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1、Part II The Literature of Reason and RevolutionHistoricalIntroductionImportantwritersDeclarationofIndependenceHistorical IntroductionlTwo historical eventsl1.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l2.EnlightenmentlTheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasnowthegreatsubjecttocomman
2、dtheattentionofthebestminds.I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l1.ThewritersheldvitallyimportantplacesinthemovementforAmericanindependence.FreedomwaswonasmuchbytheirfieryandinspiringspeechesandwritingsasbytheweaponsofWashingtonandLafayette(IntheAmericanRevolution,Lafayetteservedasamajor-general
3、 少少将将 intheContinentalArmyunderGeorgeWashington).The13originalAmericanstateswerepersuadedtobecomeasinglenationbytheargumentsofstatesmenandmenofletters.GeorgeWashington&Lafayette I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l2.StrictrulesmadebyEnglishgovernmenthamperedtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecolonies.T
4、heBritishwantedthecoloniestoremainpoliticallyandeconomicallydependentonthemothercountry,whichledtothecoloniesintensestrainwithEngland.SotheAmericanWarforIndependencebrokeoutin1775.I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l(1) 1775, Lexington, beginning of the Independence War(2) July 4, 1776, Thomas
5、Jefferson, Declaration of Independence(3) 1778, alliance with France, turning point for American army(4) 1778, English army surrendered(5) 1783, formal recognition by the British government3. The procedures of the establishment of the new nation(1) colonies(2) states(3) federal republic- the United
6、States of AmericaII. Enlightenmentl1.EnlightenmentlThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.l(1)OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcenturyl(2)Sources:Newtonstheory;deism（自然自然神教派神教派);Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)II. Enlightenmentl(3)Basicprinciples:
7、lstressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheagehasbeencalledtheAgeofReason);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice;theideaofprogress.II. Enlightenmentl2.AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetoj
8、ournalism.AlltheleadersoftherevolutionwereinfluencedbytheEnlightenment;3.Representatives:BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJefferson,etc.lTherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentsetthemselvesthetaskofdisseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas.TheyalsoactivelyparticipatedintheWa
9、rforIndependence.II. Enlightenmentl4.ThenewnationwassetonthebasicideasandprinciplesoftheEnlightenment.5.InfluenceoftheEnlightenmentl(1)AmericanEnlightenmentdealtadecisiveblowuponthePuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.l(2)ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexempl
10、ifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin.III. Literaturel1. Call for Americas independence in literaturelAssoonasAmericabecamepoliticallyandeconomicallyindependent,thecallforitsindependenceinliteraturestartedtoemerge.lIn1783,NoahWebsterdeclared,“Americamustbeasindependentassheisinpolitics,asfamousf
11、ortheartsasforarms”.YetthroughoutthecenturyAmericanliteraturewaslargelypatternedonthewritingof18thcenturyEnglishmen.NoahWebster &HisDictionary of the English Language III. Literaturel2. Whileimaginativeliterature(富有想象力的文学作富有想象力的文学作品品, ,fiction,mythology,poetry,drama,etc)inAmericaremainedderivative(派
12、生的派生的; ;拷贝的拷贝的)anddependent,theheroicandrevolutionaryambitionsoftheagehadcreatedgreatpoliticalpamphleteering(小册子小册子)andstatepapers.Essayistsandjournalistshadshapedthenationsbeliefswithreasondressedinclearandforcefulprose.III. Literaturel3. Representative workslThomasJefferson:Declaration of Independ
