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1、 Almost all conflicts involve communication problems, as both a cause and an effect. Misunderstandings, resulting from poor communication, can easily cause a conflict or make it worse. Therefore, communication skills are central to many situations.Warming-up ActivitiesTrytocollectsayings,storiesorjo
2、kesrelatedto“communicationproblems”,thensharethemwitheachotherorreporttheminfrontoftheclass. Proverbs and Sayings:Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。事实胜于雄辩。Byreadingweenrichthemind,byconversationwepolishit.读书使人充实，交谈使人精明读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。Activity1BrainstormingActivity2:TelephoneChainsTheclasswillbedivide
3、dintogroupsof8-10students.Thefirststudentofeachgroupwillbegivenamessagebytheteacher.Themessageshouldbewhisperedfromonepersontothenext.Thelastpersonshouldrepeatthemessagealoud.Thegroupthatgetsthemessagethroughwiththeleastchangeswins.Activity3 ASpeechContest Haveyouevermadespeechesinpublic?Whendeliver
4、ingspeeches,differentlanguagestylesshouldbecarefullyconsidered.ListentoanextractfromthefamousspeechbyMartinLutherKing,Jr.“IHaveaDream”.Thenyouwillbeassigneddifferentroles.Youaresupposedtoprepareshortspeechesbasedonthatrole.IHaveaDream MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. I have a dream that one day this nation w
5、ill rise up and live out the true meaning of its creedwe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
6、I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be jud
7、ged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!Activity3 ASpeechContestDirections:Nowchoosefromtherolesgivenandtrytomakeaspeech.Activity3 ASpeechContestRolesforyoutochoose:Weather forecasterPolitician running for electionGraduation speakerStudent lecturerA
8、ctivity3 ASpeechContest Sample-studentLecturer:Listentothespeechmadebyacollegestudent.Activity3 ASpeechContestThe Doors That Are Open to UsGood morning, ladies and gentlemen, the title of my speech today is “The Doors That Are Open to Us.”The other day my aunt paid me a visit. She was overjoyed. “I
9、got the highest mark on the mid-term examination!” she said. Dont be surprised! My aunt is indeed a student, to be exact, a college student at the age of 45. ThefirstdoorIseeistheopportunitytostudydifferentkindsofsubjectsthatinterestus.Myauntsaidshewashappytostudymanagement,butshewasalsohappythatshe
10、couldattendlecturesonancientChinesepoetryandonShakespearedrama.Asformyself,IamanEnglishmajor,butImayalsogotolecturesonhistory.Tome,ifcollegeeducationinthepastemphasizedspecialization,now,itemphasizesfreeandwell-roundeddevelopmentofeachindividual.Soallthefineachievementsofhumancivilizationareopentous
11、.Listening ScriptActivity4EnjoyaJokeDirections:Readthejoke(Page36,Textbook),thendiscussthefollowingquestionsingroups.Acitymanhadanewcaranddecidedtotryitoutbydrivinginthecountry.Hewassohappywithhiscarthathedidntnoticewherehewasgoing,andhesoonbecamelost.Hestoppedwhenhesawafarmboywalkingalongtheroad,an
