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1、被被 动动 语语 态态 详详 解解永安中学永安中学 郭新志郭新志( (一一) ) 语语 态态 分分 类类 英英语语动动词词有有两两种种语语态态，主主动动语语态态和和被被动动语语态态。主主动动语语态态表表示示主主语语是是动动作作的的执执行行者者，被被动动语语态态表表示示主主语语是是动动作作的的承受者。如：承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动被动) 汉汉语语中中常常用用“被被”、“给给”、“由由”、“受受”等等词词用用来来表表
2、示示被被动动，而而英英语语用用：助助助助动动动动词词词词be be be be + + + + 及及及及物物物物动动动动词词词词的的的的过过过过去去去去分分分分词词词词构成。构成。 ( (二二) ) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化 主主要要体体现现在在bebe的的变变化化上上，其其形形式式与与系系动动词词bebe的的变变化化形形式式完完全全一样。以一样。以givegive 为例，列表如下：为例，列表如下： 一般现在时：一般现在时：am / is / are + given am / is / are + given 一般过去时：一般过去时：was / were +
3、given was / were +given 一般将来时：一般将来时：shall / will + given shall / will + given 一般过去将来时：一般过去将来时：should / would + given should / would + given 现在进行时：现在进行时：am / is / are + being + givenam / is / are + being + given 过去进行时：过去进行时：was / were + being + given was / were + being + given 现在完成时：现在完成时：have / has
4、+ been + givenhave / has + been + given 过去完成时：过去完成时：had + been + given had + been + given 将来完成时：将来完成时：shall / will + have been + givenshall / will + have been + given 过去将来完成时：过去将来完成时：should should / / would would + + have have been been + + givengiven 注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没
5、有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 ( ( ( (三三三三) ) ) )被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态1. 一般现在时：一般现在时： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab
6、 without a teacher. We We are are not not allowed allowed to to enter enter the the chemistry chemistry lab lab without without a a teacher. teacher. 2. 一般过去时：一般过去时： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The building
7、of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten. His lessons were not easily forgotten. 3. 一般将来时：一般将来时： They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They will gi
8、ve plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时：过去将来时： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The The manager manager said said the the project project would would be be co
9、mpleted completed by by the the end of the year. end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. The The workers workers told told me me that that the the car car would would be be mended mended as as soon soon as possible. as possible. 5. 现在进行时：现在进行时： The radio is
10、broadcasting English lessons. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. The rooms are being painted. 6. 过去进行时：过去进行时： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mend
11、ing the road. Because the road was being mended. Because the road was being mended. This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being planted here this time last year. Trees were being planted here this time last year. 7. 现在完成时：现在完成时： Someone has told me the sports meet might be put
12、off.the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. We have brought down the price. The price has been brought down. The price has been brought down. 8. 过去完成时：过去完成时： When I got to the theatre, I found they they h
13、ad had already already sold sold outout the tickets. the tickets. When When I I got got to to the the theatre, theatre, I I found found the the tickets tickets had had already already been sold out. been sold out. The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People People had consideredh
14、ad considered him to be a great leader. him to be a great leader. He He had been consideredhad been considered to be a great leader. to be a great leader. 9. 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态： 含含有有情情态态动动词词的的被被动动语语态态是是由由“情情态态动动词词+ be+ 及及物物动动词词的的过过去分词去分词”构成。构成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. Yo
15、ur compositions Your compositions must be handed inmust be handed in after class. after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters A great many letters can be writtencan be written with the computer by with the computer by him. him. ( (四四) ) 被被 动动 语语 态态 的的 使使 用用
16、1.1.当当不不知知道道或或没没有有必必要要指指出出动动作作的的执执行行者者时时，常常用用被被动动语语态态，这这时时往往不用往往不用by 短语。短语。 “ “ “ “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken aft
17、er class. ”( (只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的) )。 2.2.突突出出或或强强调调动动作作的的承承受受者者，如如果果需需要要说说出出动动作作的的执执行行者者，用用by 短语。短语。 These records were made by John Denver. These records were made by John Denver. These records were made by John Denver. These records were made by John Denver. T
18、he cup was broken by Paul. The cup was broken by Paul. The cup was broken by Paul. The cup was broken by Paul. 3.3.当当汉汉语语句句子子的的主主语语既既不不是是动动作作的的执执行行者者，也也不不是是动动作作的的承承受受者者时时，这时常用这时常用in + + 名词作状语，而代替名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。短语。 These cars were made in China. These cars were made in China. These cars were made in
19、 China. These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. ( (五五) )主动语态变被动语态的方法主
20、动语态变被动语态的方法（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1.1.1.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
21、把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 2.2.2.2.把把把把主主主主动动动动语语语语态态态态的的的的谓谓谓谓语语语语变变变变成成成成被被被被动动动动语语语语态态态态的的的的bebe + + + + 过过过过去去去去分分分分词词词词，时时时时态态态态要要要要与与与与原原原原句句句句保持一致。保持一致。保持一致。保持一致。 3.3.3.3.把把把把主主主主动动动动语语语语态态态态的的的的主主主主语语语语变变变变为为为为介介介介词词词词byby 的的的的宾宾宾宾语语语语，放放放放在在在在被被被被动动动动语语语语态态态态里里里里谓谓谓谓语语语语动动动动词词词词之之
22、之之后后后后，byby 短短短短语语语语可可可可以以以以省省省省略略略略。如如如如果果果果原原原原句句句句主主主主语语语语是是是是地地地地点点点点名名名名词词词词，在在在在被被被被动动动动语语语语态态态态中中中中用用用用inin + + + + 地点名词作状语。地点名词作状语。地点名词作状语。地点名词作状语。 ( (六六) )语态转换时所注意的问题语态转换时所注意的问题1. 1. 把把主主动动语语态态变变为为被被动动语语态态时时，其其谓谓语语动动词词的的时时态态要要与与原原句句时时态态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bo
