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1、必修一必修一 Units 12Units 12教材复习篇教材复习篇写作专项辅导写作专项辅导句子成分和标点符号句子成分和标点符号句子成分和标点符号在作文中占有重要地位。很多学生因不了解什么词和形式能作什么成分，写作时错误百出，严重影响了作文成绩，故学生应该掌握一些基本的相关知识。标点符号也是一些学生的薄弱之处。乱用标点符号，使句子混乱不堪，同时也造成大、小写的混乱，故必须正确使用标点符号，才能使文章锦上添花，获得较好的成绩。一、句子成分句子的组成部分叫作句子的成分。总体说来，句子分为主语部分和谓语部分；具体说来，句子的成分分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、同位语、状语、独立成分等。1主语
2、主语是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首。名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等均可用作主语。如：To find a best friend is difficult.找到一个好朋友不容易。No one knows for sure，and making predictions is a risky business.谁也说不准，并且预测也是件冒险的事。What is even more unbelievable is the fact that some murderers are let out of prison after three or four years.更不可思议的是一些杀人犯三
3、四年后被释出狱。特别提醒：不定式、动名词或从句等作主语时，有时借助it作形式主语，而将真正的主语移到句末，以保持句子平衡。如：It is impolite to make unfavourable comments on a persons appearance.对他人的外表作否定评价是不礼貌的。2谓语谓语表述主语的动作或状态，一般位于主语之后，由动词或动词短语充当。英语中动词一共分为四类：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词，实义动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。实义动词可以单独作谓语，其他种类的动词都不能单独作谓语，连系动词需要和表语构成谓语，情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词或连系动词一起构成
4、谓语。如：Later land animals appeared.随后，陆地上出现了动物。I bought a ticket at a discount and rode the underground three times.我买了一张打折票，坐了三次地铁。The scene looks real.场面看起来很真实。3表语表语表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。表语位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等均可用作表语。如：My name is Jane.My ideal job is to be a journalist.我的名字叫简
5、。我理想的工作是当一名记者。Both speakers seemed very knowledgeable about the Internet.双方辩友看起来对互联网都很有见识。The whole class is here.全班都在这。This is how the story goes.事情的经过就是这样的。4宾语宾语是动作的承受者，一般位于及物动词之后。名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等均可用作宾语。如：We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other.我们经常一起做作业，乐于彼此帮忙。Ive tried
6、and failed to make paper with these plants.我尝试了，但是没能用这些植物造成纸。特别提醒：直接宾语与间接宾语：直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，多指物；间接宾语指动作所向者，多指人。间接宾语通常置于直接宾语之前，若放在直接宾语之后，一般须加介词to或for。能带这种双宾语的及物动词有：answer，bring，buy，do，fetch，find，get，give，hand，keep，leave，lend，make，offer，owe，pass，pay，play，promise，read，refuse，save，sell，send，show，sing，take
7、，teach，tell，throw，wish，write等。如：My parents bought me a computer./My parents bought a computer for me.我父母给我买了一台电脑。He sent me a birthday gift yesterday./He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.他昨天给我寄了一份生日礼物。it作形式宾语：think，find，make，take，consider，feel等动词后可接it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语之后。如：I find it interestin
8、g that American students have so many clubs.美国学生有这么多社团，我觉得很有趣。5补足语补足语有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种。它是补充说明宾语或主语的一种句子成分。(1)宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。如：They called him the prince of gymnasts.他们称他为体操王子。We found the ruins most interesting.我们发现废墟极其有趣。We invite you to bring your family and friends on that special d
9、ay.我们邀请您届时带上亲朋好友。Ive never heard the word used in spoken English.我从未听到这个词用在英语口语中。特别提醒：复合宾语：宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。常见的接复合宾语的动词有：ask，tell，want，wish，like，hate，see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have，make，let，get，consider，think，believe，discover，judge，suppose等，但hope后不能接复合宾语。(2)主语补足语可由形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。如
10、：As time went by，I was made smaller.随着时间的推移，我被做得越来越小。No one is known to have escaped.据说无人逃脱。He was caught cheating on the exam.他考试作弊被抓住了。6定语定语修饰名词或代词，用来说明人或事物的品质或特征。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等均可用作定语。单个词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面；短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。如：Health care is free for everyone living in Britain.每个英
11、国居民都享有免费保健服务。OK，Im going to make a project book with lots of pictures in it.好的，我打算制作一本项目手册，里面附上许多插图。It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes.它含有一种强效的药物防治蚊虫叮咬。特别提醒：修饰some，any，every，no等构成的不定代词，其定语必须后置。如：Did I miss anything important?我有没有错过什么重要的事？Everybody interested is welcome to attend th
12、is event!欢迎所有感兴趣的人参加这项活动！副词here，there，above，below，yesterday，tomorrow等作定语时，必须后置。如：The water there is not safe for drinking.那里的水不适合饮用。The picture above is drawn by my son.上面那幅画是我儿子画的。形容词asleep，awake，alive，present(在场的)等作定语时，通常后置。如：She was the only person awake that night.她是那天晚上唯一醒着的人。His idea was accep
13、ted by all the people present.他的想法为所有在场人员接受。7同位语同位语用来说明或解释同一事物，通常放在其所说明的名词或代词之后。名词、代词、数词、动名词、从句等均可用作同位语。如：The first invaders，the Romans，left their towns and roads.第一批入侵者是古罗马人，他们留下了城镇和道路。We each have a computer.我们每个人都有一台电脑。They two went，and we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们仨留了下来。The fact that ocean shi
