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1、第四章第四章 词法翻译词法翻译： 词的增减词的增减增词法增词法 Amplification减词法减词法 Omission1.增词法 Amplification英语中有些词是英语中有些词是有其意而无其形有其意而无其形的，这种情况在的，这种情况在译成汉语时就要增补一些词语，使之符合汉语的译成汉语时就要增补一些词语，使之符合汉语的表达方式，从而更加通顺地表达原文的思想内容。表达方式，从而更加通顺地表达原文的思想内容。Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability.1.读书服务于乐趣，服务于文采，服务于才干。读书服务于乐趣，服务于文采，
2、服务于才干。2. 读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，可以使人增加才干。可以使人增加才干。3. 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。（王佐良）读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。（王佐良）The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies.美国新任国务卿建议美国新任国务卿建议召开召开世界食品资源世界食品资源问题会议。问题会议。1.1 增补潜在词增补潜在词1. Reading makes a full man; conference
3、 a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论读书使人充实，讨论使人使人机智，写作机智，写作使使人人准确。准确。2. Such is war: to the victor, the spoils; to the defeated, the costs.战争就是如此：胜利者战争就是如此：胜利者获得获得战利品，战战利品，战败者败者遭受遭受损失。损失。1.2 增补省略的词增补省略的词 1.3 不及物动词增补宾语不及物动词增补宾语1.He never drinks before driving. 他开他开车车前从不喝前从不喝酒酒。2. Day after da
4、y he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活他每天来干活 扫扫地地、擦、擦地板地板、 收拾收拾房房间间。1.4 增补表示复数的词增补表示复数的词1. Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。鲜花开满了庭院。2. The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，连大地都震动了， 仿佛仿佛万万马奔腾，马奔腾，千千夫怒吼。夫怒吼。3. I have lef
5、t the marks of my nails in his impudent face. 我在他那张厚脸皮上留下了我在他那张厚脸皮上留下了五条五条血道。血道。1. The farmer snapped a stick and put it into the fire. 农民农民“啪啪”地一声地一声 折断了一根树枝，把它折断了一根树枝，把它放进火里。放进火里。2. Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon. 一钩一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。1.5 增补修饰性和解释性词语增补修饰性和解释性词语由动词或
6、形容词加后缀由动词或形容词加后缀-tion, -ness等派等派生出来的名词，生出来的名词， 如：如： backwardness: 落后面貌落后面貌/落后状态落后状态 preparation: 准备工作准备工作 sadness: 悲观主义悲观主义He was a patriotic, adventurous and romantic writer. 他是一个具有他是一个具有爱国热情爱国热情、探索精神探索精神和和浪浪漫风格漫风格的作家。的作家。1.6 增补范畴词增补范畴词1.allergy2.jealousy3.transformation4.irregularities5.muddiness6
7、.readability7.derangement8.segregation9.observation10.loftiness1. 过敏反应过敏反应2. 嫉妒心理嫉妒心理3. 转化过程转化过程4. 越轨行为越轨行为5. 混沌状态混沌状态6. 可读性可读性7. 紊乱现象紊乱现象8. 隔离措施隔离措施9. 观察结果观察结果10.崇高气质崇高气质1.7 增补某些概括性的词语增补某些概括性的词语1. Note that the words “ foxy”, “mean” and “ generous” require explanation. 请注意：请注意：“狡猾的狡猾的”、“吝啬的吝啬的”和和“慷
8、慨的慷慨的”这三个词这三个词需要解释一下。需要解释一下。2. The United States, China, England,France and Japan are now in cooperation. 美、中、英、法、日美、中、英、法、日等五国等五国正在合作。正在合作。1. Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 不要认真不要认真嘛嘛！我不过开开玩笑！我不过开开玩笑罢了罢了。2. The little boy had brought with him knife, scissors and so on, tinkling
9、in his pocket. 这个小孩随身带着刀子这个小孩随身带着刀子啦啦，剪子，剪子啦啦，以，以及诸如此类的东西，在口袋里叮呤当啷及诸如此类的东西，在口袋里叮呤当啷地直响。地直响。1.8 增补语气助词增补语气助词Translate the following into Chinese.1. “How shall I do it?”- “ Just as you wish.”“这事我怎么办好？这事我怎么办好？”“你想怎么你想怎么办，办，就怎么办就怎么办。”2. They would not have done such a thing without government approval.如
10、果如果没有得到政府的同意，他们是不会没有得到政府的同意，他们是不会做这种事的。做这种事的。3. His arrogance made everyone dislike him.他的傲慢他的傲慢态度态度使得谁也不喜欢他。使得谁也不喜欢他。4. There had been an ease of international tension.国际紧张国际紧张局势局势过去曾有所缓和。过去曾有所缓和。5. They talked about inflation, unemployment and environmental pollution.他们谈到通货膨胀、失业、环境污染他们谈到通货膨胀、失业、环境
11、污染等问题等问题。An apple does not fall far from the apple tree.落叶归根落叶归根2. 减词法减词法 Omission1. The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that. 这之后才是故事最惊心动魄的部分。这之后才是故事最惊心动魄的部分。2. Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason. 双方均不得无故解除合同。双方均不得无故解除合同。 2. 1 减去对偶同义词中的
12、某一个词减去对偶同义词中的某一个词 英语中某些语体特有的英语中某些语体特有的“对偶同义词对偶同义词”，就是，就是语义多余现象的例子之一。翻译时遇到这种情况就语义多余现象的例子之一。翻译时遇到这种情况就必须采用省略译法，即不重复同义词，而是用一个必须采用省略译法，即不重复同义词，而是用一个词译出，且原文的意义没有减。词译出，且原文的意义没有减。 A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased.( Hans Frank： Governor General of Poland)千年易逝，千年易逝， 德国的罪
