等习惯用法中 例如：例如：Its cold outside. Youd better stay at home. Its cold outside. Youd better stay at home. 外面很冷，你最好呆在家里。外面很冷，你最好呆在家里。 Rather than take a bus, he

29、would prefer to go home on Rather than take a bus, he would prefer to go home on foot. foot. 他宁愿步行回家也不乘公共汽车。他宁愿步行回家也不乘公共汽车。 3 3）在）在do nothing/ anything/ everything but (except) do nothing/ anything/ everything but (except) 结构中，结构中，but (except)but (except)后接不带后接不带toto的不定式，即动词原形。的不定式，即动词原形。 例如：例如：We c

30、ould do nothing but wait.We could do nothing but wait.我们只有等。我们只有等。 He will do anything but study. He will do anything but study. 除了学习外，他什么都愿干。除了学习外，他什么都愿干。 但是如果谓语动词不是但是如果谓语动词不是“ “do nothing/ anything/ everything”do nothing/ anything/ everything”，那么，那么but (except)but (except)后应接带后应接带toto的不定式。的不定式。 例如

31、：例如：We have no choice but to stay here.We have no choice but to stay here. 我们别无选择，我们别无选择，只有呆在这里。只有呆在这里。 The doctor told him nothing but to stay at home and have a The doctor told him nothing but to stay at home and have a good rest.good rest. 医生除了让他呆在家好好休息，其它没有说什么。医生除了让他呆在家好好休息，其它没有说什么。2. 动名词动名词 (Ge

32、rund)2.1 动名词的功能动名词的功能动名词由“动词+ing” 构成；具有动词的特征，它可有自己的宾语、状语，动名词可以带宾语或状语构成动名词短语；具有名词性质，在句中动名词或动名词短语可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。 作主语作主语 例如：例如：Making friends with her is no easy thing. Making friends with her is no easy thing. 与她交朋友不是件容易的事情。与她交朋友不是件容易的事情。 Seeing is believing. Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。百闻不如一见。 注注注注 也可

33、用也可用it it 作形式主语：作形式主语： 例如：例如：Its no easy thing making friends with her. Its no easy thing making friends with her. Its no use (no good, useless) arguing with him. Its no use (no good, useless) arguing with him. 与他争论没用（没好处）。与他争论没用（没好处）。 注注注注 动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次行动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的

34、多次行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。 例如：例如：Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 对年轻人和老年人来说，散步是一种好的锻炼形式。对年轻人和老年人来说，散步是一种好的锻炼形式。 To finish the work is my task for today.To finish the work is my task for today

35、. 我今天的任务就是完成这项工作。我今天的任务就是完成这项工作。2）作表语例如：My favorite sport is playing basketball. 我最喜爱的运动是打篮球。 Our work is serving the people. 我们的工作是为人民服务。 作宾语作宾语 常见的只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和动词短语有：常见的只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和动词短语有：finishfinish（完成）（完成）, enjoy, enjoy（喜欢）（喜欢）, mind, mind（介意）（介意）, avoid, avoid（避免）（避免）, miss, miss（错过）（错过）, sugg

36、est, suggest（建议）（建议）, , appreciateappreciate（欣赏、喜欢）（欣赏、喜欢）, consider, consider（考虑）（考虑）, delay, delay（耽（耽搁）搁）, escape, escape（逃避）（逃避）, admit, admit（承认）（承认）, deny, deny（否认）（否认）, , practicepractice（练习）（练习）, excuse, excuse（原谅）（原谅）, keep, keep（使（使保持着保持着某一状态）某一状态）, mention, mention（提到）（提到）, include, inclu

37、de（包括）（包括）, , imagineimagine（想象）（想象）, risk, risk（冒（冒危险）危险）, resist, resist（抵抗、反（抵抗、反抗）抗）, be accustomed to, be accustomed to（习惯），（习惯），be used tobe used to（现在习惯（现在习惯于）于）, cant stand, cant stand（受不住、不能容忍）（受不住、不能容忍）, cant help, cant help（禁（禁不住）不住）, feel like, feel like（想、欲）（想、欲）, give up, give up（放弃）（放

38、弃）, put off, put off（推迟）（推迟）, devote to, devote to（专心于、致力于）（专心于、致力于）, look forward , look forward toto（盼望）（盼望）, end up, end up（结束、告终）等。（结束、告终）等。 例如：例如：Our teacher suggested going to the reading-room Our teacher suggested going to the reading-room after class. after class. 我们老师建议下课后去阅览室。我们老师建议下课后去阅览室

39、。( (动词宾语动词宾语) ) We have to prevent the air from being polluted.We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。我们必须阻止空气被污染。( (介词宾语介词宾语) ) 注注注注 在动词在动词advise, allow, forbid(advise, allow, forbid(禁止禁止) )，permitpermit（允许）等（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。跟不定式。 例如

40、例如: They dont allow fishing here. : They dont allow fishing here. 他们不准在这儿钓鱼。他们不准在这儿钓鱼。 They dont allow people to fishThey dont allow people to fish here. here. 他们不准人们在这儿钓他们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。鱼。4）作定语, 动名词作定语通常表示目的和用途。例如：Is there a swimming pool in your school? (a pool for swimming)你们学校有游泳池吗？Youd better make a

41、 studying plan. (a plan for studying) 你最好制定一个学习计划。2.2 2.2 动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，则要用复合结构。动名词的复合的主语不一致时，则要用复合结构。动名词的复合结构有两种形式：结构有两种形式：a. a. 物主代词所有格（或代词宾格）物主代词所有格（或代词宾格）+ + 动名词动名词b. b. 名词所有格（或普通格）名