12、dhesaid,“Hello,boy.”Theboyreplied,“Hello,yourself,”andscratchedhishead.Themanasked,“Wheredoesthisroadgo?”Theboyanswered,“itdoesntgoanywhere.Itsalwaysbeenrighthere.”Themanthenasked,“Howfarisittothenexttown?”Theboyanswered,“Dontknow,Ivenevermeasuredit.”Themanwasdisgustedandsaidangrily,“Youdontknowanyt
13、hing,andyourethebiggestfoolIveevermet.”Theboyreplied,“IknowIdontknowmuch,andImaybeafool,butatleastImnotlost.”1.Discussingroupswhatmadeyoulaughandwhatcausedtheproblemincommunicationinthejoke.2.Doyouhaveeverbeenmisunderstoodbyothers?Whenyouaremisunderstood,whatshouldyoudo?3.Howtoavoidmisunderstandings
14、incommunication?Directions:Nowworkingroupstodiscussthefollowingquestions:Activity5VideoClipSuccessfullanguagelearningrequireshardtrainingandcontinuouspractice.My Fair LadywillshowyouhowtoimproveEnglishpronunciation.Afterseeingthevideo,exchangegoodlanguagelearningexperienceswithyourclassmates.Activit
15、y5 VideoClipClicktostopandclickagaintocontinueIn-class ReadingPre-readingQuestionsWordsandPhrasesSentenceStudyTextStructureUsefulExpressions Pre-readingquestionsDoyouagreethatmenandwomenseldommeanthesamethingsevenwhentheyusethesamewords?Arethereanyexamplesinthearticlethatmaysupportyourpointofview?Be
16、sidesthegenderdifference,arethereanyotherdifferencesthatmaycausepeopletospeakdifferently?Pre-readingquestions1.encounter(Line1,Para.1) vt.findoneselffacedby(danger,difficulties,etc.),meet(anenemyorenemies);meetunexpectedly(afriend,etc.)遭遇（危险，困难）遭遇（危险，困难）；遭逢（敌人）；邂逅（友人）；遭逢（敌人）；邂逅（友人）e.g.Encounteringdi
17、fficultiesintheprocessofpursuingsuccessisquitenormal.n.suddenorunexpected(esp.hostile)meeting(with)e.g.AnencounterwithabranchofAl-QaedaresultedinaseriousinjuryintheAmericansoldiersleftarm. WordsandPhrases 2.assistance(Line6,Para.2) n.help;aid帮助；援助帮助；援助e.g.CanIbeofanyassistancetoyou?assiste.g.Heiswil
18、lingtoassistthosechildren WordsandPhrases aid,assistance与与helpqq aid多多指指因处于困境或危难之时需要别人的帮助或援救。因处于困境或危难之时需要别人的帮助或援救。Heiswillingtogototheaidofthoseill-fatedpeople.e.g.他愿意去他愿意去帮助帮助那些不幸的人。那些不幸的人。qq assistance主要指在共同工作中对所属的部分工作做出主要指在共同工作中对所属的部分工作做出贡献。贡献。assistance不一定都是在紧迫的情况下提供帮助。不一定都是在紧迫的情况下提供帮助。qq help的用
19、法最为普遍，的用法最为普遍，assistance最为正式，最为正式，aid次之。次之。help往往是出于同情而提供帮助。往往是出于同情而提供帮助。Hehasalreadygivenusalotofhelp. e.g.他已经给了我们很多的他已经给了我们很多的帮助帮助。 WordsandPhrases 3.conflict(Line8,Para.2) n.1)fight;struggle;quarrel战争；斗争；争执战争；斗争；争执e.g.Thisisaseriousdispute,andcouldleadtoarmedconflict.2)(ofopinion,desires,etc.)opp
20、osition;difference（指意见，欲望等）相左；冲突；抵触（指意见，欲望等）相左；冲突；抵触e.g.Hisstatementwasapparentlyinconflictwithotherevidence.vi.beinoppositionordisagreement相反，抵触，冲相反，抵触，冲突突Theiraccountoftheroadaccidentconflictswithours. WordsandPhrases 4.pullout(Line8,Para.2) 1)takesomethingoutofabag,pocket,orcupboard拿拿出出Thatdisarm