14、ps can go there surprises many people.远洋船能去那里，这一事实使许多人感到吃惊。8状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、从句等均可用作状语。状语的位置很灵活，可置于句首、句中或句末。按其用途，状语可表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等。如：I like talking on the phone.我喜欢电话聊天。She went back to China，to study journalism at Peking University.她回到中国，在北京大学学习新闻。Everyone in
15、the world can access the Internet using his World Wide Web system.世界上的每个人都可以用他的万维网系统访问互联网。Personally，I think the team that won first place cheated.我个人认为得第一名的那个队作弊了。9独立成分句子的独立成分是一种与全句没有语法关系的成分。感叹语、呼语和插入语一般都充当独立部分。(1)感叹语多置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。如：Oh look，heres your bus.哦，看，你要坐的车来了。In about ten minutes，OK? 十分钟以
16、后，好吗？ (2)呼语可置于句首、句中或句末。如：Yes，Your Majesty.是的，陛下。Hi，Waled，I see you are giving a lecture again!嗨，瓦利德，我看你又在作演讲了！(3)插入语插入语是指插入句中的词语。如：Oh，by the way，I dont have many friends yet.哦，顺便说一下，我的朋友还不多。I eat a lot of sweet things，for example，chocolate.我吃很多甜的东西，比如巧克力。Believe me，I know how easy it is to begin smo
17、king and how hard it is to stop.相信我吧，我知道吸烟容易戒烟难。二、标点符号符号名称形式常见用法例句句号(Full Stop/Period).表示句子结束Some are history or culture theme parks.用于缩略词中a.m. BC. US.A. Mr. Dr.用于互联网和电子邮件地址中My email address is .用作小数点I just bought this shirt for 6.5.问号(Question Mark)？表示提问She asked，“Would you like a glass of wine？”符号
18、名称形式常见用法例句感叹号(Exclamation Mark)！表达喜怒哀乐等强烈感情Help！Help！Please come over here！逗号(Comma)，表示短暂的停顿Just before he died，aged 70，Marco was asked the question，“Was it all true？”，to which he replied，“I have only told half what I saw！”用于日期、地址、数字等的表示He left Paris on May 15,2007. She lives at 416 West Henley Stre
19、et，Olean，New York.Dolwyn Bay is a small fishing town(population 8,000).符号名称形式常见用法例句分号(Semicolon)；表示两个分句隔开The heavy clouds were hanging in the sky；it would soon rain.冒号(Colon)：引出下文I admit：Im addicted to computer games.用以引出长引语或严肃话语The rule says：“No books will be taken out of the readingroom.”列举事物I do
20、three kinds of sports：basketball，football and swimming.用在表时刻数字中She was ill and left school at 3：30.符号名称形式常见用法例句引号(Quotation Marks)“”表示文中的直接引语“I understand you，”said Ann.表示特指的词或短语NSFNET became known as the InterNetwork，or“Internet”破折号(Dash)表示思路的中断或转移This is a Class A hike you have to be fit.表示对前文的解释I
21、d love to hear from youcomments，corrections or questions are welcome.符号名称形式常见用法例句圆括号(Parenthesis)( )表示句子的补充内容These preserved bodies are known as mummies.(page,42 lines 1011)省略号(Ellipsis)表示省略或删节Its got some really pretty parks.撇号(Apostrophe)，表示所有格Robert is the girls closest friend.表示缩写中字母或数字的省略Id gue
22、ss that your son was born in the 90s.连字符(Hyphen)用于构成某些合成词She used to take weightloss pills.请注意观察下列句子的标点符号。He is a student.He likes sports.He is a student and he likes sports.He is a student，who likes sports.He is a student；he likes sports.改正下列句子中的错误，有些句子不止一处错误1I indoors the whole day because of it w
23、as raining hardly.答案：I was/stayed indoors the whole day because it was raining hard.2The liquids smells so terribly I can hardly stand it.答案：The liquid smells so terrible that I can hardly stand it.3When did he arrived Paris?答案：When did he arrive in Paris?4Great changes have been taken place in my h
24、ometown last year.答案：Great changes have taken place in my hometown recently.5Never pretend knowing that you dont know it.答案：Never pretend to know what in fact you dont know.6She did her homework so careful that she made little mistakes at this time.答案：She did her homework so carefully that she made
25、fewer mistakes this time.7How carelessly of you to leave all the windows opened when you go to the work?答案：How careless of you to leave all the windows open when you went to work!8She was usually heard sing this song while worked in the fields.答案：She was usually heard singing/to sing this song while
26、 working in the fields.9I wonder why you should get all the students keep silence all the time.答案：I wonder why you should get all the students to keep silent all the time./I wonder why you should have/make all the students keep silent all the time.10White is mean dead in Chinese.答案：White means death
27、 in China.11There are some people support it.答案：There are some people supporting/who support it.12I am still care about your safe.答案：I still care about your safety.13I will very grateful if you will come.答案：I will be very grateful if you can come.14Im very like animals.答案：I like animals very much.15Our work is study when we at school.答案：Our work is studying when we are at school.16Some people didnt want leave，they eager to see the man they for.答案：Some people didnt want to leave；they were eager to see the man they were for.
