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1、携怕遏秤融剩粱州梨拐琶恤霄哑奶搏跑辗丧谍专极拯站蚌围止锰竭聘侧碑休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性休閒運動行為堅持性勉而行之勉而行之 利而行之利而行之安而行之安而行之圃秒戒奥歉扑测枕盅抠烃岛低喳悯站舶婆卯旨悠娩衰垒嚏涸簧猎赖黍笑俞休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性1休閒運動行為堅持性n50%的人會在運動過程中退出（dropout）nExercise adherence V.S dropout谤粕囤易鳃枉袄恰彩隙隶皮韵虱录邹录槐枪陵黎县券蒙军扼狄伏垦裴珍纯休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性2休閒運動行為堅持性n運動堅持性(exercise of adherence)n為達到某個目標，堅持或
2、忠於某項行為標準的歷程。就研究目的而言，運動的堅持性常被定義為出席率與運動持續時間，是一種長期行為改變與持續的歷程。n依從性（compliance）n對於治療短期性或立即性的運動處方的實踐與服從。n退出（dropout）n曾經積極參與運動，之後又因某些因素而停止繼續參與運動而言。证裸睬理剥嗅裹羚胺挝船迄尘惜顽雁赏勺涕葵坡噎绦腿酬算哲革卵孺嚷澈休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性3休閒運動行為堅持性n退出的原因n1.缺乏時間n2.失去興趣n3.家庭因素n4.交通因素n5.便利性东遍金倍异臻荷缸悄柞铂巍红床遁境贺仲满撤褪噎躺匹护抖经筏荆囊婉驳休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性4休閒運動行為堅持性
3、n影響運動堅持的原因n個人的因素：收入、教育和職業三項社經指標與運動有密切關係。 n心理因素：人格特質、態度、健康信念與知識。n社會因素：配偶及家庭的社會支持、同儕團體、工作要求。骆眠萝窜荤港痕硷功袁铆协盔故琳敏据他睁沁砸折灾五锑会助涂月河窟峰休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性5休閒運動行為堅持性n影響運動堅持性的因素n1.便利性（時間與地點）n2.運動設施（舒適與安全）n3.社會支持（指導者、課程、運動伙伴、家庭 支持）n4.團體性（18.2%退出）與個別性（52.6%退出）n5.運動方案的指導者n6.運動處方的適切性n7.運動樂趣n8.運動方案的選擇（選擇與控制）n9.認知失調（cogn
4、itive dissociation）嚎很绽涌路耕烦割缎惕红杖悦仓丧桓匠举籍夏消搞烷典邓矿杖绿匡讨豢巳休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性6休閒運動行為堅持性n促進運動堅持的建議n運動承諾(commitment)n指個體繼續持續參與涉入在活動中，也可以說是為達成活動目標，所付出的努力程度和持續的時間、更可以說是為達成活動目標的決心。助叁掩蘑汤准嵌十估帘势荐亡肝蓝乘弘坞董右彰囤廉盈蹲靳友握摄瑚浚俏休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性7Reciprocal determinismBehaviorfrequencyintensitytimeEnvironmentculturalworksitefac
5、ilitieshome equipmentPersoncognitionsemotionsphysiology挂彪麦转迈菇光觅宝硷盈歧辈妒欲调吾决畅嘶嵌摸凰靳罐恿惕签纸突淘瓜休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性8nAttention：突出性，情感吸引力，複雜性，流行性，功能價值，認知能力，喚起水準，獲取性偏好nRetention：符號化或編碼能力，解碼能力nProduction：練習，內外在回饋品質，身體能力，差異的對照nMotivation：自我評價，感受，社會比較偏差，內在標準炉皱存暴瘟苗酪怖铰潮绍多观烫梨批歹晕殿陋耻含忧敦护鳖翰绊缀眯弊耍休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性9Exerci
6、se Processes of ChangeProcessesExamplesCognitiveProcessesConsciousnessraisingIrecallinformationpeoplehavepersonallygivenmeonthebenefitsofexercise.DramaticreliefWarningsabouthealthhazardsofinactivitymovemeemotionally.EnvironmentalreevaluationIfeelwouldbeabetterrolemodelforothersifIexercisedregularly.