13、孽难消。德国的罪孽难消。 波兰总督汉斯波兰总督汉斯弗朗克弗朗克 2. 2 减去连接词减去连接词1. When I sing, I sing off-key. 我一唱歌就跑调。我一唱歌就跑调。2. John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his lovely girlfriend. 火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了可火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了可爱的女友。爱的女友。3.They waited a long time before he suddenly stepped out on t
14、he balcony and raised a hand in salute. 人们等了很久，忽然他走了出来，站在阳台上，举人们等了很久，忽然他走了出来，站在阳台上，举起一只手敬礼。起一只手敬礼。2.2.1 减去表示时间的连词减去表示时间的连词2.2.2 减去表示条件的连词减去表示条件的连词1. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天来了，冬天来了， 春天还会远吗？春天还会远吗？2. If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.早知如此，早知如此， 我就不参加了。我就不参加了。2.2.3 减
15、去表示原因的连接词减去表示原因的连接词1. He wanted to become a missionary because he thought that was the way he could do most for people.他想当传教士，认为这样可以对人类做他想当传教士，认为这样可以对人类做出最大贡献。出最大贡献。2. He didnt come to the meeting as he was ill yesterday.昨天他病了，没来开会。昨天他病了，没来开会。2.2.4 减去并列连词减去并列连词1. He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些
16、忧愁不安。他看上去有些忧愁不安。2. Your son or your father or your wife or your teacher or your boss might be a good friend of yours.你的儿子，你的父亲，你的妻子，你的老你的儿子，你的父亲，你的妻子，你的老师，你的上司，都可能是你的好友。师，你的上司，都可能是你的好友。2. 3 减去人称代词减去人称代词1. Put your hat on your head. 把帽子戴上。把帽子戴上。2.In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia. 童
17、年时童年时,我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。n 英语倾向于多用英语倾向于多用代词代词，特别是，特别是人称代词人称代词，凭借其指，凭借其指代关系传递逻辑信息。汉语则倾向于凭借代关系传递逻辑信息。汉语则倾向于凭借复述复述传递逻辑传递逻辑信息或信息或省略省略并意会其逻辑关系。因此，应注意在汉语译并意会其逻辑关系。因此，应注意在汉语译文中适当减去代词。文中适当减去代词。2.3.1 减去物主代词减去物主代词2.3.2 减去作宾语的代词减去作宾语的代词She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it.她轻轻
18、地把手放在他的胳膊上她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上,好像表示好像表示感谢。感谢。2.3.3. 减去泛指的人称代词减去泛指的人称代词1. Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China. 新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。2. We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。活到老，学到老。3. We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day. 一个星期有一个星期有7天，天， 一天有一天有24小时。小时。4. Fight when you can
19、win; Move away when you cannot win. 打得赢就打；打不赢就走。打得赢就打；打不赢就走。2.3.4. 减去作主语的人称代词减去作主语的人称代词1. He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一幅可怜相。他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一幅可怜相。2. He had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.他虽然有许多美妙的想法，他虽然有许多美妙的想法， 却只有少数付却只有少数付诸实施。诸实施。 人称代词作主语时，人称代词作主语
20、时，重复出现重复出现，后面的人，后面的人称代词就可以减去不译，符合汉语的表达称代词就可以减去不译，符合汉语的表达习惯。习惯。2. 4 减去冠词减去冠词1. The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。月亮慢慢从海上升起。2. The horse is a useful animal.马是有益的动物。马是有益的动物。但在某些场合，冠词不能省略。如：但在某些场合，冠词不能省略。如：He left without saying a word. 他一句话不说就走了。他一句话不说就走了。Jerram was secretary to Combin
21、ed Operations Headquarters in 1943, and from 1943 to 1945 he was Comptroller. He retired in 1945, and from 1958 was a Deputy Lieutenant for Cornwall. 1943年，杰拉姆任联合作战指挥部秘书。年，杰拉姆任联合作战指挥部秘书。1943年至年至1945年期间，他任监察官。年期间，他任监察官。1945年退伍。年退伍。1958年起，任康瓦尔郡副年起，任康瓦尔郡副郡长。郡长。2.5 减去介词减去介词Actions speak louder than word
22、s. 事实胜于雄辩。事实胜于雄辩。EXERCISES:1. The proposal was rejected and repudiated. 建议遭到否决。建议遭到否决。2. One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。3. No matter whether you believe me or not, I saw it with my own eyes. 我亲眼见的这件事，信不信由你。我亲眼见
23、的这件事，信不信由你。4. Never get on or off the bus, before it comes to standstill. 车未停妥，车未停妥， 请勿上下。请勿上下。5. He worked in the daytime, and at night he went to night school. 他白天上班，晚上上夜校。他白天上班，晚上上夜校。6. I saw a boy and a girl on my way home. The boy had a book and the girl a doll. 我回家时看见一个男孩和一个女孩。男孩拿着我回家时看见一个男孩和一