13、encelThomasPaine:The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The FederalistlBenjaminFranklin:Poor Richards Almanac; The AutobiographyBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)lApatriot,diplomat,author,printer,scientist,andinventorintheeighteenthcentury;oneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates. Benjamin Franklin (1706-17
14、90) lHewasajackofalltrades;lBorninapoorcandlemakersfamilyinBostonandhadnoregulareducation;Becameanapprenticetoaprinterwhenhewas12;Aneditorofanewspaperandpublishedlotsofessayswhenhewas16;HewenttoPhiladelphiawhenhewas17andbecameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher;FoundtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofs
15、cientific,economicandpoliticalideas;I. LifelEstablishedAmericasfirstcirculatinglibrary;lFoundedthecollegeUniversityofPennsylvania;lRetiredwhenhewas42.I. Lifel(1)abusinessman;(2)Ascientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm);firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negativ
16、e”toelectricalcharges(电荷电荷).l(3)astatesmanAsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.I. LifelDeclarationo
17、fIndependenceTheTreatyofAlliancewithFranceTheTreatyofPeacewithEnglandTheConstitution(4)awriterl(5)anembodimentofthe“AmericanDream”II. Literary careerlAsanauthorhehadpowerofexpression.Hisworksarewell-knownfortheirsimplicity,subtlehumorandbeingsarcastic.1. Representative worksl(1)Poor Richards Almanac
18、Modeledonfarmersannualcalendar;keptpublishingformanyyears;includesmanyclassicalsayings,suchas:l“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”l“Aplowmanonhislegsishigherthanagentlemanonhisknees.”Poor Richards AlmanacII. Literary careerl(2)The AutobiographylWrittenwhenhewas65;Anintroductionofhislifetohisownson;Includin
19、gfourpartswrittenindifferenttimes;Thefirstsuccessstoryofself-madeAmericans.II. Literary careerlInThe Autobiography wewillbeabletonotice:l1)influenceofPuritanism,suchasself-examinationandself-improvement(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)2)spiritsoftheEnlightenment(mansnatureisgood,rightsofliberty,
20、virtuesincluding“order”)II. Literary careerlStyle:simple,clearinorder,direct,conciseandhumorous(“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”)(influenceofPuritanism);Firstofitskindinliteratureandsettheautobiographyasagenre;Popular,stillwell-readtoday.II. Literary careerl2.Influe
21、ncelHisvaluesandstyleinfluencedlotsofAmericans.lOneofhisfellowAmericanssaid,“Hisshadowliesheavierthananyothermansonthisyoungnation.” Thomas Paine (1737-1809)lRevolutionaryWarpatriotandpamphleteer,borninThetford,England.Paineemigratedin1774toPennsylvania,wherehegravitated(被被吸引吸引; ;趋趋 倾倾 向向)towardthos
22、ewhosupportedcolonialindependence.I. Life and career lPainespamphletCommon SenseappearedinJanuary1776andcausedanimmediatesensation.Init,PainebothsupportedAmericanindependenceandattackedthecorruptionoftheBritishhereditary(世袭的世袭的) )monarchy.I. Life and careerlHefoughtintheRevolutionaryWarandcontinuedt
23、opublish,includinghis1776essayThe American Crisis.I. Life and careerII. Major worksl1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise (1772)l-hisfirstpamphlet,apetitiontoParliamentforalivingwagefortheexcisecollectorsl2. Common Sense (1776)-signedsimply“ByanEnglishman”,tourgethecoloniestodeclareindependence;P
24、ainbecameforthwiththemostarticulate(表达表达清楚有力的清楚有力的)spokesmanoftheAmericanRevolution.II. Major worksl3. The American Crisis (1776-1783)-Paineschiefcontributionwasaseriesof16pamphlets(1776-1783)entitledThe American Crisis andsigned“Common Sense” whichdealtdirectlywiththemilitaryengagementstoinspirethe
25、ContinentalArmy.II. Major worksl4. The Rights of Man (1791 - 92)-ananswertoBurkesRecent Reflections on the French Revolution,whichnotonlychampionedRousseausdoctrinesoffreedom,butalsosuggestedtheoverthrowoftheBritishmonarchy.PainewasindictedfortreasonandwasforcedtoseekrefugeinFrance.II. Major worksl5