42、词所有格（或普通格）+ + 动名词。动名词。在句子开头必须用物主代词所有格或名词所有格在句子开头必须用物主代词所有格或名词所有格+ +动名词的形式。动名词的形式。 例如：例如：1 1）His comingHis coming made me very happy. made me very happy. 他的到来使我他的到来使我很高兴。很高兴。 （His comingHis coming是是“ “物主代词所有格物主代词所有格+ + 动名词动名词” ”构成的动名词构成的动名词复合结构，作主语）复合结构，作主语） 不可说：不可说：Him coming made me very happy. Him

43、 coming made me very happy. （Him comingHim coming是是“ “物主代词宾格物主代词宾格+ + 动名词动名词” ”构成的动名词复构成的动名词复合结构，不能作主语，只能做宾语）合结构，不能作主语，只能做宾语） 2 2）Xiao Wangs coming made me very happy. Xiao Wangs coming made me very happy. 小王的到来使我很高兴。小王的到来使我很高兴。 （Xiao Wangs comingXiao Wangs coming是是“ “名词所有格名词所有格+ + 动名词动名词” ”构成的动构成的动

44、名词复合结构，作主语）名词复合结构，作主语） 不可说：不可说： Xiao Wang coming made me very happy. Xiao Wang coming made me very happy. （Xiao Wang comingXiao Wang coming是是“ “名词普通格名词普通格 + + 动名词动名词” ”构成的动构成的动名词复合结构，不能作主语，只能作宾语）名词复合结构，不能作主语，只能作宾语） 3) We look forward to his coming. 3) We look forward to his coming. 我们盼望他的到来。我们盼望他的到来

45、。 或者说：或者说：We look forward to him coming.We look forward to him coming. 4) We look forward to Xiao Wangs coming.4) We look forward to Xiao Wangs coming. 我们盼望小王我们盼望小王的到来。的到来。 或者说：或者说：We look forward toWe look forward to Xiao Wang coming.Xiao Wang coming. （动名词的复合结构作宾语时，两种形式都可以用）（动名词的复合结构作宾语时，两种形式都可以用）2

46、.3 动名词的否定式动名词的否定式动名词的否定式为“not + doing”例如：We regret not having taken your advice. 我们懊悔没有接受您的建议。2.4 2.4 动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态 语态语态时态时态主动主动被动被动一般式一般式doingdoingbeing donebeing done完成式完成式having donehaving donehaving been having been donedone1) 1) 动名词的时态动名词的时态(1) (1) 如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与如果动

47、名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用动名谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用动名词的一般式。词的一般式。例如：例如：Facing your weak points is very necessary. Facing your weak points is very necessary. 正视你的缺点是非常必要的。正视你的缺点是非常必要的。He is very interested in playing football. He is very interested in playing football. 他对足球他对足球很感兴趣。很感兴趣。(2) 如

48、果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。例如：I was criticized for not having finished my work in time. 我由于没有按时完成工作而受到批评。She was praised for having made a great contribution to her hometown.她由于为她的家乡作出了巨大的贡献而受到表扬。 2) 动名词的语态当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示动作的承受者时，动名词用被动语态。动名词完成式的被动语态一般避免使用。例如：He didnt mind being left at home

49、. 把他留在家里他并不在意。We did it without being asked. 我们是主动做的那件事。2.5 2.5 其它跟动名词的结构其它跟动名词的结构其它跟动名词的结构其它跟动名词的结构1) There is no + 1) There is no + vingving （动名词作主语）（动名词作主语）例如：例如：There is no joking about that matter. There is no joking about that matter. 那事开那事开不得玩笑。不得玩笑。There is no denying that great changes have

50、 There is no denying that great changes have taken place in China.taken place in China.不容否认，中国发生了巨大的变化。不容否认，中国发生了巨大的变化。2) be busy (in) +2) be busy (in) +vingving例如：例如：We are busy (in) preparing for the exam. We are busy (in) preparing for the exam. 我我们正忙于准备考试。们正忙于准备考试。 3) be worth + 3) be worth + vi

51、ngving（动名词表示被动含义）（动名词表示被动含义） 例如：例如：The book is worth reading. The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。这本书值得一读。 4) have difficulty/ trouble/ problem / a good time / a 4) have difficulty/ trouble/ problem / a good time / a wonderful time/ a hard time / fun (in) +wonderful time/ a hard time / fun (in) +ving

52、ving 例如：例如：We had difficulty (in) finding this bookstore. We had difficulty (in) finding this bookstore. 我们好不容易才找到这家书店。我们好不容易才找到这家书店。 Do you have any problem (in) doing this experiment? Do you have any problem (in) doing this experiment? 做这个实验有什么困难吗？做这个实验有什么困难吗？ 5) spend time (in) + 5) spend time (i

53、n) + vingving 例如：例如：He spent two hours finishing his task. He spent two hours finishing his task. 他花了两个小他花了两个小时完成任务。时完成任务。 6) It is no use / good/ need + 6) It is no use / good/ need + vingving 例如：例如：It is no use crying.It is no use crying. 哭没有用。哭没有用。 7) go + 7) go + vingving go + fishing/ boating/

54、camping/ hunting/ skating/ skiing/ go + fishing/ boating/ camping/ hunting/ skating/ skiing/ shopping/ swimming/picnicking/ bowling/ golfing/ bathing shopping/ swimming/picnicking/ bowling/ golfing/ bathing 8 8）How/ What about + How/ What about + vingving 例如：例如：How/ What about going out for a walk a

55、fter dinner? How/ What about going out for a walk after dinner? 晚饭后出去散步如何？晚饭后出去散步如何？ 9 9）No + No + vingving 例如：例如：No smoking.No smoking. 不准抽烟！不准抽烟！ 2.6 2.6 可接动名词或不定式的动词比较可接动名词或不定式的动词比较可接动名词或不定式的动词比较可接动名词或不定式的动词比较 1 1）某些动词后既可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语，但有明）某些动词后既可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语，但有明显的语义差异，如：显的语义差异，如：remember to do (

