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1、Warm-up activity: Please find out the similarities and differences in the following two pictures:If you are figuring out the similarities, you are making a comparison of these two pictures.If you are figuring out the differences, you are making a contrast of these two pictures.第1页/共26页第一页，共27页。Compa
2、rison or contrast paragraphs are used to show similarities or differences between two things. A comparison paragraph focuses on similarities, while a contrast paragraph on differences. Comparison and contrast are frequently combined to give a full treatment of a topic. However, A paragraph usually c
3、oncentrates only on similarities or differences, not both at the same time. 第2页/共26页第二页，共27页。 Though on the surface there seem to be some slight differences between the Russian workman and the American labor, basically they are much a like. To be sure, the one speaks Russian and the other speaks Eng
4、lish; the one most likely lives in a government housing unit while the other may own his own home; the one likes borscht and the other prefers meat and potatoes and gravy. But their similarities far outweigh any differences you may notice. Both fall in love with the girl of their dreams; both celebr
5、ate a wedding as hilariously as they can afford; both rejoice at the birth of a son or daughter; both worry about their little ones when they are sick; both grieve when death enters the family. In these fundamental issues of life they are essentially the same. And so it is that, regardless of the of
6、ficial policies of their governments, when you come right down to it, both sincerely and dearly want peace to prevail.第3页/共26页第三页，共27页。The purposes of Comparison and Contrast With comparison and contrast, the purpose is not just to point out similarities and differences or advantages and disadvantag
7、es, but topresent information about something unfamiliar by comparing it with something familiar;to show the superiority of one thing by contrasting it with another; to show the similarities or differences of two things to help the reader evaluate them.第4页/共26页第四页，共27页。The signal words of comparison
8、The words that indicate similarity in meaning, such as “like”, “alike”, “similar to” and so on.The words that express parallel in structure, such as “eitheror”, “not onlybut also”, “bothand” and so on.第5页/共26页第五页，共27页。Some sample expressions:There are several similarities between A and B.A and B hav
9、e the same view of the world.A and B have a lot in common. In common with A, B prefers meat to fish.A resembles B in that A is also interested in collecting stamps.Just as A likes to be quiet, B likes to stay alone. Like A, B likes outdoor sports. A likes swimming. The same with A, B also likes swim
10、ming.A and B are the same in that they both like swimming in the sea.A and B have the same interests.A likes swimming in a pond; similarly, B likes swimming in the sea.Both A and B have long hair. A likes fishing. B likes fishing, too. A likes swimming, so does B.第6页/共26页第六页，共27页。The signal words of
11、 contrastThe words that express “difference” in meaning, such as “be different from”, “differ from” and so on.The words that present comparative degree, such as “fasterthan”, “tallerthan” and so on.The words that indicate a turning or concession, such as “though”, “but” and so on.第7页/共26页第七页，共27页。So
12、me sample expressions:Unlike A, B likes outdoor sports. In contrast to A, B likes outdoor sports.Different from A, B likes outdoor sports.Contrary to A, B likes outdoor sports.As opposed to A, B likes outdoor sports.A is different from B in that B likes outdoor sports.A differs from B in that B like
13、s outdoor sports.A contrasts with B in that B likes outdoor sports.A likes indoor activities; however/ in contrast/ by contrast/ on the other hand, B likes outdoor sports.A likes indoor activities; B, however, likes outdoor sports.A likes indoor activities, but B likes outdoor sports.A likes indoor
14、activities, whereas / while B likes outdoor sports.A is not as active as B.A is more /less active than B. 第8页/共26页第八页，共27页。How to write a paragraph by comparison and contrastThe topic sentenceIn a comparison or contrast paragraph, usually, the topic sentence introduces the two things to be compared
15、or contrasted and the controlling idea-points of comparison or contrast.The topic sentence should also indicate the emphasis of the paragraph, either similarities or differences. 第9页/共26页第九页，共27页。Compare the following two topic sentences and see which one is better.1) Although both our pet cats look
16、 lovely, their differences in temperament is constant source of amusement.2) Our two pet cats are quite different. Topic sentence 2 is too general to be developed in one paragraph. it does not restrict the controlling ideas as to what points of the two cats to contrast. Topic sentence 1 not only ind
17、icates the point to be contrasted but also reveals that the purpose of the writer is not just to show the difference but to reveal a source of amusement. Topic sentence 1 acknowledges the obvious similarity of the two pet cats, and then indicates the differences as the focus of the paragraph. 第10页/共
18、26页第十页，共27页。The supporting sentences There are two basic patterns for the structure of the supporting sentences in a comparison and contrast paragraph. The alternating pattern (point-to-point)The block pattern (side-to-side)examining one thing thoroughly and then start the otherexamining two things
19、at the same time, discussing them point by point第11页/共26页第十一页，共27页。 Suppose we are to compare two cars: car X and car Y. The points to be compared might be: 1) the cost of maintenance 2) performance 3) comfort第12页/共26页第十二页，共27页。The alternating patternTopic sentence: X is a better car than Y in terms
20、 of the cost of maintenance, performance and comfort.Supporting sentences: point 1: Cost of maintenance point 2: Performance point 3: ComfortCar XCar YCar XCar XCar YCar Y第13页/共26页第十三页，共27页。 The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can
21、 expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is
22、 no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make
23、adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.第14页/共26页第十四页，共27页。 Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs. People living in the city are constantly exposed to the hustle and bustle of urban life. But life in the suburbs is generally q
24、uiet and casual and generally more low-key than that in the city. If city dwellers want to see trees and grass, they must go to one of the public parks. One the other hand, the streets of many suburban communities are lined with trees and each house has its own grassy yard. A person living in the ci
