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1、1第一讲主语主语的确定 OutlineI.I.英汉语主语的差异异II. 汉译英时确定主语的思路2I. 英汉语主语的差异1.现代英语除省略句（祈使句）外，每个句子都必须有主语。英语是通过“主语 谓语”的句型结构组织简单句的。而现代汉语在表达思想时，往往突出主题而忽略主语，经常通过“主题 评论”的句型结构组织简单句。例例: :（1）家里的事情，你你不用管，你你干你你的正经事去。（2）这袋米三个个人吃。（3）会会议室里正在开会开会。 （4）有一种种方言这间屋子里的每个个语言学学家都懂懂得。（5）我们的事业从从胜利走向胜利。 We have won one victory after another
2、for our cause.（6）1978年，改革开开放开开始了。 34王力（1900/8/10 1986/5/3)语录就句子结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要呆板地求句子形式的一律, 人治的用得着就用,用不着就不用,只要能使人听懂说话人的意思,就算了。52. 汉语句子习惯用人来做主语，而英语句子用物或抽象概念做主语的比例远远超过汉语。 例：It rained heavily yesterday. It is easy to answer this question. The year 2010 witnessed great changes in
3、Shanghai. II. 汉译英时确定主语的思路一、以原文主语作为译文主语；二、重新确定主语；三、增补主语6一、以原文主语作为译文主语 英语句子的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以把原文主语作为译文主语。（1）如果不适当处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.78（2）如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么句子便是文章的
4、“基本部件”。 If vocabulary is the “building materials” for a language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.（3）中国国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。 China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. 二、重新确定主语在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语言自然
5、地道，发挥与原文相似的作用。用来替换原主语的，可以是句子中的其他成分，也可以是句子以外的词语。（1）他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。 He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.910(2) 鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最宝贵的性格。 Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from
6、 all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.(3) 树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光，没精打采的，是瞌睡人的眼。 Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dozing. 三、增补主语汉语中，主语隐含不见或无主语的情况较常见。译成英语时，必须依照英语的行文习惯，将主语补出。
7、增补主语的原则，一是要推敲语境，二是要考虑英语语法规则和行文需求。（1） 到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更为有趣。 When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south. （by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang） W h e n h e r e
8、 a c h e d T s i n a n f u a n d e n t e r e d t h e c i t y g a t e , t h e h o u s e s with their springs and the courtyards with their weeping willows s e e m e d t o h i m e v e n m o r e a t t r a c t i v e t h a n t h e s c e n e r y o f C h i a n g n a n . (by Harold Shadick)1112（2）沉默呵，沉默呵！不在
9、沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!（3）不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。不要摆官架子。钻进去，几个月，一年两年，三年五年，总可以学会的。 We must not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or two, for three or fi
10、ve years, we shall eventually master it. 13 (4) 出了院门，四顾一望，并无二色，远远的是青松翠竹，自己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下，顺着山脚刚转过去，已闻得一股寒香扑鼻，回头一看，却是妙玉那边栊翠庵中有十数枝红梅，如胭脂一般，映着雪色，分外显得精神，好不有趣。 Once outside his own gate, he gazed around. All was white except for some green pines and emerald bamboos in the distance, so that he had the
11、 sensation of being in a crystal bowl. As he rounded the foot of the slope, he smelt a cold fragrance and, looking over his shoulder, saw a dozen or so crimson plum trees in Green Lattice Nunnery where Miaoyu lived, their blossom, red as rouge, reflected in the snow and remarkably vivid against it.
12、*找出下列两种译文在主语选择上的差异1） 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 a. The turn of the century finds China most attractive on the diplomatic arena. b. At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.2）一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 a. Chinas first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the re
13、st of the world. b. In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly. 143） 胎又瘪了。 a. Weve got another flat tire. b. Our tire is flat again.4)）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 a. It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. b. We cant judge people from their appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints.5）中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。 a. Great changes have taken place in China. b. China has witnessed tremendous changes.16Thank you!