21、ingyoungmanpulledoutallhismoneyfromhisbag.2)useforcetotakesomethingfromwhereitisfixedorheld拔出，拉出拔出，拉出Youdbetterhavethatbadtoothpulledouttomorrow. WordsandPhrases 5.emerge(Line14,Para.3) vi.1)comeintoview;appear出现；现出（与出现；现出（与from连用）连用）Thesunemergedfrombehindtheclouds.2)(offacts,ideas)appear;becomekno
22、wn（指事实，意见）（指事实，意见）暴露；显出；出现暴露；显出；出现Nonewideasemergedduringthediscussion. WordsandPhrases appearappear与与与与emergeemergeqq 这两个词都是不及物动词。均可指人或事物的出这两个词都是不及物动词。均可指人或事物的出这两个词都是不及物动词。均可指人或事物的出这两个词都是不及物动词。均可指人或事物的出现或显露，也可以指抽象概念，如思想观念的暴现或显露，也可以指抽象概念，如思想观念的暴现或显露，也可以指抽象概念，如思想观念的暴现或显露，也可以指抽象概念，如思想观念的暴露，事实或问题的揭露等等。
23、露，事实或问题的揭露等等。露，事实或问题的揭露等等。露，事实或问题的揭露等等。qq emergeemerge后常接介词后常接介词后常接介词后常接介词fromfrom。有时表示经过调查、询有时表示经过调查、询有时表示经过调查、询有时表示经过调查、询问之后才使事实、思想或问题暴露出来；问之后才使事实、思想或问题暴露出来；问之后才使事实、思想或问题暴露出来；问之后才使事实、思想或问题暴露出来；appearappear在作系动词时，与在作系动词时，与在作系动词时，与在作系动词时，与seemseem用法相似，表示用法相似，表示用法相似，表示用法相似，表示“ “看看看看 起起起起来来来来” ”、“ “显显
24、显显得得得得” ”等等等等意意意意思思思思，其其其其后后后后可可可可接接接接不不不不定定定定式式式式、形形形形容容容容词词词词或介词短语。或介词短语。或介词短语。或介词短语。 WordsandPhrases 请选择请选择 appearappear或或 emergeemerge的适当形式填空的适当形式填空。Thatman_tobeyourpartnerbutImThatman_tobeyourpartnerbutIminvestigatingifhereallyis.investigatingifhereallyis.Eventuallythetruthofthematter_.Eventual
25、lythetruthofthematter_.Asmile_onhisface.Asmile_onhisface.Quiteafewsuccessfulbusinessmen_fromQuiteafewsuccessfulbusinessmen_frompoorfamilies.poorfamilies.appears appears emerged emerged appearedappeared emerged emerged WordsandPhrases 6.assume(Line14,Para.3)vt.1)believesomethingistruewithoutdefinitep
26、roof假假定定,假设假设,臆想臆想e.g. Letusfirstassumehisstatementtobebelievable.2)takeup;undertake担任；承担担任；承担Youshould_ofwhatyouhavedone.（承担所有的责任）（承担所有的责任）名词形式：名词形式：assumption WordsandPhrases assume all the responsibilitiesassume all the responsibilities WordsandPhrases assumeassume,guessguess,imagineimagine与与supp
27、oseqq 这几个词都表示对客观情况在未证实以前就做出主观的推这几个词都表示对客观情况在未证实以前就做出主观的推这几个词都表示对客观情况在未证实以前就做出主观的推这几个词都表示对客观情况在未证实以前就做出主观的推断或提出自己的看法与设想。断或提出自己的看法与设想。断或提出自己的看法与设想。断或提出自己的看法与设想。 qq suppose(suppose(vt vt. .) ) 表示表示表示表示“ “想想想想” ”、“ “认为认为认为认为” ”时，可以接从句或者复合宾时，可以接从句或者复合宾时，可以接从句或者复合宾时，可以接从句或者复合宾语（补足语多为语（补足语多为语（补足语多为语（补足语多为
28、tobetobe, , , , 其他情况多用不定式的完成时或进其他情况多用不定式的完成时或进其他情况多用不定式的完成时或进其他情况多用不定式的完成时或进 行时）。行时）。行时）。行时）。1)Isuppose(that)wellmeethimatthathotel.我我想想我们将在那家酒店见他。我们将在那家酒店见他。2)Fewpeoplesupposedthatyoungman(tobe)innocent.没多少人没多少人认为认为那个年轻人是清白的。那个年轻人是清白的。3)HisbrotherwassupposedtohavealreadyleftforEngland.大家大家以为以为他的弟弟已
29、经动身去了英格兰。他的弟弟已经动身去了英格兰。qq suppose的设想还有某些根据，而的设想还有某些根据，而guess(vt./vi.)则有随意则有随意性，只是随便的猜测，其后也可接从句。如果性，只是随便的猜测，其后也可接从句。如果guess后接后接answer,riddle,thought等词，可作等词，可作“猜着猜着了了”理解。理解。1)Canyouguessmyage?你能你能猜出猜出我的年龄吗？我的年龄吗？2)GuesswhatIamdoing.猜猜猜猜我在做什么。我在做什么。3)Thelittlegirlguessedtherightanswerimmediately.那个小女孩儿
30、立刻那个小女孩儿立刻猜着了猜着了正确答案。正确答案。qq imagine(vt.)是指思想中形成的图景，想象或猜想某事物是指思想中形成的图景，想象或猜想某事物可可能能发发生生或或存存在在，往往往往没没有有什什么么根根据据和和把把握握。其其后后的的宾宾语语除名词和代词外，还可接动名词、复合宾语和从句。除名词和代词外，还可接动名词、复合宾语和从句。 WordsandPhrases 1)Can you imagine her becoming a famous hostess ofCCTV?你能你能想象想象她她成了成了中央电视台的著名主持人吗？中央电视台的著名主持人吗？2)Youcannotimag
