国际交流英语视听说B2U4

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1、国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4Inside the BrainBook 2 国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Think and DiscussViewing the WorldExploring the ThemeAnalytical ListeningSharing Your IdeasEngagingFurther ListeningContent国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4 Inside the BrainThink and DiscussThink and Discuss1

2、.What skills do you need to juggle?2.Why do you think learning to juggle changes the structure of your brain?3. What would you like to know about the brain?A juggler balances six basketballs in Xing Qing Park, Xian, China. Studies show that juggling can change the structure of your brain in just sev

3、en days.QuestionsThink and Discuss Example Answers In order to juggle, I need to have good concentration, good balance, a good sense of spatial relationships, and good hand-eye coordination. 1.What skills do you need to juggle?QuestionsThink and Discuss2.Why do you think learning to juggle changes t

4、he structure of your brain? Example Answers Learning to juggle makes me use and exercise certain parts of the brain. By using these parts of the brain, the number of neurons sending signals and / or the number of connections between parts of the brain can be increased.QuestionsThink and Discuss3. Wh

5、at would you like to know about the brain?Questions Example Answers I would like to know how we remember things, and how to improve my memory. I would like to know if all people are born with the same ability to learn things. I would like to know more about mental illness. I would like to know how o

6、ur diet and exercise habits affect our brains.国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4 Inside the BrainExploring the ThemeExploring the ThemeLook at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the questions.1. What are some things your brain helps you do?2. What happens to your brain when you learn something new

7、?3. What is your hippocampus?Inside the BrainExploring the ThemeStudies show that when we learn something new, it changes the structure of our brains.Inside the BrainExploring the ThemeGlen McNeill spends six or seven hours a day riding his motorbike through the streets of London, Britain so he can

8、become a taxi driver. When he finishes his training, his hippocampus, the area of the brain used for memory, will be larger than most adults.Inside the BrainExploring the ThemeA laurel（月桂树）maze（迷宫）at Glendurgan in Cornwall, EnglandInside the BrainExploring the Theme1.What are some things your brain

9、helps you do?Inside the Brain Example Answers Our brain helps us to learn and remember things, create and imagine stories, make judgements and inferences, have different feelings, etc.Exploring the Theme2. What happens to your brain when you learn something new?Inside the Brain Example Answers When

10、I learn something new, it changes the structure of my brain, for example, the hippocampus may become larger.Exploring the Theme3. What is your hippocampus?Inside the Brain Example Answers The hippocampus is the part of the brain used for memory.国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4 Inside the BrainAnalytical Lis

11、teningAnalytical ListeningListening 1 documentary n. 纪录片calculate v. 计算sensory organ n. 感觉器官microscopic a. 极小的，微小的neuron n. 神经元，神经细胞sensory neuron n. 感觉神经元spinal cord n. 脊髓motor neuron n. 运动神经元transmit v. 传送，传输pathway n. 神经通路An image of the human brainAnalytical ListeningPredicting Content. You are

12、going to listen to a documentary about the human brain. With a partner, discuss the question. Before ListeningListening 1 Which of these topics do you expect to hear about in the documentary? Check () your ideas. exercise learning food neurons memory intelligenceAnalytical ListeningA | Checking Pred

13、ictions. Listen to the documentary and check your predictions.A Documentary ListeningListening 1 exercise learning food neurons memory intelligenceAnalytical ListeningB | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen again and check () the main ideas of the documentary.Listening 1 Your brain is a very important

14、and complex organ. Your brain tells your muscles what to do. Your brain is very powerful. You brain can send messages very quickly. Your brain helps you protect your pets. Learning changes your brain. Exercise helps you learn.Analytical ListeningC | Listening for Details. Read the statements. Then l

15、isten again and check () T for true or F for false.Listening 1 1. Your brain weighs five pounds.2. Computers can process information more quickly than our brains can.3. Your brain contains about 100 million neurons.4. Motor neurons can send information at 200 miles per hour. T F To be continued Anal

16、ytical Listening5. Exercise can improve your mood.6. Exercise produces chemicals that make it easier to learn. T F C | Listening for Details. Read the statements. Then listen again and check () T for true or F for false.Listening 1 Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example Answers1. F (Your brain weig

17、hs three pounds.)2. F (In the documentary, it is said that “No computer can come close to your brains ability ”)3. F (Your brain contains about 100 billion neurons.)4. T5. T6. TAnalytical ListeningD | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what y