56、remember to do (记住要做某事记住要做某事) )，remember doingremember doing（记得曾做过某事）（记得曾做过某事）; forget to do; forget to do（忘记要（忘记要做某事）做某事）, forget doing , forget doing （忘记曾做过某事）；（忘记曾做过某事）；stop to dostop to do（停下来去做另一件事），（停下来去做另一件事），stop doingstop doing（停止正在做的事情）；（停止正在做的事情）；try to dotry to do（设法做某事），（设法做某事），try doin

57、gtry doing（试着做某事）；（试着做某事）；regret regret to doto do（因要做某事而感到不安）（因要做某事而感到不安）, regret doing, regret doing（因做了某（因做了某事感到后悔）；事感到后悔）；mean to domean to do（打算做某事），（打算做某事），mean doingmean doing（意味着）；（意味着）；go on to dogo on to do（做完某件事接着做另一件事），（做完某件事接着做另一件事），go on doinggo on doing（继续做某事）；（继续做某事）；cant help (to) d

58、o (cant help (to) do (不能帮助做不能帮助做) )； cant help doing (cant help doing (忍不住做忍不住做) )等。等。 例如：例如：I remembered giving you the book this morning.I remembered giving you the book this morning.我记得今天早上把书还给了你。我记得今天早上把书还给了你。 You must remember to give her the book tomorrow.You must remember to give her the book

59、 tomorrow.你必须记着明天把书给她。你必须记着明天把书给她。 He forgotHe forgot doing this thingdoing this thing. . 他忘记曾做过这件事。他忘记曾做过这件事。 He forgotHe forgot to do this thing.to do this thing. 他忘记去做这件事。他忘记去做这件事。 Stop reading. Stop reading. 不要读了。不要读了。 HeHe stopped to read this book.stopped to read this book. 他停下来读这本书。他停下来读这本书。

60、We tried to get there before noonWe tried to get there before noon. . 我们尽力在中午之前到达那里。我们尽力在中午之前到达那里。 He triedHe tried using another method. using another method. 他试着使用另外一种方法。他试着使用另外一种方法。 I mean to accomplish the task. I mean to accomplish the task. 我打算完成这项任务。我打算完成这项任务。 Missing the bus meansMissing the

61、 bus means waiting for another hour. waiting for another hour. 误了这趟汽车意味着再等一个小时。误了这趟汽车意味着再等一个小时。 When we heard the funny story, we cant help laughing.When we heard the funny story, we cant help laughing. 当我们听到这个有趣的故事，我们忍不住笑起来。当我们听到这个有趣的故事，我们忍不住笑起来。 I cant help clean the bedroom, for I am very busy no

62、w. I cant help clean the bedroom, for I am very busy now. 我不能帮助打扫寝室，因为我现在很忙。我不能帮助打扫寝室，因为我现在很忙。2）在want, need, require（都取“需要”之意）等动词后，尽管表示的是被动含义，却用动名词的主动形式（或不定式的被动式）。例如：The machine wants repairing (to be repaired). 这台机器需要修理。The window needs (requires) cleaning (to be cleaned). 窗户需要清洗。3. 分词分词 (participl

63、es)3.1 分词的功能分词的功能分词分为现在分词（V-ing）和过去分词(V-ed)。一般来说，现在分词表示的意义是主动的，进行的；过去分词表示的意义是被动的，完成的。分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中担任定语，表语，宾语或主语的补足语，和状语等。 1 1）作定语）作定语 分词短语作定语时一般应放在被修饰的词之后；单个分词作分词短语作定语时一般应放在被修饰的词之后；单个分词作定语时，定语时， 一般放在所修饰的词之前。分词做定语，其逻辑主语就是分一般放在所修饰的词之前。分词做定语，其逻辑主语就是分词所修饰的中心词。词所修饰的中心词。 例如：例如：a developing country a

64、developing country 发展中国家发展中国家 a developed country a developed country 发达国家发达国家 The boy sitting next to me is called John. The boy sitting next to me is called John. 坐在我旁边的男坐在我旁边的男孩叫约翰。孩叫约翰。Have you read the book written by Lu Have you read the book written by Lu XunXun? ? 你看过鲁迅所写的书吗？你看过鲁迅所写的书吗？(1) (

65、1) 动名词与现在分词作定语时的区别动名词与现在分词作定语时的区别动名词作定语时要放在所修饰词的前面，动名词通动名词作定语时要放在所修饰词的前面，动名词通常表示目的或用途。常表示目的或用途。现在分词作定语时，与被修饰的词之间有逻辑上的现在分词作定语时，与被修饰的词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。主谓关系。例如：例如：a sleepinga sleeping boy (= the boy who is sleeping) boy (= the boy who is sleeping) ( (熟睡的男孩熟睡的男孩) ) （现在分词）（现在分词）a sleeping car (= the car for s

66、leeping) a sleeping car (= the car for sleeping) （卧车）（卧车）（动名词）（动名词）(2) 现在分词、过去分词、不定式做定语的区别不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作，现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作，过去分词作定语表示已经发生的动作。他们的逻辑主语就是他们所修饰的中心词，如果表示主动、进行就用doing；如果表示被动、进行就用being done；如果表示主动、将要发生就用to do；如果表示被动、将要发生就用to be done；如果表示被动、完成就用done。 例如：例如：The person giving us a report is Pro

67、fessor Wang .The person giving us a report is Professor Wang . (=The person who is giving us a report is Professor Wang.) (=The person who is giving us a report is Professor Wang.) 正在给我们做报告的人是王教授。正在给我们做报告的人是王教授。 The person to give us a report tomorrow is Professor Wang. The person to give us a repor