31、inehowhappyIwastoknowthatmydaughterwasstillalive.你无法你无法想象想象当我得知女儿还活当我得知女儿还活着的时候有多么高兴。着的时候有多么高兴。qq assumeassume( (vt.vt.) ) 的的的的“ “假假假假设设设设” ”往往往往往往往往强强强强调调调调以以以以某某某某种种种种设设设设想想想想或或或或条条条条件件件件（并并并并未未未未证证证证明明明明）作作作作根根根根据据据据进进进进行行行行推推推推论论论论，用用用用法法法法较较较较正正正正式式式式。其其其其后后后后可可可可接复合宾语和接复合宾语和接复合宾语和接复合宾语和thattha
32、t从句。从句。从句。从句。e.g.Sheassumesthatyoualwaysgetupatthesametime.她她想想你总是在同一个时间起床。你总是在同一个时间起床。 WordsandPhrases 请请请请选选选选择择择择 assume,assume,guess,guess,imagineimagine或或或或 supposesuppose的的的的适适适适当当当当形形形形式填空。式填空。式填空。式填空。Ifailedto_herthought.Theyare_toarriveonthesixoclockpassengertrainfromLondon. Hesaidhecould_t
33、hesceneclearlyinhismind.Hesaidhecould_thesceneclearlyinhismind.That young man _ the girl to be a warm-heartedtraveler,butshewasinfactathief.It might be safely _ that there are nocreaturesonthemoon.guessguesssupposedsupposedimagineimaginesupposedsupposedassumedassumed WordsandPhrases 7.exaggerate(Lin
34、e23,Para.5) v.saysomethingisbetter,worseormoreimportantthanitreallyis夸大，夸张夸大，夸张Thesignificanceofthatcommercialperformancehasbeenobviouslyexaggerated. WordsandPhrases 8.ignore(Line32,Para.5)vt.takenonoticeof,refusetopayattentionto不顾，不理，忽视不顾，不理，忽视Agooddriverneverignoresaredlight. WordsandPhrases 9.con
35、vey(Line42,Para.6) v.1)communicateinformationoramessage表达，传递表达，传递Iwillhavetoconveythatbadnewstohim.2)transportorcarry运送，载送，输送运送，载送，输送Abusconveyedthepassengersfromthecitytotheairport. WordsandPhrases 10.onthevergeof(Line53,Para.9)verycloseto,ontheborderof接近于，濒于接近于，濒于ZhaoBenshanshumorousperformanceeve
36、nmadehisserious-lookingfather onthevergeoflaughing. WordsandPhrases Passage Learning1.Sowhencommunicationproblemsemerged,theyassumeditwasjustoneofthoseexpectedmisunderstandingsandthatwithalittleassistancetheywouldsurelyunderstandeachother.(Line14) 值得注意的是当两个从句并列时，后一个从句的值得注意的是当两个从句并列时，后一个从句的引导词往往不可省略，
37、以显示句子间的关系。引导词往往不可省略，以显示句子间的关系。此句中的此句中的that就是这一用法。就是这一用法。 SentenceStudy2.Itisnottobetakenasifitwerefactualinformation.(Line22) asif所引导的从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，所引导的从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，表示所叙述的情况与事实相反。表示所叙述的情况与事实相反。具体用法如下：具体用法如下：谈论现在情形，动词用过去时。谈论现在情形，动词用过去时。Whyisshelookingatmeasifsheknewme? SentenceStudy谈论过去情形的动词形式有以下几种：
38、谈论过去情形的动词形式有以下几种：1)过去时，表示过去的状态，如：过去时，表示过去的状态，如：Mr.Colemanalwaystalkedasifhekneweverything.但是，如果状态动词带有持续时间状语但是，如果状态动词带有持续时间状语,则用过去则用过去完成时：完成时：Theytalkedas iftheyhad been friendsforyears.2)过去完成时，表示过去的动作先于主句动词而发过去完成时，表示过去的动作先于主句动词而发生或完成，如：生或完成，如：Itwasasifhehadlosthislastfriend. SentenceStudy必须注意的是，在指过去
39、的动作时，即使主句是现在时，必须注意的是，在指过去的动作时，即使主句是现在时，asif从句中的动词也要用过去完成时。从句中的动词也要用过去完成时。如：如：Shelooksasifshehadseenaghost.如果如果asif后面的从句所表示的情况是真实的或很可能是后面的从句所表示的情况是真实的或很可能是真实的，则动词可以用陈述语气，在真实的，则动词可以用陈述语气，在feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste之后尤其如此。之后尤其如此。如如:Hewalksasifheisdrunk.Hewalksasifheweredrunk.第一句表示第一句表示“他已经醉了他已经醉了