24、个女孩。男孩拿着一本书，女孩抱着一个洋娃娃。一本书，女孩抱着一个洋娃娃。Exercises:The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 要知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自吃一吃。要知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自吃一吃。One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。和尚没水吃。The face is the index of the mind.心中有事，必形于色。心中有事，必形于色。Mr. Lear is trying
25、 to oil the judges palm.李尔先生想贿赂法官。李尔先生想贿赂法官。“Greek and Latin are all English to me.”said Oscar Wilde.“希腊语和拉丁语对我来说都很容易。希腊语和拉丁语对我来说都很容易。”奥斯奥斯卡卡.王尔德说。王尔德说。Follow the river and youll get to the sea.顺藤可摸瓜。顺藤可摸瓜。A person who is a Jack of all trades has many skills. 一个被称为一个被称为“万金油万金油”的人指的是一个掌握了的人指的是一个掌握了许多
26、技能的人。许多技能的人。Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Translate the following into Chinese.1.This new type of computer is indeed inexpensive and fine.这种新型计算机的确是价廉物美。这种新型计算机的确是价廉物美。2. We can learn what we did not know.我们能够学会我们我们能够学会我们原来原来不懂的东西。不懂的东西。3
27、. Time drops in decay, like a candle burnt out.时间时间一点一滴地一点一滴地逝去，犹如蜡烛逝去，犹如蜡烛慢慢慢慢燃尽。燃尽。4. He poured out his tale of misfortunes. 他他滔滔不绝地滔滔不绝地诉说了自己的遭遇。诉说了自己的遭遇。5. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里放弃手里的钱。的钱。6. The judge let him off
28、 with warnings not to cause trouble again.法官对他法官对他再三再三提出警告，不得重新作案，提出警告，不得重新作案，然后然后就就将他放了。将他放了。NewsThe 7th plenary session of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China concluded in Beijing on Sunday. the communiquethe 18th CPC National Congress，以邓小平理论和，以邓小平理论和“三个代表三个代表”重要思想重要思想为指导，深入
29、贯彻为指导，深入贯彻落实落实科学发展观，科学发展观，/The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee has been guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, and thoroughly carried out the Scientific Outlook on Development, according to the communique.团结带领全党团结带领全党全全军军全全国各族人民，国各族人民，坚持以科学发展为主题、坚
30、持以科学发展为主题、以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，着力稳增长、控物价、着力稳增长、控物价、调结构、惠民生、抓改革、促和谐，调结构、惠民生、抓改革、促和谐，/The CPC Central Committee Political Bureau has united and led the entire Party, the armed forces and people of all ethnic backgrounds in the nation to maintain growth, keep prices in line, restructure the ec
31、onomy, improve peoples livelihoods, embark on reforms and promote social harmony, by adhering to scientific development and accelerating the transformation of the economic growth pattern, according to the communique.继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，保持继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，保持宏观经济政策的连续性和稳定性，宏观经济政策的连续性和稳定性，着力着力扩大国内需扩
32、大国内需求，求，着力着力加强加强自主自主创新和节能创新和节能减减排，排，着力着力深化改革深化改革开开放放，着力着力保障和改善民生，保障和改善民生，/It added that the Political Bureau has continued to implement a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, maintained the continuity and stability of macroeconomic policies, and made efforts in expanding domestic d
33、emands, strengthening innovation, reducing energy use and emissions, deepening reform and improving peoples livelihoods.全面推进全面推进社会主义经济社会主义经济建设建设、政治、政治建设建设、文化、文化建设建设、社会、社会建建设设以及生态文明以及生态文明建设建设，全面推进全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程，党的建设新的伟大工程，各项事业取得了新的显著成绩，保持了经济平稳较快发展、各项事业取得了新的显著成绩，保持了经济平稳较快发展、社会和谐稳定，为召开党的第十八次全国代表大会创造了社会
34、和谐稳定，为召开党的第十八次全国代表大会创造了良好条件。良好条件。The Political Bureau has comprehensively pushed forward the socialist economic, political, cultural, social and conservation culture construction and the great new Party-building project, with various causes achieving remarkable results and maintaining a stable and relatively fast economic development as well as social harmony and stability, which has created sound conditions for the 18th CPC National Congress. Thanks!
