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1、MLA vs. APA|Which should you use?Askeachofyourteacherswhichstyletheywantyoutouse.Iftheyhavenopreference,youcanuseanyorfollowtheseguidelines：|APA:psychology,education,andothersocialsciences.|MLA:literature,arts,andhumanities.|Chicago:usedwithallsubjectsintherealworldbybooks,magazines,newspapers,andot
2、hernon-scholarlypublications.MLA&APAI. Parenthetical Citation|Authors Name in the Text|MLA StyleAccordingtoJones,“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(199).Jonesfound“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(199). You only need to indicate page numbers, since th
3、e authors name appears in the text. |APA StyleAccordingtoJones(1998),“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(p.199).Jones(1998)found“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(p.199). Date of publication is placed after authors name.MLA&APA |MLA styleThispointhasalr
4、eadybeenargued(Tannen178-85). Authors name and page numbers are placed at the end of the attributed text. |APA styleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen,1994). 如果没有引述具体观点，如果没有引述具体观点，APA可以省略页码。可以省略页码。Authors name and publication date (separated by a comma) are placed at the end of the attributed text
5、. Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within paragraph. MLA&APA|Authors Names in the Text|MLA Style(2 or 3 authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Amongintentionalspoonerisms,the“punlikemetathesisofdistinctivefeaturesmayservetoweldtogetherwordsetym
6、ologicallyunrelatedbutcloseintheirsoundandmeaning”(JakobsonandWaugh304).如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton,Davies,andRice56)Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,Smith135).|MLA Style(4 or more authors)Thestudywasextendedfortwoyears,a
7、ndonlyafterresultswerereviewedbyanindependentpaneldidtheresearcherspublishtheirfindings(Blaineetal.35).|APA Style(2 authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(1978,pp.210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reportsthepoorperformanceofadvancedEnglishlearnerswhocoulduseEnglisharticle
8、scorrectlyonlyin70percentofthecases.|APA Style(3 to 5 authors)第一次引用：Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用：Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).|APA Style(6 or
9、more authors)PatternsofByzantineintriguehavelongplaguedtheinternalpoliticsofcommunitycollegeadministrationinTexas(Douglasetal.,2003,p.xxx)|MLA不使用不使用“&”， APA不使用不使用“and”。MLA&APA|Authors Name Not in the Text|MLA style Othersholdtheoppositepointofview(e.g.,JakobsonandWaugh210-15). MonasteriesinmedievalE
10、uropewerenotshortofspeculationsaboutGreekinventions(Marcuse190-203).|APA style Othersholdtheoppositepointofview(Jakobson&Waugh,1978).EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whethersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988,p.11).MLA&APA|Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or
11、 Authors|MLA Style引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组。书名用下划线，文章用引号。ShakespearesKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,Anatomy237).Computersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(Lightenor,“TooSoon”38),thoughhehasacknowledgedthatearlyexposuretocomputergamesdoesleadtobettersmallmotorskilldevelopmen
12、t(Lightenor,“Hand-EyeDevelopment”17).The book title (underlined) or journal article (in quotes) is provided. If there is no author, then only the book title journal article would appear, example, (Anatomy, 237). |APA Style 按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang,1997)，(Zhang,1999)，(Zhang,2004)。同一作者的多篇文献，
13、文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang,1997,1999,2004)。同年发表的多个文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别，正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母，如：(Bloom,2003a,2003b)。ShakespearesKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,1982,p.237).|Citing indirect source论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondarysource），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primarysource）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出。|MLASamue
14、lJohnsonadmittedthatEdmundBurkewasan“extraordinaryman”(qtd.inBoswell450).注意：“qtd.in”中的字母“i”不得大写。|APA：Grayson(ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedf
15、ourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski&Degelman,1996”）。MLA&APA|Bibliography Entries|Books of a Single Author MLA Style Frye,Northrop.AnatomyofCriticism:FourEssays.Princeton:PrincetonUP,1957. APA Style Frye,N
16、.(1957).Anatomy of criticism: Four essays.Princeton:PrincetonUP. Double space is required for the APA format.MLA&APA|Books of Multi-Authors MLA Style Bondanella,Peter,andJuliaConawayBondanella,eds.DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood,1979.APA Style Bondanella,P.,&Bondanella,J.C.(1979).Di
17、ctionary of Italian Literature.Westport:Greenwood. |Selection from an edited book MLA Style Glover,David.“TheStuffThatDreamsAreMadeOf:Masculinity,Femininity,andtheThriller.”Gender,GenreandNarrativePleasure.Ed.DerekLonghurst.London:UnwinHyman,1989.67-83. APA Style Wilson,S.F.(1990).Communitysupportan
18、dintegration:Newdirectionsforoutcomeresearch.InS.Rose(Ed.),Casemanagement:Anoverviewandassessment(pp.13-42).WhitePlains,NY:Longman.MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称。APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。MLA&APA|Journal ArticlesMLA Style Monk,Patricia.“FrankensteinsDaughters:TheProblemsoftheFeminineImageinScienceFiction.”Mosaic13.
19、4(1980):15-27. APA Style Monk,P.(1980).Frankensteinsdaughters:The|在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。|在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。|在APA规范里期刊的卷数应用斜体表示。|按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写
20、。MLA&APA|Newspaper ArticlesMLA StyleDalin,Damon.“A$7GreetingCard?Yes,ButListenToTheMelodyItWillPlayForYou.”WallStreetJournal10May1983,Easterned.:37.APA Style Dalin,D.(1983,May10).A$7greetingcard?Yes,butlistentothemelodyitwillplayforyou.Wall Street Journal, p37.MLA&APA|Articles from Reference BooksML
21、A Style “Mandarin.”TheEncyclopediaAmericana.1994ed.Bergmann,PeterGabriel.“Relativity.”TheNewEncyclopediaBritannica.Vol.26.Chicago:EncyclopediaBritannica.1993.501-8.APA StyleBergmann,P.(1993).Relativity.InThe new encyclopedia Britannica(Vol.26,pp.501-508).Chicago:EncyclopediaBritannica.MLA&APA|Web So
22、urcesMLA Style 姓，名姓，名. “文献题名文献题名.” 杂志名称杂志名称. 发表日期发表日期. 网址网址(检索日期检索日期). Fischer, MichaelF.“Paronomasia.”WorthlessWordsfortheDay.21November2005.http:/ Style 姓，名首姓，名首. (发表年发表年,月日月日). 文献题名文献题名. 杂志名称杂志名称. On line. (检索年检索年,月月日日). Fischer, M.F.(2005,November21).Paronomasia.WorthlessWordsfortheDay.On-line.(2007,May8).MLA&APAMany Thanksand All the Best