40、”，第二句则表示，第二句则表示“他没有醉。他没有醉。” SentenceStudy3.Amansliteraltranslationof“Idontfeelheard”leadshimtotakethewomanscomplaintlightly.(Line47)takesth.lightly/seriously把把不当不当回事回事/认真对待认真对待UNurgesfinancialinstitutionstotakewaterscarcitymoreseriously. SentenceStudyThe The author author here here skillfully skillf
41、ully applies applies analogueanalogue ( (类类类类比比比比) ) into into the the communication communication problem problem between between men and women.men and women. 1. One of the secrets of success in dealing with relationship is 1. One of the secrets of success in dealing with relationship is the good c
42、ommunicationthe good communication between Martians and Venusians. between Martians and Venusians. (Para. 1) (Para. 1)2. How did they communicate well though they spoke different 2. How did they communicate well though they spoke different languages? languages? (Para. 2) (Para. 2) 3. People from Mar
43、s and people from Venus experienced a 3. People from Mars and people from Venus experienced a trust trust and and acceptance acceptance that that we we rarely rarely experience experience today. today. (Para.3)(Para.3)Communication Between Martians and Venusians (Para. 13)Communication Between Men a
44、nd Women (Para. 49) 1. Men and women 1. Men and women seldom mean the same thingsseldom mean the same things even when even when they use the same words. they use the same words. ( Para. 4)( Para. 4) 2. Ten common complaints that are easily misinterpreted. 2. Ten common complaints that are easily mi
45、sinterpreted. (Para. 59)(Para. 59) 1) When they had problems,1) When they had problems, they would just go to a translator they would just go to a translator for assistance for assistance. . 2) When there was a conflict they didnt start judging or 2) When there was a conflict they didnt start judgin
46、g or fighting but instead fighting but instead pulled out their phrase dictionaries to pulled out their phrase dictionaries to understand each other more fully understand each other more fully. . For For example, example, if if a a woman woman says, says, “I “I feel feel like like you you never neve
47、r listen”, listen”, “never” “never” is is just just a a way way of of expressing expressing the the frustration frustration she she is feeling at the moment.is feeling at the moment.TextStructure 找人帮忙找人帮忙找人帮忙找人帮忙 言语是传递信息的言语是传递信息的言语是传递信息的言语是传递信息的一种方式。一种方式。一种方式。一种方式。 没人关心我。没人关心我。没人关心我。没人关心我。 没把他的话当回事没
48、把他的话当回事没把他的话当回事没把他的话当回事 他俩就要吵起来了。他俩就要吵起来了。他俩就要吵起来了。他俩就要吵起来了。 go to go to sbsb. for assistance / help. for assistance / helpSpeech Speech is is a a means means of of conveying conveying information.information.I dont feel heard. I dont feel heard. to take his words lightly They are on the verge of ar