68、t tomorrow is Professor Wang. (= The person who will give us a report tomorrow is Professor Wang.)(= The person who will give us a report tomorrow is Professor Wang.) 明天要给我们做报告的人是王教授。明天要给我们做报告的人是王教授。 The question being discussed at the meeting is quite important. The question being discussed at the

69、meeting is quite important. (= The question which is being discussed at the meeting is quite important.)(= The question which is being discussed at the meeting is quite important.) 会上正在讨论的问题是十分重要的。会上正在讨论的问题是十分重要的。 The question to be discussed at the meeting is quite important.The question to be disc

70、ussed at the meeting is quite important. (= The question which will be discussed at the meeting is quite important.)(= The question which will be discussed at the meeting is quite important.) 会上要讨论的问题是十分重要的。会上要讨论的问题是十分重要的。 The question discussed at the meeting is quite important. The question discus

71、sed at the meeting is quite important. (= The question which was discussed at the meeting is quite important.)(= The question which was discussed at the meeting is quite important.) 会上所讨论的问题是十分重要的。会上所讨论的问题是十分重要的。2）作表语（1）分词做表语，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。现在分词作表语表示主语的特征；过去分词作表语表示主语的状态。例如：The story is very interestin

72、g. 这个故事非常有趣。 She was interested in the story. 她对这个故事感兴趣。（2 2）动名词与现在分词作表语时的区别：动名词也）动名词与现在分词作表语时的区别：动名词也可以作表语，它作表语时，相当于名词。它可以和可以作表语，它作表语时，相当于名词。它可以和主语互换位置，意思和语法上都保持正确。现在分主语互换位置，意思和语法上都保持正确。现在分词作表语时起形容词作用，不可与主语互换位置。词作表语时起形容词作用，不可与主语互换位置。例如：例如：My job is teaching (= Teaching is my job). My job is teachin

73、g (= Teaching is my job). 我的工作是教书。（动名词）我的工作是教书。（动名词）My job is boring.My job is boring. 我的工作很乏味。（现在分词）我的工作很乏味。（现在分词） 3) 3) 作宾语（或主语）补足语作宾语（或主语）补足语 常用于表示感觉、心理状态动词后，如：常用于表示感觉、心理状态动词后，如：see, hear, feel, notice, find, see, hear, feel, notice, find, watchwatch等等; ; 用于表示用于表示“ “使役使役” ”意义的动词后，如：意义的动词后，如：keep,

74、 get, leave, make keep, get, leave, make 例如：例如：The students saw the teacher entering the classroom.The students saw the teacher entering the classroom. 学生们看见老师正走进教室。（宾补）学生们看见老师正走进教室。（宾补） The teacher was seen entering the classroom.The teacher was seen entering the classroom.（主补）（主补） I am very glad t

75、o see the work well done. I am very glad to see the work well done. 看到这事做得这样好，我十分高兴。（宾补）看到这事做得这样好，我十分高兴。（宾补） He had his car repaired. He had his car repaired. 他请人把他的车修了。（宾补）他请人把他的车修了。（宾补） He had water running while brushing his teeth. He had water running while brushing his teeth. 涮牙的时候，他让水不停地流着。（宾补

76、）涮牙的时候，他让水不停地流着。（宾补） (1) (1) 分词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语就是宾语，如果宾语与后面的非分词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语就是宾语，如果宾语与后面的非谓语动词是主动的逻辑关系，并表示动作正在发生或处于某状态时，用谓语动词是主动的逻辑关系，并表示动作正在发生或处于某状态时，用现在分词；如果是被动关系就用过去分词。现在分词；如果是被动关系就用过去分词。 (2) (2) 在在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, listen to, notice see, hear, watch, feel, observe, listen to, notice

77、等感官动词后，等感官动词后，既可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，也可以用不带既可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，也可以用不带toto的不定式作宾语补足的不定式作宾语补足语，但两者的含义是有差别的：用现在分词，表示动作正在发生；用不语，但两者的含义是有差别的：用现在分词，表示动作正在发生；用不定式表示动作发生的全过程。定式表示动作发生的全过程。 例如：例如：I sat there and watched boys playing football. I sat there and watched boys playing football. 我坐在那里看男孩子们踢足球。我坐在那里看男孩子们踢足球。 I wa

78、tched boysI watched boys play football and leave.play football and leave. 我看见男孩子们踢了足球，离开了。我看见男孩子们踢了足球，离开了。 4) 4) 作状语作状语 分词或分词短语作状语时，可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或分词或分词短语作状语时，可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或 伴随情况等，其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，如果二者是主动关系，就用现在分词，反之，伴随情况等，其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，如果二者是主动关系，就用现在分词，反之，被动关系，就用过去分词。分词或分词短语作时间状语或条件状语时，可以带上连接词：

79、被动关系，就用过去分词。分词或分词短语作时间状语或条件状语时，可以带上连接词：when, while, ifwhen, while, if等。等。 例如：例如：(While) Walking along the street(While) Walking along the street, , I saw the bus on fire. I saw the bus on fire. （时间）（时间） 我在街上散步时看见公汽着火了。我在街上散步时看见公汽着火了。 Attracted by the beauty of nature,Attracted by the beauty of natur

80、e, he decided to spend another twohe decided to spend another two hours in the park. hours in the park. （原因）（原因） 由于被公园里的自然美景吸引住了，他决定在公园里再呆两个小时。由于被公园里的自然美景吸引住了，他决定在公园里再呆两个小时。 (If) Given another chance, he will do it better. (If) Given another chance, he will do it better. (条件条件) ) 如果再给他一次机会，他会把它做得更好。