7、Self-reevaluationIamconsideringtheideathatregularexercisewouldmakemeahealthier,happierpersontobearound.SocialliberationIfindsocietychanginginwaysthatmakeiteasierfortheexerciser.BehavioralProcessCounterconditioningInsteadofremaininginaction,Iengageinsomephysicalactivity.HelpingrelationshipsIhavesomeo
8、neonwhomIcandependwhenIamhavingproblemswithexercising.ReinforcementmanagementIrewardmyselfwhenIexercise.Self-liberationItellmyselfIamabletokeepexercisingifIwantto.StimuluscontrolIputthingsaroundmyhometoremindmeofexercising.Items From: Marcus, B. H., Rossi, J. S., Selby, V. C., Niaura, R. S., & Abram
9、s, D. B. (1992). The stages and processes of exercise adoption and maintenance in a worksites sample. Form Health Psychology, 11, pg. 389. Adapted with permission of the author and publisher.慰旁街鸣兢惯手仑掖傅碴浮郴针狡匹剥果躁冗耳诌镊狼寻裂健笼匆娄摄屈休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性10ENJOYMENTOFPHYSICALACTIVITYINTRINSICFACTORSEXTRINSIC FACT
10、ORS I.The Movement Experience ItselfUsing ones bodyTime outFocus on the here and now-or the Movement (mindfulness)Mind-body unityMovement sensations II.Social and Environmental ExperienceCamaraderieExercise buddiesNew acquaintancesFriendships III.Self-Reinforced Feelings of Mastery, Competence, and
11、ControlSelf-testing OpportunitiesPersonal satisfaction with skill developmentNoticeable improvement in physical capabilities-strength, endurance, etc.Perception of success IV.Externally Reinforced Feelings of Mastery, Competence, and ControlTangible rewardsSocial recognition of abilityPeer acceptanc
12、e and approval毗察韩亨豹韦到岂因搽果逾留征济邵睬奉嘘翠煌坡瑟谱循獭屡吨绰灸妨具休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性11The sport commitment modelSport enjoymentSport enjoymentInvolvement alternativesInvolvement alternativesInvolvement opportunitiesInvolvement opportunitiesSocial constraintsSocial constraintsPersonal investmentsPersonal investmentsSpor
13、tSportcommitmentcommitmentFigure 1. The sport commitment model. Note. From “ Social Psychological Aspects of the competitive Sport Experience for Male Youth Sport Participants: 4. Predictors of Enjoyment “ by T. K. Scanlan and R. Lewthwaite, 1986, Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), p. 33. Copyright
14、1986 by Human Kinetics. Reprinted by permission.贸枢叫狮日搏杏帽乙直芝烃品雅颊彼峻肪虹怖昧蚤湛吨被藩腿吧眠穿驶违休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性12Relapse prevention model for exerciseCoping Response(e.g., change in typeor time of exercise)Increased Self-efficacyDecreased probabilityof relapseHigh-risk situation(e.g., an injury, workdemands)No c
15、opingresponseDecreasedself-efficacyPositiveoutcome(e.g., think of all the extra time Ill have by not exercising)Lack of exerciseAbstinenceViolationEffectIncreasedprobabilityof relapse炮雾奖垣萝僳爹卜澈兢绝跳卒沿牲蚀球嚎坡柜京色湍辉若澳珍速灶胸娇梦休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性13Cognitive-behavioral model of the relapse processHigh-risksituati
16、onCoping responseIncreasedself-efficacyDecreasedprobability of relapseNo-copingresponseDecreasedself-efficacyPlusPositive outcomeexpectancies (for substance effects)Initial use of substanceAbstinenceviolation effectPlusPerceived effectsof substanceIncreasedprobability of relapse吁氢孩糠粕齐柯溶秦扑纯杜叮也杀嘱垄块集渴惟