18、ou hear.Listening 1 1. The brain is also an amazingly powerful organ. It generates enough electricity to power a _.2. Whenever you dream, laugh, think, see, or move, its because _ are moving at high speed between these neurons along billions of tiny neuron highways.To be continued light bulbtiny che

19、mical and electrical signalsAnalytical Listening3. We know that learning increases knowledge, but studies show that when you learn, you actually change _.4. As you practice, your brain sends “bike riding” messages along certain pathways of neurons over and over, forming new _.Listening 1 the structu

20、re of your brain connectionsD | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear.Analytical ListeningA | Discussion. With your partner, discuss the questions.Listening 1 After Listening 1. What are some activities or skills that were difficul

21、t for you at first, but are easy for you now (e.g., riding a bicycle)? 2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not? 3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example AnswersAt first, playing the gu

22、itar / understanding English / sewing / playing volleyball / doing mathematical calculations / drawing pictures was difficult for me, but its easy for me now.1. What are some activities or skills that were difficult for you at first, but are easy for you now (e.g., riding a bicycle)? Analytical List

23、eningListening 1 Example Answer 1 I agree that exercise improves my mood because I feel happy and relaxed after I exercise.2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example Answer 2 I dont agree that exercise improves my mood because I feel tire

24、d after I exercise, and dealing with city traffic to go to the place where I exercise is stressful.2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example Answer 1 I do think that exercise helps me to study or solve problems more easily because I walk

25、 or ride my bicycle to school in the morning, and I remember information from my morning classes better than I remember information from my afternoon classes.3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example Answer 2 I

26、 dont think that exercise helps me to study or solve problems more easily because I exercise some evenings, and some evenings I dont exercise. My homework isnt any easier on the nights when I have exercised earlier.3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or w

27、hy not?Analytical ListeningB | Self-Reflection. Work in pairs to test how your brain works. Follow the instructions and then switch roles.Listening 1 1. Write down eight numbers between one and 100 in any order across a piece of paper.2. Show your partner the paper and read the numbers aloud.3. Take

28、 the paper away and ask your partner to repeat the numbers.Analytical ListeningListening 1 Your Amazing Brain . You carry around a three-pound organ in your head that controls everything you will ever do. It enables you to think, learn, create, and feel emotions, and controls every breath and heartb

29、eatthis fantastic control center is your brain. It is so amazing that a famous scientist once called it “the most complex thing we have yet discovered in our universe”. Your brain works faster than a supercomputer . Imagine your cat is on your kitchen counter. Shes about to step onto a hot stove. Yo

30、u have only seconds to respond. By using the signals coming from your eyes, your brain quickly calculates when, where, and how quickly you will need to move to stop your cat from stepping on the stove. Your brain then tells your muscles what to do. You run across the kitchen, and pick your cat up, a

31、nd shes safe. No computer can come close to your brains ability to receive, process, and respond to the enormous amount ofTo be continued Analytical ListeningListening 1 information coming from your eyes, ears, and other sensory organs. The brain is also an amazingly powerful organ. It generates eno

32、ugh electricity to power a light bulb. Your brain contains about 100 billion microscopic cells called neuronsso many it would take you over 3,000 years to count them all. Whenever you dream, laugh, think, see, or move, its because tiny chemical and electrical signals are moving at high speed between

33、 these neurons along billions of tiny neuron highways. The activity in your brain never stops. Thousands and thousands of messages are sent around inside your brain every second. Your neurons create and send more messages than all the phones in the entire world. And while a single neuron generates o

34、nly a tiny amount of electricity, all your neurons together can generate enough electricity to power a light bulbTo be continued Analytical ListeningListening 1 Your neurons are not only able to send lots of messages, they are able to send them very quickly. Neurons send information to your brain at

35、 more than 150 miles per hour. For example, imagine that a bee lands on your bare foot. Sensory neurons in your skin send this information to your spinal cord and brain at a speed of more than 150 miles per hour. Your brain then uses motor neurons to transmit, or send the message back, through your

36、spinal cord, telling your foot to shake the bee off quickly. Motor neurons can transmit this information at more than 200 miles per hour. What about learning? We know that learning increases knowledge, but studies show that when you learn, you actually change the structure of your brain. For example

37、, an activity like riding a bike seems impossible at first. But soon you master it. But how do you do this? As you practice, yourTo be continued Analytical ListeningListening 1 brain sends “bike riding” messages along certain pathways of neurons over and over, forming new connections. In fact, the s

38、tructure of your brain changes every time you learn, as well as whenever you have a new thought or memory. Exercise also has an impact on your brain. Research shows that exercise actually helps make you smarter. It is well-known that any exercise that makes your heart beat faster such as jogging or