81、如果再给他一次机会，他会把它做得更好。 His wife died, leaving him with his two children. His wife died, leaving him with his two children. （结果）（结果） 他的妻子死了，留下他和他的两个孩子。他的妻子死了，留下他和他的两个孩子。 He stood there reading a newspaperHe stood there reading a newspaper. . ( (伴随伴随) ) 他站在那里看报纸。他站在那里看报纸。 注注注注 不定式、分词做状语的区别不定式、分词做状语的区别 不定

82、式可作目的，原因，结果状语。不定式放在句首时，一般作目的不定式可作目的，原因，结果状语。不定式放在句首时，一般作目的 状语。做原因，结果状语时，往往位于句之后。状语。做原因，结果状语时，往往位于句之后。 分词可以作时间，条件，原因，方式，结果等状语，不作目的状语。时间、条件、分词可以作时间，条件，原因，方式，结果等状语，不作目的状语。时间、条件、原因状语通常位于句首，方式，结果状语通常位于句末。原因状语通常位于句首，方式，结果状语通常位于句末。 例如：例如：To catch the train, we hurried through our work. To catch the train,

83、we hurried through our work. 为了赶火车，我们匆匆干完了工作。为了赶火车，我们匆匆干完了工作。 Not knowing how to do it, I asked him for help.Not knowing how to do it, I asked him for help. 不知道如何去做这事，我向他寻求帮助。不知道如何去做这事，我向他寻求帮助。 Compared with developed countries, developing countries still have aCompared with developed countries, dev

84、eloping countries still have a long way to go.long way to go. 与发达国家相比，发展中国家还有很长的路要走。与发达国家相比，发展中国家还有很长的路要走。3.2 3.2 分词独立结构分词独立结构分词独立结构分词独立结构分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与句子的主语不一致时，就必须的主语一致。如果与句子的主语不一致时，就必须带上自己的逻辑主语，即：名词或代词带上自己的逻辑主语，即：名词或代词+ +现在分词现在分词或过去分词，这种结构叫分词独立结构。它往往在或过去分词，这

85、种结构叫分词独立结构。它往往在句中作时间、条件、原因、方式等状语，分词的逻句中作时间、条件、原因、方式等状语，分词的逻辑主语就是它前面的名词或代词。如果代词为人称辑主语就是它前面的名词或代词。如果代词为人称代词时，应用主格；如果前面的名词或代词与后面代词时，应用主格；如果前面的名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词是主动的逻辑关系，就用的非谓语动词是主动的逻辑关系，就用“ “名词或代名词或代词词+ +现在分词现在分词” ”；如果是被动关系就用；如果是被动关系就用“ “名词或代名词或代词词+ +过去分词过去分词” ”结构。结构。 例如：例如：Homework finished,Homework finis

86、hed, he went out to play. he went out to play. 家庭作业完成后，他出去玩。家庭作业完成后，他出去玩。 （Homework finishedHomework finished为为“ “名词名词+ +过去分词过去分词” ”构成的分词独立主格结构，构成的分词独立主格结构， 作时间作时间状语。状语。homeworkhomework是是finishfinish的逻辑主语，二者为被动关系，故用的逻辑主语，二者为被动关系，故用finishedfinished。）。） Weather permitting, we will go out for a picnic.

87、 Weather permitting, we will go out for a picnic. 如果天气允许的话，我们将出去野餐。如果天气允许的话，我们将出去野餐。 （Weather permittingWeather permitting为为“ “名词名词+ +现在分词现在分词” ”构成的分词独立主格结构，作条件状构成的分词独立主格结构，作条件状语。语。WeatherWeather是是permitpermit的逻辑主语，二者为主动关系，故用的逻辑主语，二者为主动关系，故用permittingpermitting。）。） Mr. Wang falling ill, I took his c

88、lass instead. Mr. Wang falling ill, I took his class instead. 由于王先生病了，所以我给他代课。由于王先生病了，所以我给他代课。 （Mr. Wang falling illMr. Wang falling ill为分词独立主格结构，表原因，在句中作原因状语。）为分词独立主格结构，表原因，在句中作原因状语。） He walked into the classroom, a book held in his hand, his eyes looking at his He walked into the classroom, a book

89、 held in his hand, his eyes looking at his students.students. 他手里拿着一本书，眼睛看着学生们，走进了教室。他手里拿着一本书，眼睛看着学生们，走进了教室。 （a book held in his hand, his eyes looking at his studentsa book held in his hand, his eyes looking at his students是两个分词独立主格是两个分词独立主格结构，作伴随状语。）结构，作伴随状语。）3.3 3.3 分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态分词的时态和

90、语态现在分词有时态和语态的变化。现在分词有一般式现在分词有时态和语态的变化。现在分词有一般式和完成式，有主动语态和被动语态，见下表：和完成式，有主动语态和被动语态，见下表： 语态语态时态时态 主动主动 被动被动 一般式一般式doingdoing（主动，与谓语动（主动，与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生）词所表示动作同时发生） being donebeing done（被动，与谓（被动，与谓语动词所表示动作同时发语动词所表示动作同时发生）生） 完成式完成式 having donehaving done（主动，在（主动，在谓语动词所表示的动作谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生）之前发生） having bee

91、n donehaving been done（被动，（被动，在谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生）之前发生） 例如：例如：Walking in the street, I met Sally. Walking in the street, I met Sally. 当我在街上走的时候，我遇见了莎莉。当我在街上走的时候，我遇见了莎莉。 （主动，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生）（主动，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生） The house being built is our library. The house being built is our library. 正在修建的房子是我们的

92、图书馆。正在修建的房子是我们的图书馆。 （被动，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生）（被动，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生） Having finished my homework, I went out. Having finished my homework, I went out. 完成家庭作业后，我出去了。完成家庭作业后，我出去了。 （主动，在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生）（主动，在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生） Having been criticized by his parents, he gave up smoking. Having been criticized by his parent