25、ty is close to many sources of entertainment, but people living in suburban areas must go into the city for entertainment.第15页/共26页第十五页，共27页。The block patternTopic sentence: X is a better car than Y in terms of the cost of maintenance, performance and comfort.Supporting sentences: Side A: Car X1. Co
26、st of Maintenance2. Performance3. Comfort Side B: Car Y1. Cost of maintenance2. Performance3. Comfort The points of comparison or contrast are the same and that they are discussed in the same order under each side. 第16页/共26页第十六页，共27页。 Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversari
27、es during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, had a great deal in common. Grant descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his commission of second lieutenant from West Point and served in the Spanish-American War. He was later s
28、ummoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil War. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended from a family which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West
29、Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame as a military strategist during the Civil War, when he was the commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although it is not always pointed out by historians, he, like Grant, hand financial difficulties after the Civ
30、il War and was compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president of Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty. 第17页/共26页第十七页，共27页。 There is an essential difference between a news story, as understood by a newspaperman or a wire-service writer, and the newsmagazine st
31、ory. The chief purpose of the conventional news story is to tell what happened. It starts with the most important information and continues into increasingly inconsequential details, not only because the reader may not read beyond the first paragraph but because an editor working on galley proofs a
32、few minutes before press time likes to be able to cut freely from the end of the story. A news magazine is very different. It is written to be read consecutively from beginning to end, and each of its stories is designed, following the critical theories of Edgar Allen Poe, to create one emotional ef
33、fect. The news, what happened that week, may be told in the beginning, the middle, or the end; for the purpose is not to throw information at the reader but to seduce him into reading the whole story, and into accepting the dramatic (and often political) point being made.第18页/共26页第十八页，共27页。The diagr
34、am of the two patternsalternatingblock第19页/共26页第十九页，共27页。The use of the two patternsThe block pattern is useful in short writing where only a few points to be discussed.The alternating pattern is preferable in long writing in which there are numerous points under discussion.Generally speaking, the b
35、lock pattern is used less often than the alternating pattern. 第20页/共26页第二十页，共27页。The concluding sentence No matter whether it is a comparison or contrast paragraph, the concluding sentence is usually a restatement of the topic sentence or a summary of the points compared or contrasted in the develop
36、ment of the paragraph. 第21页/共26页第二十一页，共27页。 My hometown is quite different from what it used to be. Just a little more that ten years ago my hometown was a small quiet place. The houses were small and mean. The streets were for the most part narrow and winding. There were few people in the streets a
37、nd shops. Now, everything has changed. Looking in every direction from the center of the town, one sees a long succession of giant, imposing buildings. The streets, whether long or short, are straight, spacious, and well-shaded. Crowds of people can be found here and there, hurrying, noisy, and well
38、-dressed. From a dull little village with clusters of shabby houses in the past, my hometown has now transformed into a big city, cheerful, colorful, and prosperous.The concluding sentence restates the main idea “different” in the topic sentence.第22页/共26页第二十二页，共27页。 (1) Though the governments of Gre
39、at Britain and the United States are quite different, they share basic similarities in some aspects. (2) First, the British Parliament is made up of two separate houses - the British House of Commons, and the British House of Lords. (3) Likewise, the U. S. Congress has two divisions - the House of R
40、epresentatives and the Senate. (4) Next, the essential function of the British Parliament is to make laws; a bill has to be presented to both houses for debate to get passed before it can become a law. (5) In the United States, the House of Representatives and the Senate play similar functions. (6)
41、Third, the Prime Minister in Great Britain appoints the members of the cabinet, who serve as advisors and make government policies. (7) In the same manner, the U. S. President appoints his cabinet, which is composed of heads of the governmental departments. (8) Finally, the British monarch (queen or
42、 king) has the right to veto any law. (9) The U. S. President can also refuse to sign any bill passed by the Congress.Which sentence is the topic sentence? And what is the controlling idea?What are the main ideas of the compared points?the form of the governmentthe law making functionthe appointment
43、 of the cabinetthe veto rightWhat pattern does this paragraph employ?Please underline the signal words for comparisonpoint-to-point第23页/共26页第二十三页，共27页。 (1) Few can deny the strange coincidences in the lives and deaths of John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln. (2) For example, Kennedy was elected in 19
44、60 while Lincoln assumed the Presidency in 1860. (3) Both men were assassinated from behind, on a Friday, and in the presence of their wives. (4) Both assassins, John Wilkes Booth and Lee Harvey Oswild, have fifteen letters in their names, and both were murdered before they could be brought to trial
45、. (5)Perhaps the strangest coincidence is that Kennedys secretary, whose name was Lincoln, advised him not to go to Dallas where he was shot. (6) Lincolns secretary, whose name was Kennedy, advised him not to go to the Ford Theater where he met his death. Which sentence is the topic sentence? And wh
46、at is the controlling idea?What pattern does this paragraph employ?point-to-point第24页/共26页第二十四页，共27页。Assignment:Please write a paragraph based on the following beginning: The Spring Festival is celebrated by the Chinese people; Christmas is celebrated by Westerners. Though they have different cultur
47、al backgrounds, the two holidays are alike in some aspects. The paragraph is about 100-150 words.第25页/共26页第二十五页，共27页。感谢您的欣赏(xnshng)！第26页/共26页第二十六页，共27页。内容(nirng)总结Warm-up activity: Please find out the similarities and differences in the following two pictures:。point-to-point。感谢您的欣赏(xnshng)第二十七页，共27页。