26、. The Age of Reason (1795)l-adeistictreatiseadvocatingarationalisticviewofreligion.l6. Analysis of The American Crisis(17761783)l-aseriesofpamphletspublishedinLondonfrom17761783duringtheAmericanRevolution.ItdecriedBritishactionsandloyalists,offeringsupporttothepatrioticcause.The American Crisis lThe
27、firstofthepamphletswasreleasedduringatimewhentheRevolutionstilllookedanunsteadyprospect;theopeningsentencewasadoptedasthewatchword(标语标语, ,口号口号, ,格言格言)ofthemovementtoTrenton.The American CrisislThefamousopeninglinesare:lThese are the times that try mens souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patr
28、iot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.lThepamphletattemptedtobolstermoraleandresistanceamongpatriots,aswellasshameneutralsandloyaliststowardthecause.Thomas Jefferson (1743 1826)lBorn:13April1743lBirt
29、hplace:Shadwell,VirginialDied:4July1826(naturalcauses)lBest Known As:AuthorofThe Declaration of Independence I. Life and careerl1.Hismindrangedcuriouslyovermanyfieldsofknowledge-law,philosophy,government,architecture,education,religion,science,agriculture,mechanics-andwhateverhetouched,heenrichedins
30、omemeasure. I. Life and careerl2.HewasthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates(18011809),theprincipalauthorofThe Declaration of Independence(1776),andoneofthemostinfluentialFoundingFathersforhispromotionoftheidealsofRepublicanismintheUnitedStates.HighpointsofhispresidencyincludetheLouisianaPurchasefromNap
31、oleonandtheexplorationofthewestbyLewisandClark(18041806). I. Life and careerl3.Asapoliticalphilosopher,JeffersonwasamanoftheEnlightenmentandknewmanyintellectualleadersinBritainandFrance.Heidealizedtheindependentyeomanfarmerasanexemplarofrepublicanvirtues,distrustedcitiesandfinanciers,andfavoredstate
32、srightsandastrictlylimitedfederalgovernment.JeffersonsupportedtheseparationofchurchandstateandwastheauthoroftheVirginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1779,1786). I. Life and careerlHewastheeponym（名祖名祖;命名来源命名来源）ofJeffersoniandemocracyandtheco-founderandleaderoftheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,whichdomi
33、natedAmericanpoliticsforaquarter-centuryandwastheprecursorofthemodern-dayDemocraticParty.JeffersonservedasthewartimeGovernorofVirginia(17791781),firstUnitedStatesSecretaryofState(17891793)andsecondVicePresident(17971801). I. Life and careerl4.Apolymath(学识渊博的人学识渊博的人),Jeffersonachieveddistinctionas,am
34、ongotherthings,ahorticulturist(园艺学家园艺学家),statesman,architect,archaeologist(考古学家考古学家),paleontologist(古生物学者古生物学者),author,inventorandfounderoftheUniversityofVirginia.II. The Declaration of IndependencelTheDeclaration of IndependencewasanactoftheSecondContinentalCongress,adoptedonJuly4,1776,whichdeclare
35、dthattheThirteenColoniesinNorthAmericawereFreeandIndependentStatesandthatallpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemandtheStateofGreatBritain,isandoughttobetotallydissolved.II. The Declaration of IndependencelThedocument,formallyentitledThe unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America,explai
36、nedthejustificationsforseparationfromtheBritishcrown,andwasanexpansionofRichardHenryLeesResolution(passedbyCongressonJuly2),whichfirstproclaimedindependence.Anengrossed(正式写成的正式写成的)copyoftheDeclarationwassignedbymostofthedelegatesonAugust2andisnowondisplayintheNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration
37、inWashington,D.C.II. The Declaration of IndependencelTheDeclarationisconsideredtobethefoundingdocumentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,whereJuly4iscelebratedasIndependenceDayandthenationsbirthday.lJohnHancock,astheelectedPresidentofCongress,wastheonlypersontosigntheDeclaration of Independence onJuly4.Itwa
38、snotuntilthefollowingmonthonAugust2thattheremaining55otherdelegatesbegantosignthedocument.II. The Declaration of IndependencelThefollowingstatementshavebecomeworld-famoussincethen:lWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with ce