93、s, he gave up smoking. 挨了父母亲的批评之后，他戒烟了。挨了父母亲的批评之后，他戒烟了。 （被动，在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生）（被动，在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生）过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，只有一般式没有完成式。 4. 4. 历年同类考题历年同类考题历年同类考题历年同类考题 1. I dont regret _ her what I thought about her proposal, even if 1. I dont regret _ her what I thought about her proposal, even if i

94、t upset her. (2008.6)it upset her. (2008.6) A. tell B. to tell C. told D. telling A. tell B. to tell C. told D. telling 2. _ that I wasnt going to get much chance for promotion, I 2. _ that I wasnt going to get much chance for promotion, I soon became bored with my work. (2008.6)soon became bored wi

95、th my work. (2008.6) A. To realize B. Realizing C. Being realized D. Realized A. To realize B. Realizing C. Being realized D. Realized 3. Scientists should be kept _ of the latest developments in their3. Scientists should be kept _ of the latest developments in their research areas. (2008.6)research

96、 areas. (2008.6) A. inform B. informing C. informed D. to inform A. inform B. informing C. informed D. to inform 4. It was in his childhood that he read most of the books (write) 4. It was in his childhood that he read most of the books (write) _ by _ by Mark Twain. (2008.6)Mark Twain. (2008.6) 5. M

97、r. Smith considered (sell) _ his car and his house before 5. Mr. Smith considered (sell) _ his car and his house before moving to Beijing. (2008.6)moving to Beijing. (2008.6) 6. The lecture was so (bore) _ that many of the 6. The lecture was so (bore) _ that many of the students in the classroom fel

98、l asleep. (2008.6)students in the classroom fell asleep. (2008.6) 7. With the help of the police, the woman finally found her 7. With the help of the police, the woman finally found her (lose) _ child after a sleepless night. (2008.6) (lose) _ child after a sleepless night. (2008.6) 8. _ up at the c

99、lock on the wall, the secretary found 8. _ up at the clock on the wall, the secretary found it was already midnight. (2007.12)it was already midnight. (2007.12) A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked 9. The first textbook _ for teaching English as a 9. The fi

100、rst textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came foreign language came out in the 16th century. (2007.12)out in the 16th century. (2007.12) A. writing B. written C. to write D. to be writtenA. writing B. written C. to write D. to be written 1010Believe it or not, when first (introduce)

101、 _ to Believe it or not, when first (introduce) _ to Europe, tomato was thought to be poisonous. (2007.12)Europe, tomato was thought to be poisonous. (2007.12) 11. I remember (see) _ you somewhere before, but 11. I remember (see) _ you somewhere before, but I cant tell the exact place. (2007.12)I ca

102、nt tell the exact place. (2007.12) 12. I dont think it necessary (discuss) _ the matter 12. I dont think it necessary (discuss) _ the matter with him before the problem is settled. (2007.12)with him before the problem is settled. (2007.12) 13. Its my great honor _ to give a speech at the 13. Its my

103、great honor _ to give a speech at the opening ceremony. (2007.6)opening ceremony. (2007.6) A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be invited invited 14. I was almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard 14. I was almost asleep last nig

104、ht when I suddenly heard someone _ at the door. (2007.6)someone _ at the door. (2007.6) A. be knocking B. knocking C. to knock D. having A. be knocking B. knocking C. to knock D. having knockedknocked 15. The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound 15. The conference _ in Beijing next week is bou

105、nd to be a great success. (2007.6) to be a great success. (2007.6) A. holding B. being held C. to hold D. to be heldA. holding B. being held C. to hold D. to be held 16. The engineers spent the whole night (work) _ 16. The engineers spent the whole night (work) _ on the new device. (2007.6)on the ne

106、w device. (2007.6) 17. The research group has submitted a report, (suggest) 17. The research group has submitted a report, (suggest) _ reforms to be made. (2007.6)_ reforms to be made. (2007.6) 18. When (ask) _ about the advertising campaign of 18. When (ask) _ about the advertising campaign of the

107、new product, the manager said it was a great success. the new product, the manager said it was a great success. (2007.6)(2007.6) 19. _ to find the proper job, he decided to give up 19. _ to find the proper job, he decided to give up job-hunting in this city. (2006.12)job-hunting in this city. (2006.

108、12) A. Failed B. Being failed C. To fail D. Having failed A. Failed B. Being failed C. To fail D. Having failed 20. The proposal _, well have to make another 20. The proposal _, well have to make another decision about when to start the project. (2006.12)decision about when to start the project. (20

109、06.12) A. accepted B. accepting C. to accept D. be acceptedA. accepted B. accepting C. to accept D. be accepted 21. The policeman kept his eyes _ on the screen of the 21. The policeman kept his eyes _ on the screen of the computer to identify the criminals footprint. (2006.12)computer to identify th

110、e criminals footprint. (2006.12) A. fixed B. fixing C. being fixed D. to fixA. fixed B. fixing C. being fixed D. to fix 22. The nurse told the visitors (not speak) _ so loudly as to 22. The nurse told the visitors (not speak) _ so loudly as to disturb the patients. (2006.12)disturb the patients. (20

111、06.12) 23. (impress) _ by the young mans good qualifications, they 23. (impress) _ by the young mans good qualifications, they offered him a job in their firm. (2006.12)offered him a job in their firm. (2006.12) 24. We all felt excited when China succeeded in (launch) _ its 24. We all felt excited w

112、hen China succeeded in (launch) _ its first manned spaceship. (2006.12)first manned spaceship. (2006.12) 25. We regret to inform you that we no longer manufacture the product 25. We regret to inform you that we no longer manufacture the product you are (interest) _ in. (2006.12)you are (interest) _

113、in. (2006.12) 26. The tall building (complete) _ last month is our 26. The tall building (complete) _ last month is our new classroom building. (2006.12)new classroom building. (2006.12) 27. _ that Bob had got promoted, his friends came 27. _ that Bob had got promoted, his friends came to congratula

114、te him.to congratulate him. (2006.6)(2006.6) A. Heard B. Having heard C. Hear D. To hearA. Heard B. Having heard C. Hear D. To hear 28. The children (play) _ the violin over there will go 28. The children (play) _ the violin over there will go on the stage next week. (2006.6)on the stage next week.