49、guing. They are on the verge of arguing. UsefulExpressionsPost-reading Exercisestranslate the following sentencesActivity1summarize thetextActivity21.Sowhencommunicationproblemsemerged,theyassumeditwasjustoneofthoseexpectedmisunderstandingsandthatwithalittleassistancetheywouldsurelyunderstandeachoth
50、er.因此当交流出现问题的时候，他们认为误解是必因此当交流出现问题的时候，他们认为误解是必然的，这只是众多误解中的一个。同时，在些许然的，这只是众多误解中的一个。同时，在些许帮助下，他们必定能够彼此理解。帮助下，他们必定能够彼此理解。2.具有讽刺意味的是具有讽刺意味的是,他们交流沟通的成功是他们交流沟通的成功是因为他们说着不同的语言因为他们说着不同的语言.Ironically,theycommunicatedwellbecausetheyspokedifferentlanguages.3.可以看出可以看出,习惯于把语言用作只是传达事实和信息习惯于把语言用作只是传达事实和信息手段的男人们手段的男
51、人们,从从“字面字面”上去理解女人的话是怎上去理解女人的话是怎样易于产生误解的样易于产生误解的.Youcanseehowa“literal”translationofawomanswordscouldeasilymisleadamanwhoisusedtousingspeechasameansofconveyingonlyfactsandinformation.After-class ReadingMisunderstandingsPassage1Five New Words at a TimePassage2Passage1Questions:1)HowdidYulanfeelwhenshe
52、wasintheover-crowdedESLClass?2)WhydidTaiqiworkinaChineserestaurant?3)WhatwastroublingYulan?4)WhatisTaiqischaracter?5)Whatsthemainideaofthepassage?Reference:SeetheTextbookp.53,Exercise1.Passage2Questions:1)Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?Writeasummary.(Seep.59,textbook)2)Whatisthebestthingtodowhenfaci
53、ngmisunderstandings? Further DevelopmentPeople from different countries may have different habits to express themselves. Sometimes they misunderstand each other because of their different culture or customs. Please give an example to illustrate this point and try to put forward some suggestions to c
54、lear up the misunderstandings between them.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones and email have made communication between people less personal.Make a short dialog according to the directions in p.61.According to the directions in p. 63, revise a letter for James.Translat
55、ion省略介词省略介词介词的省略翻译包括两种介词的省略翻译包括两种情况，一种是英文的句型借助情况，一种是英文的句型借助介词构成固定搭配用汉语无法介词构成固定搭配用汉语无法译出，一种是有些介词短语如译出，一种是有些介词短语如时间、地点状语中的介词可省。时间、地点状语中的介词可省。Theyaccusedhimofstealingthejewels.他们控告他偷了珠宝。他们控告他偷了珠宝。（固定搭配，无法译出）（固定搭配，无法译出）Inspiteofalltheevidenceagainsthim,herefusedtoadmittotheallegation.尽管种种证据对他不利，他仍然拒不辩解。
56、尽管种种证据对他不利，他仍然拒不辩解。（固定搭配，无法译出）（固定搭配，无法译出）Smokingisprohibited inpublicplaces.（地点状语）（地点状语）公共场所严禁吸烟。公共场所严禁吸烟。Onthe14thofMarch,at aquartertothreeintheafternoon,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.月日下午点分，当代最伟大的思想家停止了思考。月日下午点分，当代最伟大的思想家停止了思考。（时间，地点状语）（时间，地点状语）省略连词省略连词汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下文逻辑汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上
57、下文逻辑关系常常表现为暗含，由词语的次序来表示。英语关系常常表现为暗含，由词语的次序来表示。英语则不然，连接词用得比较多。例如，英语因果句中则不然，连接词用得比较多。例如，英语因果句中一般用连接词表示因果，而汉语则往往通过词序一般用连接词表示因果，而汉语则往往通过词序（即前因后果）来表示因果关系，译文（即前因后果）来表示因果关系，译文“因为因为所以所以”往往可以省略。再如，表示条往往可以省略。再如，表示条件的连词件的连词ifif，译文，译文“假如、如果假如、如果”在大多数情况下在大多数情况下可以省略。再如，表示时间关系的可以省略。再如，表示时间关系的when, aswhen, as，如果，如果