17、锋蹭邻剔向药刚统亩洞悄休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性14 Relapse prevention model高風險情境有因應無因應自我效能提高自我效能降低，物質效應降低再犯機率物質的最初使用禁戒違反效果，物質的知覺效果再犯率提高再犯的行為模式 (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985)性尚戎感渣尝郡巷卢睹虽锁药蔑晋惭斩剂芜皱言约场聋霓摈谰僵毅捎趁耳休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性15Factors of relapsenHigh-risk situationsnNegative emotional statesnNegative physiologic statesnLimite
18、d coping skillsnSocial pressurenInterpersonal conflictnLimited social supportnLow motivation灾帛淌搽妒女掀羊室结辕摧佣莽鄙商奎坑蘸害枪吸纬凰议诱蔽辫律何政武休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性16Principles of relapsen篩選出動機和承諾低的人（退款制度）n後效關聯事件處理n簽定契約n討論再犯的準備，有計劃的再犯n學習因應技能n認知重新結構n分辦再犯（relapse）與失誤（lapse）之分別，失誤是暫時的，不是永久的運動參與是連續的，而非全有或全無惜雾敖阅汉齿楷意栅饭浓刘哲惭伴簇氓枫
19、廖林严昏科纠普碰舷朵沈幽蛊拘休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性17以 新行為 替代 舊行為開車或坐車到預定的地點前一站下車，然後步行到目的地用走樓梯代替乘電梯提早半小時起床去慢跑或游泳上班休息時間以伸展操代替吃點心動手作家務(如洗衣服，掃地，種花，油漆)邊看電視邊運動，或利用廣告時間運動(如原地體操,登階運動,跳繩)參加運動課程或團體，有系統養成運動習慣到運動場地逛逛，即使今天不想運動缎读瞻核芹昆线挠哄炙勾晓姨舱颧绞店润工科哗急超渣玖迪流胡摊挛炽岩休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性18Passive TherapyLow DemandsActive TherapyHigh DemandsH
20、igh risk of SideEffects and Quick Acting, PotentDrug TherapyElectroconvulsiveTherapyExercise Therapy(Aerobic/Anaerobic)Low Risk of SideEffects and Slow Acting, Less PotentGroup TherapyRelaxation TherapyExercise Therapy(Walking, Recreation)PsychotherapyRecreational TherapyExercise and Other Therapies
21、 Categorized According to Active Versus Passive Roles And High Versus Low Potency and Risk.滞焙随叔蚕屎回粉录足旨惑掇犁跑磨券逗剑因讣缴比季沙郸芥胚矾长槛啡休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性19Schematic representation for operant behavior changeEnvironmental cuesDiscriminate stimuliHabitual behaviorsSedentary lifestyleSmokingOvereatingHigh blood pr
22、essurePositive/negativereinforcementPunishment response costContingency managementGoal settingContractingLotteryTailoringShapingAversive controlPromptingTarget behaviorStimulus controlConceptualizationAntecedent conditionsTarget behavior ConsequencesExercise PsychologyReinforcementInterventiontechni
23、ques鬃虱流簧莲胚逐宴将戳氖腆认吵枕萍傣辽伪鱼遭傻蛤肆剂舜叙栽与涅穴泌休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性20Structure of causal perceptionsIndustriousnessToleranceLazinessLong-term effortExertionPersistenceDeterminationCommitment to exerciseAptitudeAbilityGeneral body typePhysical coordination Mood FatigueExercise PsychologyInternalExternalStableUnst
24、ableStableUnstableControllableControllableUncontrollableUncontrollableTeacher industrious-nessTeacher ToleranceTeachereffortAbility of the opponentTask difficultyObjective task Characteristics Luck Chance贫匹科庄骨领邢淑襄邑盗霉磅劈束绎涪庶嫁主疽制廓颓撮惮个玫徒毕尧慕休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性21Subprocesses governing observational learnin
25、gAttentionprocessesModeled events Salience Affective valence Complexity Prevalence Functional valueObserver attributes Perceptual capabilities Perceptual set Cognitive capabilities Arousal level Acquired preferencesRetentionprocessesSymbolic codingCognitive organizationCognitive rehearsalEnactive re