115、(2006.6) 29. She didnt know _ to express her ideas clearly 29. She didnt know _ to express her ideas clearly when she was invited to speak at a meeting.when she was invited to speak at a meeting.（2005.122005.12） A. where B. why C. what D. howA. where B. why C. what D. how 30. The professor, _ as a s

116、plendid speaker, was 30. The professor, _ as a splendid speaker, was warmly received by the students. (2005.12)warmly received by the students. (2005.12) A. known B. to be known C. knowing D. having known A. known B. to be known C. knowing D. having known 31. _ tired of Toms all-talk-no-action attit

117、ude, Julia decided to do the 31. _ tired of Toms all-talk-no-action attitude, Julia decided to do the job all by herself. (2005.12)job all by herself. (2005.12) A. To get B. To have got C. Getting D. Have got A. To get B. To have got C. Getting D. Have got 32. It cost her a lot of money, but she doe

118、snt regret _ a year traveling 32. It cost her a lot of money, but she doesnt regret _ a year traveling around the world. (2005.12 around the world. (2005.12） A. to have spent B. to spend C. spent D. spendingA. to have spent B. to spend C. spent D. spending 33. After _ for the job, you will be requir

119、ed to take a language test. 33. After _ for the job, you will be required to take a language test. (2005.12)(2005.12) A. being interviewed B. being interviewing A. being interviewed B. being interviewing C. interviewing D. having interviewedC. interviewing D. having interviewed 34. When she was very

120、 young, my sister already knew where (put) _ 34. When she was very young, my sister already knew where (put) _ her toys and dolls. (2005.12)her toys and dolls. (2005.12) 35. (watch) _ by a crowd of people, Charles felt embarrassed and 35. (watch) _ by a crowd of people, Charles felt embarrassed and

121、couldnt say a word. (2005.12)couldnt say a word. (2005.12) 36. _ how to deal with the trouble of the computer, Martin had to 36. _ how to deal with the trouble of the computer, Martin had to ask his brother for help. (2005.6)ask his brother for help. (2005.6) A. Not know B. Not known C. Not to know

122、D. Not knowing A. Not know B. Not known C. Not to know D. Not knowing 37. Its said that the agreement _ between the two companies 37. Its said that the agreement _ between the two companies last month will become effective from May 1st. (2005.6)last month will become effective from May 1st. (2005.6)

123、 A. to sign B. signed C. to be signed D. signing A. to sign B. signed C. to be signed D. signing 38. He doesnt feel like _ a picnic in the park this weekend, and 38. He doesnt feel like _ a picnic in the park this weekend, and he suggested watching the football match instead. (2005.6)he suggested wa

124、tching the football match instead. (2005.6) A. have B. to have C. having D. hadA. have B. to have C. having D. had 39. For those foreign students who are interested in (learn) _ 39. For those foreign students who are interested in (learn) _ Chinese, the university offers a Chinese training program e

125、very Chinese, the university offers a Chinese training program every summer. summer. （2005.62005.6） 40. A guest in this hotel accused one of the hotel staff of (steal) 40. A guest in this hotel accused one of the hotel staff of (steal) _ his money. _ his money. （2005.62005.6） 41. The city of London,

126、 _ repeatedly in 1940 and 41. The city of London, _ repeatedly in 1940 and 1941, lost many of its famous churches. (2004.12)1941, lost many of its famous churches. (2004.12) A. bombed B. to bomb C. bombing D. having A. bombed B. to bomb C. bombing D. having bombed bombed 42. I felt so embarrassed th

127、at I couldnt do anything but 42. I felt so embarrassed that I couldnt do anything but _ there when I first met my present boss. (2004.12)_ there when I first met my present boss. (2004.12) A. to sit B. sitting C. sat D. sitA. to sit B. sitting C. sat D. sit 43. (take) _ the financial difficulties in

128、to 43. (take) _ the financial difficulties into consideration, wed better put off the plan till next year. consideration, wed better put off the plan till next year. (2004.12)(2004.12) 44. The global average air temperature is believed (rise) 44. The global average air temperature is believed (rise)

129、 _ in the near future. (2004.12)_ in the near future. (2004.12) 45. I stayed up all night _ to find a new solution to 45. I stayed up all night _ to find a new solution to the problem. (2004.6)the problem. (2004.6) A. trying B. have tried C. try D. tried A. trying B. have tried C. try D. tried 46. _

130、 with the developed countries, some African 46. _ with the developed countries, some African countries are left far behind in terms of peoples living countries are left far behind in terms of peoples living standard. (2004.6)standard. (2004.6) A. Compare B. To compare C. Compared D. A. Compare B. To

131、 compare C. Compared D. Comparing Comparing 47. When (ask) _ why he came to the exhibition, he 47. When (ask) _ why he came to the exhibition, he said that he had been interested in oil paintings for years. said that he had been interested in oil paintings for years. (2004.6) (2004.6) 48. If all the

132、 people agree on the (suggest) _ plan, 48. If all the people agree on the (suggest) _ plan, we shall hold the sports meet at the end of this month. we shall hold the sports meet at the end of this month. (2004.6)(2004.6) 49. (give) _ more instructions, the students would 49. (give) _ more instructio