39、playing soccer is good for your body and can even help improve your mood. But scientists have recently learned that for a period of time after youve exercised, your body produces a chemical that makes it easier for your brain to learn. So the next time youre stuck trying to solve a homework problem,

40、 go out for a bike ride or go jogging, then try the problem again. You just might discover that youre able to solve it. Analytical Listeningshort-term a. 短期的long-term a. 长期的Listening 2 Analytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Read and listen to part of a conversation. What are the classmate

41、s talking about?Listening 2 Cathy: Did you understand everything Professor Wong said yesterday about short-term memory?Toshi: Yeah, I think so.Cathy: Im not sure that I did. Toshi: Well, heres what I got from the lecture. Your short-term memory only lasts a few seconds, right? Information enters the

42、 brain through the sensesthings we taste, touch, smell, and so on and we remember it long enough to function normally.To be continued Before ListeningAnalytical ListeningListening 2 Cathy: Sorry, but what do you mean by “function normally”?Toshi: Well, for example, if I ask you a question, you can r

43、emember the question long enough to answer it.Cathy: Im not sure that I did. Liz : Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow.A | Listening for Main Ideas. Read and listen to part of a conversation. What are the classmates talking about?Analytical ListeningListening 2 Answer KeysThe stu

44、dents are talking about a professors lecture about memory.Analytical ListeningB | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.Listening 2 Sensory Information Information enters the brain through our senses (what we taste, smell, touch, see, and hear

45、), and it is stored for a very short timeless than a second. Some of the information moves to our short-term memory.The Memory ProcessShort-Term MemoryOnly the information we need to use immediately moves to our short-term memory, such as a classmates name or an address.To be continued Analytical Li

46、steningListening 2 B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.Long-Term Memory Only information that we try to remember or that the brain decides is important moves to our long-term memory. This information, such as the name of our first teache

47、r or the lyrics to a song, can last a lifetime. Memories become stronger when they are sent down the same pathway in the brain many times. These memory pathways or connections become our longest-lasting memories.Analytical Listening1. How does information enter the brain? What are some examples?2. W

48、hat information from short-term memory moves to long-term memory?3. What are some things you have difficulty remembering (names, new vocabulary, etc.)? Listening 2 B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.To be continued Analytical Listening4

49、. In your opinion, whats the best way to remember something you want to remember? a. Repeat it to yourself. b. Write it down. c. Pay extra attention to it. d. Other: _Listening 2 B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.Analytical Listening1.

50、 How does information enter the brain? What are some examples? Example AnswersInformation enters the brain through the senses; for example, we might see a friends face, or hear a professors lecture, or feel a piece of ice.Listening 2 Analytical Listening2. What information from short-term memory mov

51、es to long-term memory? Example Answers Information that we try to remember or that the brain decides is important moves from short-term memory to long-term memory.Listening 2 Analytical Listening3. What are some things you have difficulty remembering (names, new vocabulary, etc.)? Example Answers I

52、 have difficulty remembering telephone numbers, the year in which something happened, the names of plants and trees, and what I did yesterday.Listening 2 Analytical Listening4. In your opinion, whats the best way to remember something you want to remember? a. Repeat it to yourself. b. Write it down.

53、 c. Pay extra attention to it. d. Other: _ Example Answers In my opinion, the best way to remember something is to visualize it (make a mental picture), think about it or analyze it in some way, or connect it to something I already know or feel.Listening 2 Analytical ListeningCathy: Did you understa

54、nd everything Professor Wong said yesterday about short-term memory?Toshi: Yeah, I think so.Cathy: Im not sure that I did.Toshi: Well, heres what I got from the lecture. Your short-term memory only lasts a few seconds, right? Information enters the brain through the sensesthings we taste, touch, sme

55、ll, and so on and we remember it long enough to function normally.Cathy: Sorry, but what do you mean by “function normally”?Toshi: Well, for example, if I ask you a question, you can remember the question long enough to answer it.Liz: Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow.Listening

56、 2 Analytical ListeningListening 2 ListeningA Conversation Between StudentsA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen to the whole conversation. What do the students say about short-term and long-term memory? Short-term memory: _ _ _ _Information enters the brain through the senses, and we remember it for

57、 a few seconds, which is long enough for us to function normally; for example, we remember a question long enough to answer it.Analytical ListeningListening 2 ListeningA Conversation Between StudentsA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen to the whole conversation. What do the students say about short-