23、ught a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误错误) 2. 2. 含含有有双双宾宾语语的的主主动动句句变变被被动动句句时时，可可分分别别将将其其中中的的一一个个宾宾语语变变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如如果果把把直直接
24、接宾宾语语( (指指物物) )改改为为主主语语，则则在在间间接接宾宾语语( (指指人人) )前前加加适适当的介词，如上句还可以说：当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday. 保留宾语保留宾语保留宾语保留宾语注意：注意：注意：注意：一般在下列一般在下列动词后，常在后，常在间接接宾语前用介前用介词 to，如：如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。等。 The cup with mixture was show
25、ed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列一般在下列动词后，后，间接接宾语前用介前用介词 for, 如：如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played fo
26、r us. 有些既不用有些既不用to 也不用也不用for, 根据根据动词与介与介词的搭配关系。的搭配关系。 He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用不用by短语短语) 3. 由由动动词词+ 介介词词或或副副词词构构成成的的短短语语动动词词，要要把把它它们们作作为为整整体体看看，即即把把它它们们看看成成一一个个及及物物动动词词
27、，介介词词或或副副词词不不可可拆拆开开或或漏漏掉掉。这这类类动动词词有：有： 不不不不及及及及物物物物动动动动词词词词+ + 介介介介词词词词，如如如如: : agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。等。 The patient is being operated on. The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It The problem is solved. It neednneed
28、nt be talked about. t be talked about. 及及及及物物物物动动动动词词词词+ + 副副副副词词词词：如如如如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。等。 His request was turned down. His request was turned down. The sports meet will
29、be put off because of the bad weather. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. 4. 带带复复合合宾宾语语(宾宾语语+ 宾宾补补)的的动动词词改改为为被被动动语语态态时时，一一般般把把主主动动结结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to
30、 follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 注注注注意意意意：在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等等动动词词后后作作宾宾语语补补足足语语的的动动词词不不定定式式都都不不带带 to，但但改改成成被被动动语语态态后后都都带带to，这这时时不不定定式式为为主主语语补补足足语语，也也就就是是说说不不定定式式作作主主语语补补足足语不存在省略语不存在省略to 的问题。的问题。 We often hear him play the gui
31、tar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注注意意：带带有有复复合合宾宾语语的的句句子子，如如果果宾宾语语补补足足语语是是名名词词，变变被被动动句句时时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people people called them love apples. called them love apples. 误：误：Love apples were called them. 正：正
32、：They were called love apples. 5. 还还有有一一种种短短语语动动词词由由动动动动词词词词+ + 名名名名词词词词+ + 介介介介词词词词构构成成，变变被被动动语语态态有有两两种种形式，如下：形式，如下： 1) We take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the book. Good care is taken of the book. 2) You must pay
33、 attention to your pronunciation. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 用用于于这这类类结结构构的的短短语语动动词词常常见见的的有有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set
34、fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。等。 6. 当当主主动动句句的的主主语语是是nobody, no one等等含含有有否否定定意意义义的的不不定定代代词词时时，被被动动句句中中将将其其变变为为anybody, 作作by的的宾宾语语，并并将将谓谓语语动动词词变变为为否定的被动语态。如：否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can answer this question. 误：误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正：The question
35、can not be answered by anybody.The question can not be answered by anybody. 7. 当当否否定定句句中中的的宾宾语语是是anything, anybody, anyone等等不不定定代代词词时时，在在被被动动句句中中应应将将其其分分别别变变为为nothing, nobody, no one作作主主语语，并并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：误：Anything hasnt been
36、 done to make the river clean. 正：正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 8. 以以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：放在句首： Who wrote the story? 误：误：Who was the story written? 正：正：By whom was the story written?By whom was the story writt
37、en? 9. 有有些些动动词词既既是是及及物物又又是是不不及及物物，当当它它们们和和well, badly, easily等等副副词词连连用用时时，表表示示主主语语内内在在品品质质或或性性能能，是是不不及及物物动动词词，用用主主动动表表示示被被动动，这这时时不不用用被被动动语语态态，常常见见的的有有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。这布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。这新产品很畅销。 The pen writes smoot
38、hly. 这支笔写字很流畅。这支笔写字很流畅。 对比：对比： The books sell well. (主动句主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句被动句) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句被动句)10. 10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第第一一，感感官官系系动动词词一一般般用用主主动动形形式式表表示示被被动动意意义义，
39、如如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 误：误：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 误：误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：误：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第第二二，谓谓语语是是及及物物动动词词leave, enter, reach, suit,
40、 have, benefit, lack, own等。如：等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误：误：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 误：误：Her hand was had burned. 第第三三，一一些些不不及及物物动动词词短短语语没没有有被被动动语语态态，如如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：等。如： The fire bro
41、ke out in the capital building. 误：误：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第第四四，不不及及物物动动词词没没有有被被动动语语态态，如如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：误：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained.
42、误：误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第第五五，宾宾语语是是反反身身代代词词，相相互互代代词词，同同源源宾宾语语，不不定定式式，v-ing形形式式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English. 误：误：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 误：误：Each other is loved. 11. 11. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语
43、，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：构来表示，例如： 据说据说It is said that 据报导据报导It is reported that 据推测据推测It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 众所周知众所周知It is well known that 普遍认为普遍认为It is generally considered that 有人建议有人建议It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that T
44、homas Edison invented the electric lamp. 在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词习打下良好的基础，在动词习打下良好的基础，在动词习打下良好的基础，在动词- -inging 形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。
