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1、英汉句子结构比较英汉句子结构比较与翻译与翻译n n句子(sentence) 是能够单独存在并能表达相对完整意义的语言单位。n n一般说来，交际活动都是以句子为基本语言单位展开的，因此句子在翻译过程中占有最重要的位置，必须予以高度重视。 n英语句子重形合形合（hypotaxishypotaxis）n汉语句子重意合意合（parataxisparataxis）n英语句子中，名词与介词名词与介词占优势n汉语句子中，动词动词占优势n在复合句子中，英语的主句为主要部分，一般放在句首，即重心在前重心在前n汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要部分放在句尾，形成后重心后重心 n英语中单词单词一般放在被修饰词的前
2、面在被修饰词的前面，短语和从句短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面在被修饰词的后面n汉语定语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前面在被修饰语的前面n英语状语可前可后状语可前可后n汉语状语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面在被修饰的动词或形容词前面n英语中，There+be结构与虚词it的结构用得比较广泛英语重形合（hypotaxis ）n所谓“形合” （hypotaxis）就是主要靠语言本身的语法手段。n形合是指句子与词的组合在外部形态上有明显的标记，当形态标记不充分的时候，还可用其他语法手段来显示词组、句子、句群中各成分之间的相互关系。n因此，英语结构紧凑严密，英语句子好比一串葡萄，一串珍
3、珠。n英语句子中，主干结构突出，即主谓突出，名词，尤其是抽象名词(abstract noun)用得多，介词（preposition）也用得多；英语表达复杂思想时，往往开门见山，然后借助英语特有词汇关系代词（relative pronoun），进行空间搭架，把各个子句（clause）有机地结合起来，构成一串葡萄似的句子。 汉语重意合（parataxis）n所谓“意合” （parataxis）主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。n意合是指词与词、句子和句子之间的组合往往在外部形态上没有明显的标志，而主要依靠意义上的关联来“粘合”。n因此，汉语结构简练明快，汉语句子好比一根竹子，一盘珠子。nThe isolat
4、ion of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.n由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。nBecause there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This
5、 isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.英语中，名词与介词占优势n“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.n“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。n Inadequate training for farmers and the low productiv
6、ity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.n农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。汉语句子中，动词占优势n晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给我写完了这些墨才算呢！”nQing-wen greeted him with a smile, exclaiming, “A fine one you are! On the spur
7、of the moment you bade me grind ink for you this morning. But you threw down your brush and went away after having written merely three characters. Youve kept me waiting for you the whole day. You are to use up this ink now. Be quick!”英汉句子重心比较nNothing has happened since we parted.n自我们别后没发生什么事情。nI we
8、nt out for a walk after I had my dinner.n晚饭后我出去散步。nHe has to stay at home because he is ill.n他病了只得呆在家里。nHe cannot be operated upon as he is very weak.n他身体很弱不能动手术。nTragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.n生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。nHis chief contribution was making me realize h
9、ow much more than knowledge I had been getting from him. n他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。nThe people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.n小国人民只
10、要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。 nIt was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.n我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。n一个人不向别人学习，是不能指望有多少成就的。nA man who doesnt try to learn from others cant hope to achieve much.n他带学生到工厂去参观。nHe took his studen
11、ts to the factory for a visit.n给我充分时间，我也能做好。nGiven enough time, I can do it too.n他拿本字典，开始准备功课。nTaking a dictionary, he began to prepare his lessons.n他们扛着锄头下地了。nThey left for the field, shouldering hoes.n孩子们跑着来迎接我们。nThe children came running to greet us.n谢谢你给我们这么多帮忙。nThank you for giving us so much h
12、elp.n昨晚大厅举行英语晚会。nThere was an English evening party in the hall last night.n墙上挂着一张画。 nThere is a picture on the wall.n在远处有一条河流过。nThere runs a river at a distance.n从前海边一个村子里住着个老渔民。nOnce there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.n碰巧屋里没有人。nThere happened to be none in the room.n准确地翻译原文是不容易的。
13、nIt is difficult to translate the original adequately.n他觉得帮助别人是他的责任。 nHe feels it his duty to help others.n我们是在俱乐部遇到她的。nIt was in the club that we met her.n是风刮得窗户作响。nIt is the wind shaking the window.英汉词序比较 nIt is a red flag.nThe man you saw yesterday is his father.n夜莺唱出了美妙的歌曲。n穿灰大衣的那个人是我的哥哥。nHe alw
14、ays keeps his promise.nThey walked along arm in arm.n外面忽然传来喧闹声。n这篇文章非常深刻、动人。n useful booksn有用的书n a man of fifty years oldn五十岁的人 nThey played chess in high spirits at the club yesterday. n他们昨天在俱乐部高兴地下棋。 nShe lives at 34 Temple, Geneva, Switzerland. n她住在瑞士日内瓦唐普尔大街34号。 语体色彩 nFeeling tired, John went to