58、汉语时间先后次序明显，为了简略，译文汉语时间先后次序明显，为了简略，译文“当当时时”往往可以省略。往往可以省略。Helookedgloomyandtroubled.他看上去有些忧郁不安。他看上去有些忧郁不安。（并列连词）（并列连词）IfIhadknownit,Iwouldnothavejoinedinit.早知如此，我就不参加了。早知如此，我就不参加了。（条件连词）（条件连词）Whatcouldmarriagemeanifwedidnotfeelourselvescapableoflove?连爱都爱不起来，还谈什么婚姻？连爱都爱不起来，还谈什么婚姻？（条件连词）（条件连词）Writing学生反
59、映表述不清的主要问题学生反映表述不清的主要问题: :1. 1. 使用了多余的词、不必要的从句和短语，使意思重复、使用了多余的词、不必要的从句和短语，使意思重复、行文罗嗦、表达累赘。行文罗嗦、表达累赘。2. 2. 使用修饰语时，因修饰语所处位置不当而产生歧义。使用修饰语时，因修饰语所处位置不当而产生歧义。3. 3. 追求难词怪句，以为这种句子能得高分。追求难词怪句，以为这种句子能得高分。4. 4. 汉化英语令读者不知所云。汉化英语令读者不知所云。1.1.同一层次、相关的意思用同一种句型表达，适当合同一层次、相关的意思用同一种句型表达，适当合2.2. 并并“同类项同类项”。2. 2. 使用修饰语时
60、，一定要把修饰词、短语或从句与它使用修饰语时，一定要把修饰词、短语或从句与它真正被修饰的词靠近。真正被修饰的词靠近。 3. 3. 真正的经典名句都是用朴实无华的语言揭示生活哲真正的经典名句都是用朴实无华的语言揭示生活哲 理。学生选取寻常的表达式，同样可传达真知灼理。学生选取寻常的表达式，同样可传达真知灼 见。见。4.4.不要想当然地杜撰；要想方设法利用自己有把握的不要想当然地杜撰；要想方设法利用自己有把握的表达手段清晰准确地表述。表达手段清晰准确地表述。 你在写下面这篇作文时，将如何运用上面的方法写你在写下面这篇作文时，将如何运用上面的方法写出表述清晰的文章？出表述清晰的文章？ Directi
61、ons: Write a composition on the topic: HowtoAvoidMisunderstandings. Your composition should be no less than 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1. 1. 误解在日常生活中十分普遍；误解在日常生活中十分普遍；2. 2. 要避免误解有许多办法；要避免误解有许多办法；3. 3. 只要注意，很多误解可以避免。没有误只要注意，很多误解可以避免。没有误 解，生活会更美好。解，生活会更美好。HowtoAvoidMisun
62、derstandings? Misunderstandings may frequently occur in our everyday life. For example, there is a misunderstanding when people use the same words but do not mean the same things. Misunderstanding may also arise between people who behave differently. Misunderstanding each other may cause a lot of tr
63、ouble in our daily life. Many a quarrel has come about through misunderstanding. Generation gaps appear because of misunderstandings.A serious misunderstanding fractures (使破裂) friendship. When a couple misunderstand each other badly, marriage is likely to break up. Misunderstanding can lead to great
64、 problems for both teachers and students. Then how can we clear up misunderstandings? Misunderstandings can be avoided in many ways. Here are some tips. To begin with, dont use ambiguous (有歧义的有歧义的) words. Speak plainly, clearly and directly. Next, highlight your important points. Make sure that othe
65、rs know what your major concerns are. Besides, be honest and modest. Claim to know what you know, dont claim to know what you dont know, and this is wisdom. (知知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。) Moreover, when you do not comprehend others fully, dont feel ashamed to ask, “Pardon, I didnt catch your mean
66、ing.” or “Im sorry. Would you please explain it again?” Finally, be aware of cultural differences. It is always smart to talk about misunderstandings and respect mutual (相互的相互的) differences. Though it is impossible to eliminate all misunderstandings, if you keep all the tips above in mind, you will, to the greatest extent, avoid many potentialmisunderstandings and understand each other better. Without misunderstandings among people, the world will be a better one, and everyone can enjoy a harmonious (和和谐的谐的) and happy life.