39、rtain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.II. The Declaration of Independencel我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。自由权和追求幸福的权利。II. The Declaration of IndependencelThat to se
40、cure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundatio
41、n on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.II. The Declaration of Independencel为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们之间建立政为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，则来自被统治者的同府，而政府之正当权力，则来自被统治者的同意。任何形式的政府，只要破坏上述目的，人意。任何形式的政府，只要破坏上述目的，人民就有权利改变或废除它，
42、并建立新政府；新民就有权利改变或废除它，并建立新政府；新政府赖以奠基的原则，得以组织权力的方式，政府赖以奠基的原则，得以组织权力的方式，都要最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福。都要最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福。 Philip Freneau (1752 - 1832)lPhilipMorinFreneau(1752-1832)wasanAmericanpoet,essayist,andjournalist.RememberedasthepoetoftheAmericanRevolutionandthefatherofAmericanpoetry,hewasatransitionalfigurei
43、nAmericanliterature. I.LifeandcareerHispoliticalandsatiricalpoemshavevaluemainlyforhistorians,buthisplaceastheearliestimportantAmericanlyricpoetissecuredbysuchpoemsas“TheWildHoneysuckle,”“TheIndianBuryingGround,”and“EutawSprings.”I.LifeandcareerFreneauwasperhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-Revo
44、lutionaryperiod.l1.Hispoemsare:lstronglylyrical;lwithclearimagery;lneoclassicalinform,andromanticinspirit.l2.PhilipMorinFreneauwasadeistic( (自然神论的自然神论的) )optimist.Deismlcf.Deism (自然神论自然神论, , 自然神教派自然神教派)isareligiousphilosophyandmovementthatderivestheexistenceandnatureofGodfromreasonandpersonalexperie
45、nce.Thisisincontrasttofideism(哲哲 信仰信仰主义主义, , 一种认为知识取决于信仰的学说一种认为知识取决于信仰的学说) )whichisfoundinmanyformsofChristianity.Islam,JudaismandCatholicteachingsholdthatreligionreliesonrevelationinsacredscripturesorthetestimonyofotherpeopleaswellasreasoning.DeismlDeiststypicallyrejectsupernaturalevents(prophecy,m
46、iracles)andtendtoassertthatGoddoesnotinterferewithhumanlifeandthelawsoftheuniverse.Whatorganizedreligionsseeasdivinerevelationandholybooks,mostdeistsseeasinterpretationsmadebyotherhumans,ratherthanasauthoritativesources.DeismlDeismbecameprominentinGreatBritain,France,andtheUnitedStatesinthe17thand18
47、thcenturies,mostlyamongthoseraisedasChristianswhofoundtheycouldnotbelieveineitheratriune(三位一体的三位一体的)God,thedivinityofJesus,miracles,ortheinerrancy(无误无误; ; 绝对正确绝对正确)ofscriptures,butwhodidbelieveinoneGod.Initiallyitdidnotformanycongregations,butintimedeismledtothedevelopmentofotherreligiousgroups,part
48、icularlyUnitarianism( (【宗宗】唯一神教派唯一神教派, , 基督教一派基督教一派, , 认为认为上帝系单一者上帝系单一者, , 反对三位一体的说法反对三位一体的说法).ItcontinuestothisdayintheformofClassicalDeismandModernDeism.II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”lFreneaulaterretiredtoamorerurallifeandwroteamixofpoliticalandnatureworks.Hisnaturepoem,“Th
49、eWildHoneySuckle”(1786),isconsideredanearlyseedtothelaterTranscendentalist(超超验验主义的主义的)movementtakenupbyWilliamCullenBryant,RalphWaldoEmerson,andHenryDavidThoreau.II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”“TheWildHoneySuckle”isPhilipFreneausmostwidelyreadnaturallyricwiththethemeoftransience.lInthispoemthepoetexpres
50、sedakeenaware-nessofthelovelinessandtransienceofnature.HenotonlymeditatedonMortalitybutalsocelebratednature.Thepoemimpliesthatlifeanddeathareinevitablelawofnature.II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”lThecentralimageisanativewildflower,whichmakesadrasticdifferencefromeliteflowerimagestypicaloftraditionalEngli
51、shpoems.lThepoemshowedstrongfeelingsforthenaturalbeauty,whichwasthecharacteristicofromanticpoets.II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”lThepoemwaswritteninregular6-linetetrameterstanzas,rhyming:ababcc.Thestructureofthepoemisregular,soithastheneoclassicqualityofproportion(比例比例; ;均衡均衡)andbalance.lTheline“thespaceisbutanhour“containsahyperbolestressingthetransienceoflife.Thetoneofthepoemisbothsentimentalandoptimistic.