15、 bed early. n(formal) nJohn went to bed early because he felt tired. n(common) nJohn felt tired, so he went to bed early. n(informal) nHe spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. na. 他说得那么好听，以至于每一个人都相信他是无辜的。 nb. 他说的那样好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。 nIf you turn to the left, you will find our insti
16、tute at a distance. na. 如果你向左转弯， 你就可以远远看到我们学校。 nb. 向左转弯就可以远远看到我们学校。 nI cant trust him, because he is not honest. na. 因为他不老实，所以我不相信他。 nb. 他不老实， 我不相信他。 nWe took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height. na. 我们起飞了并且飞过城市并且慢慢飞高。 nb. 我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。 nThe cat ate the mouse that ate the malt tha
17、t lay in the corner of the house. na. 猫吃了那只吃了放在房子角落里的麦芽糖的耗子。 nb. 耗子吃了放在房子角落里的麦芽糖，猫吃了耗子。意合法 nI was too tired to talk with you. n我很累，不能同你说话。 nWe never meet without a parting. n有聚就有散。 nHe lived neither for fame nor for personal gains. n他活着不为名不为利。 n We have studied English for a year and we can act Engl
18、ish. n我们学了一年英文， 已经能够演英文剧了。 nThe door was opened, and the audience came crowding in. n门开了，观众一拥而入。 nAnd with this, and a proud bow to his patrons, the Manager retires, and the curtain rises.n领班的说到这里，向观众深深的鞠了一躬，退到后台，幕起。 nWhen I was reading a book, she came in. n我正在看书，她进来了。 nIll let you know as soon as
19、it is arranged. 一n安排好就通知你。 nIt has been a long time since I saw you. n好久不见了。 nAs she talked on she got more and more excited. n她越讲越兴奋。 nI knew nothing about it until he told me. n他告诉我了我才知道。 nCome when you are free. n有空就来。 nIf winter comes, can spring be far behind? n冬天来了， 春天还会远吗？ nHe was a free-will
20、 agent and he chose to do careful work, and if he failed, he took the responsibility without subterfuge.n他是个自有主意的人,干活就要认真干好， 没干好， 他就承担责任， 决不借故推委。 nThere was something remarkable in his manner of doing so, though I could not have said for my life what.n他这一举一动我总觉得有点奇特，奇特在哪里我又说不上。 nWhatever you like to
21、 eat, just tell me.n想吃什么， 只管告诉我。 n A wind blows so bitterly that the orphanage boys reach the door with fingers stiff in an agony of numbness. n在呼啸的寒风中， 孤儿院的男孩将一份份牛奶端到育婴房去。 他们走到门口时， 手指冻得僵硬， 一点儿都不听使唤。 nAt daylight I was half wakened by the sound of chopping. Again it was so even in texture that I wen
22、t back to sleep. n第二天黎明时分， 一阵劈柴声搅得我似醒非醒。 那拍子依然不紧不慢， 又把我带回梦乡。 n I cant tell you anything when you wont listen.n既然你不听， 我就什么也不对你说。 nShe has her weakness, but that doesnt mean she is not qualified for the job. n她有缺点但这并不是说她不能胜任这项工作。 nYou dont have to worry as long as we are here. n只要我们在你就别担心。 nSince I sh
23、all be here again tomorrow, I wont wait any longer. n反正我明天还来， 现在就不等了。 形合法 nHardly had we started off when it began to rain. n我们刚要出发就下雨了。 nA clear conscience laughs at false accusations. n只要问心无愧，别人的指责可以一笑置之。 nWinter finds out what summer lays by. n到了冬天才知道夏天储存东西的重要。 nHis youth got him off. n由于他年轻， 他得到
24、了宽恕。 nWith all his shortcomings, he was a conscientious worker.n尽管他有缺点， 但工作却是勤勤恳恳的。 英语句子翻译 n翻译句子首先要对句子结构进行语法分析，这既包括词类、词义分析，也包括句类（简单句、并列句还是复合句）分析、句子间各主要部分（如主句、从句、上下句）逻辑关系分析、句子的语用功能和语体分析及其它相关背景知识的综合分析，翻译文学作品时还不能忘记句子的艺术分析（主要是修辞手段和情感表达效果分析）。n在正确理解句意后，用恰当的译入语将句义（各种意义）最大限度地表达出来。一般来讲，句子的译法可以是：一、亦步亦趋，二、化整为零
25、（分译），三、调整句序、词序。 英语句子翻译 n翻译简单句有时可亦步亦趋，有时则需在引申词义、转换词类和调整词序、句序上下功夫。n翻译英语复合句时首先要理清各分句之间的关系（语法关系和逻辑关系），辩明句意及句子在特定语境中的功能。表达时有时可亦步亦趋，有时可用分译法和句序、词序调整法。简单句的翻译n Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and co-operation.n各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此接近与相互合作。nThis was a
26、n intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.n这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。nWhether an object will sink or float depends on its density.n物体在水中的沉浮取决于物体的比重。nIt worried her much that her daughter should stay up so late.n她很着急，因为她女儿很晚都不睡觉。nT
27、here are many people who want to see the film. n许多人要看这部电影。复合句的翻译 nJohn liked my sister, who was warm and pleasant.n他喜欢我那热情欢快的妹妹。 nIt seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.n我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有明显的深浅之分。 nWe know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. n我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。