133、ns, the students would have done the exercises much better. (2004.6)have done the exercises much better. (2004.6) 50. There is no use (bargain) _ any more. It is fixed 50. There is no use (bargain) _ any more. It is fixed price. (2004.6)price. (2004.6) 51. _, we went swimming in the river. (2003.12)

134、51. _, we went swimming in the river. (2003.12) A. The day being very hot B. It was a very hot day A. The day being very hot B. It was a very hot day C. The day was very hot D. Being a very hot day C. The day was very hot D. Being a very hot day 52. At the international conference, the famous scient

135、ist gave an 52. At the international conference, the famous scientist gave an excellent report _ on his recent experiment. (2003.12)excellent report _ on his recent experiment. (2003.12) A. basing B. based C. to be based D. to base A. basing B. based C. to be based D. to base 53. There are so many d

136、resses there that I really dont know _ 53. There are so many dresses there that I really dont know _ to choose. (2003.12)to choose. (2003.12) A. whether B. when C. which D. whyA. whether B. when C. which D. why 54. Im still unable to make myself _ in the discussion, which 54. Im still unable to make

137、 myself _ in the discussion, which worries me a lot. (2003.12)worries me a lot. (2003.12) A. to be understood B. understanding C. understood D. understand A. to be understood B. understanding C. understood D. understand 55. In some parts of the city, missing a bus means (wait) _ for 55. In some part

138、s of the city, missing a bus means (wait) _ for another hour. (2003.12)another hour. (2003.12) 56. In the middle of the room there was a Christmas tree 56. In the middle of the room there was a Christmas tree (decorate) _ with colored lights and glass balls. (decorate) _ with colored lights and glas

139、s balls. (2003.12) (2003.12) 57. Because of the reduction of air pollution, this city now is 57. Because of the reduction of air pollution, this city now is a good place _. (2003.6)a good place _. (2003.6) A. where to live B. which to live C. to live D. to be lived A. where to live B. which to live

140、C. to live D. to be lived 58. Thousands of products _ from crude oil are now 58. Thousands of products _ from crude oil are now in daily use. (2003.6)in daily use. (2003.6) A. to make B. be made C. making D. made A. to make B. be made C. making D. made 59. Jane enjoys _ to popular music at home on 5

141、9. Jane enjoys _ to popular music at home on Friday evenings. (2003.6)Friday evenings. (2003.6) A. listening B. being listening C. to be listening D. to A. listening B. being listening C. to be listening D. to listenlisten 60. (Judge) _ from last years experience, the 60. (Judge) _ from last years e

142、xperience, the coach knows he should not expect too much of his team. coach knows he should not expect too much of his team. (2003.6)(2003.6) 61. When he was in hospital, the nurse had his 61. When he was in hospital, the nurse had his temperature (take) _ every four hours. (2003.6)temperature (take

143、) _ every four hours. (2003.6) 62. Are you going to fix the car yourself, or are you going to 62. Are you going to fix the car yourself, or are you going to have it _? (2002.12)have it _? (2002.12) A. fixing B. to fix C. fix D. fixed A. fixing B. to fix C. fix D. fixed 63. If _ in the fridge, the fr

144、uit can remain fresh for 63. If _ in the fridge, the fruit can remain fresh for more than a week. (2002.12)more than a week. (2002.12) A. keeping B. be kept C. kept D. to keepA. keeping B. be kept C. kept D. to keep 64. We appreciate (work) _ with him, because he 64. We appreciate (work) _ with him,

145、 because he has a good sense of humor. (2002.12)has a good sense of humor. (2002.12) 65. I prefer (live) _ in the country rather than in a 65. I prefer (live) _ in the country rather than in a city. (2002.12) city. (2002.12) 66. His book was much better than those (write) _ 66. His book was much bet

146、ter than those (write) _ so far on this subject. (2002.12)so far on this subject. (2002.12) 67. He was very sorry _ her at the airport. (2002.6)67. He was very sorry _ her at the airport. (2002.6) A. not to met B. to not meet A. not to met B. to not meet C. to have not meet D. not to have metC. to h

147、ave not meet D. not to have met 68. The teacher didnt mind (help) _ the students in 68. The teacher didnt mind (help) _ the students in her spare time. (2002.6)her spare time. (2002.6) 69. Most of the people (invite) _ to the dinner party 69. Most of the people (invite) _ to the dinner party yesterd

148、ay were my friends. (2002.6)yesterday were my friends. (2002.6) 70. My secretary asked me if I had anything else for her 70. My secretary asked me if I had anything else for her (type) _ before she left. (2001.12)(type) _ before she left. (2001.12) 71. We formally invited the General Manager of the

149、Panda 71. We formally invited the General Manager of the Panda Group (attend) _ our opening ceremony. (2001.12)Group (attend) _ our opening ceremony. (2001.12) 72. The May Day Holiday _ over, we must now get 72. The May Day Holiday _ over, we must now get down to work. (2001.12)down to work. (2001.1

150、2) A. be B. being C. to have been D. to be A. be B. being C. to have been D. to be 73. Last night we all went to the cinema, because the film 73. Last night we all went to the cinema, because the film was very (excite) _. (2001.12)was very (excite) _. (2001.12) 74. We were shocked to find that the m

151、an (come) _ 74. We were shocked to find that the man (come) _ towards us was carrying a gun. (2001.12)towards us was carrying a gun. (2001.12) 75. I got to the station, only (find) _ that the train 75. I got to the station, only (find) _ that the train was pulling out. (2001.6)was pulling out. (2001.6)76. Ive lived in Chongqing for several years and Im now accustomed to (eat) _ hot food. (2001.6)77. (frighten) _ by the explosion, we all rushed out of the hall. (2001.6)78. The cost of meals in big cities varies greatly, (depend) _ on choices. (2001.6)The End