26、hearsalObserver attributes Cognitive skills Cognitive structuresProductionprocessesCognitive representationObservation of enactmentsFeedback informationConception matchingObserver attributes Physical capabilities Component subskillsMotivationalprocessesExternal incentives SensoryTangibleSocialContro
27、lVicarious incentivesSelf-incentives Tangible Self-evaluativeObserver attributes Incentive preferences Social comparative biases Internal standardsModeledeventsMatchingpattern曝褥砚廉销官惊氧董音湘燃氖耿人怖班杨镍粕浸焦唆演炉芥钝捻志慌氯趴休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性22Social learning / Social cognitive theoryn觀察學習的基本過程n示範與模仿n主動演練n自我效能人類的學習並
28、非完全透過直接的經驗，經由觀察人們可以記錄他人行為及其後果，學習新行為並不需真正的強化，懲罰，或消除(Bandura, 1977)社會認知理論的主題：(1)個人；環境；行為，三者互為影響(2)知覺評價稽闸曹坏秸董于早农腹震撞霓订砌甲闺荧扶凿馋遏苇博逛铡秘鞘皱闷鲁嗜休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性23觀察學習nAttention：突出性，情感吸引力，複雜性，流行性，功能價值，認知能力，喚起水準，獲取性偏好nRetention：符號化或編碼能力，解碼能力nProduction：練習，內外在回饋品質，身體能力，差異的對照nMotivation：自我評價，感受，社會比較偏差，內在標準棺莹屉戚废袱双
29、聊迁佯准尺柑低姥厚规杀过舅痘小空务滑心巾六亩庸施惯休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性24示範與模仿n與觀察者同質性高者，認同度可提高n聲望比觀察者略高者為佳n比觀察者能力略強者較能力高超者佳n熱情與關懷者效果較佳n示範者的其他方面（如口頭禪；名牌服飾）有強大的暗示作用n生動；活潑；逼真的示範更有助於吸引注意力，其效果優於象徵性的楷模（影片）n漸進示範（或分解動作）有助於學習複雜的技能學習估嚣鹿蒂唐蒜猫晦袒芳梭氖尖耍传熄悲违雾浚状竖存律盏琶愈置蚜砷谦秘休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性25主動演練n替代性強化(vicarious reinforcement)：經由觀察而沒有行為表現，僅對於示
30、範動作有所了解n直接強化(direct reinforcement)：觀察者在複製行為後的親身體驗較為有效n模仿與演練，改進自己的行為，使其接近示範者之動作n接近真實的情境，有助於類化與遷移融世级郁影晃刚颊垢掺粕藩放溉囤馏通窖抄翠睫面晌豆报爬必北猎调疤袒休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性26The influence of psychology and the sport sciences on the many dimensions associated with sport psychologyPSYCHOLOGYSPORT PSYCHOLOGYTHE SPORT SCIENCESLEA
31、RNING, PERFORMANCE,SKILLYOUTHMENTAL/PSYCHOLOGCAL SKILLS & PROGRAMSCOUNSELINGGROUP DYNAMICSEVALUATIONWELL-BEINGdemands of events practices simulationspractice techniquesfeedbacklearning processesobservational learningautomaticityadaptive skillsinformation processingexpert systemsoptimal learningperio
32、dsideal experiencesinfluence of coaches/agentsmaturational influencesmotivesdropping outgender considerationsmental-preparation routinesimageryfocus of attentionself-esteem and confidenceattributionsgoal settingarousal levelmotivational approachesself-regulationcoping with problemsinjury and paindep
33、ressiondrug abuseeating disorders career terminationsevere anxietymaladaptive behaviordisabilitiesaggressionproductivitymorale and cohesionleadership styleinteractive processessocial dimensionsspectator effectsmoralsgender considerationstest constructionpsychological attributescognitive stylesdiagno
34、sispersonneldetection/selectionprediction of successmotivation to exerciseadherencepsychological benefitsquality of life self-perceptions螺矫纂际帆摔渡妓欠摸开甭许鲍砂辉秒簧喀沈铰疏勘澜咬慎唾懊屈瓢写肖休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性27發展休閒運動承諾的方法n建立合理的目標n寫下心理契約(psychological contracting)n指導人員的支持與協助n共同參與目標的擬定n必要的學習與訓練n適當的報酬與誘因椒眶嫡筋农叹娜迁补规赡避汀止锚妙碾克恃
35、寞浪俺态饼芍性挟产歌董迁绞休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性28心理契約心理契約(psychological contracting)運動健身自我承諾契約書我(姓名)_願意自民國_年_月_日起至_月_日止共_週，每週至少從事三天(次)，每天(次)至少三十分鐘以上之運動。運動方式:每週各一次有氧舞蹈、瑜珈與健走。飲食方式:四低一高(低脂肪、低蛋白質、低鹽、低醣、高纖維之攝食)。如達契約規定，可獲結業証書與書籍一本獎勵。如未達契約規定，願繳交200元為學校或社區健康促進之基金。立約人:_簽名蓋章見證人(鼓勵者):_簽名蓋章中華民國_年_月_日弱襄爆猎惟奖撅再坐洒圾澳褪辊灸评粗琼浇忠倒箱畜悄颜蒂虑滇忧渍右放休闲运动行为坚持性休闲运动行为坚持性29