58、term and long-term memory? Long-term memory: _ _ _ _We decide, or our brain decides, that something is important, and we form memories that last much longer than short-term memories. We may have to focus on something or practice it again and again inorder to remember it long term.Analytical Listenin

59、gListening 2 B | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear. 1. To create a long-term memory, your brain has to . 2. To learn new information, you have to _. 3. To learn how to ride a bicycle, you have to . 4. To memorize information fo

60、r an exam, you have to _ _ and _.decide that something is importantconcentrate do it again and againconcentrate on the information when you hear it or read it maybe review it several timesAnalytical Listening After ListeningA | Critical Thinking. Take turns asking and answering the questions with yo

61、ur partner. 1. In your own words, whats the difference between short- term and long-term memory? 2. What kinds of information can you remember easily (e.g., names, songs, directions, etc.) for a long time?Listening 2 Analytical Listening 1. In your own words, whats the difference between short- term

62、 and long-term memory? Example Answers Short-term memory doesnt last very long at all, whereas long-term memory can last a lifetime. In addition, we dont have to think much or practice something in order for it to become a short-term memory. But we do have to decide to remember something and perhaps

63、 practice or review it in order for it to become a long-term memory.Listening 2 Analytical Listening2. What kinds of information can you remember easily (e.g., names, songs, directions, etc.) for a long time? Example Answers I can easily remember very good or very bad experiences for a long time. I

64、can also remember smells, recipes, and the locations of places in my city quite easily.Listening 2 Analytical ListeningB | Self-Reflection. Read the statements and check () Agree or Disagree. 1. It was easier to learn something new when I was younger. 2. Even with practice, there are some things I j

65、ust cant learn how to do.3. I learn from mistakes more quickly than I learn in other ways.Listening 2 To be continued Agree Disagree Analytical Listening 4. Its easier for me to learn how to do something new if someone shows me rather than tells me how to do it. 5. Its easier for me to remember info

66、rmation if I write it down.6. Memorization is a kind of skill that can be trained. Listening 2 Agree DisagreeB | Self-Reflection. Read the statements and check () Agree or Disagree. Agree Disagree Analytical ListeningC | Discussion. Form a group with another pair of students. Discuss the statements

67、in exercise B. Give reasons why you agree or disagree with each statement.Listening 2 Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer 1 I agree because there was much less to remember when I was younger. I hadnt experienced many things, so every new experience seemed more important.1. It was easier t

68、o learn something new when I was younger. Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer 2 I disagree because now that Im older, I know things I can do to increase the chances that Ill remember something.1. It was easier to learn something new when I was younger. Analytical ListeningListening 2 Exam

69、ple Answer 1 I agree because Ive tried to learn to play ping-pong, and I dont get any better at it. I think my physical reactions are too slow, so Ill never be good at playing ping-pong.2. Even with practice, there are some things I just cant learn how to do.Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example A

70、nswer 2 I disagree because I think we all have the same potential for learning. If one person can be good at driving a car, then another person can learn to drive well, too.2. Even with practice, there are some things I just cant learn how to do.Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer 1 I agr

71、ee because I regret my mistakes, and that makes me feel bad. I think the brain decides to remember negative experiences so we can avoid them in the future.3. I learn from mistakes more quickly than I learn in other ways.Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer 2 I disagree because the best way

72、 for me to learn is to be successful at something. Success makes me feel good about myself, and so I remember to do things in the same way the next time.3. I learn from mistakes more quickly than I learn in other ways.Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer 1 I agree because I am a visual lea

73、rner. If the teacher demonstrates something like a science experiment, I can remember exactly what he or she dideven months later.4. Its easier for me to learn how to do something new if someone shows me rather than tells me how to do it. Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer 2 I disagree b

74、ecause I remember things that I hear longer than things that I see. If the teacher says something in class, I can remember exactly what he or she saideven months later.4. Its easier for me to learn how to do something new if someone shows me rather than tells me how to do it. Analytical ListeningLis

75、tening 2 Example Answer 1 I agree because if I take notes in class, I remember the information very welleven if I dont review the notes later. Just the act of thinking and taking notes helps me to remember.5. Its easier for me to remember information if I write it down.Analytical ListeningListening

76、2 Example Answer 2 I disagree because if I write something down, it means I dont have to remember it. I decide that I can read the information later, and it doesnt enter my long-term memory.5. Its easier for me to remember information if I write it down.Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer

77、 1 I agree because there are techniques for improving ones memory that can be learned and practiced. There are even memory competitions for people who have developed very good memorization skills.6. Memorization is a kind of skill that can be trained. Analytical ListeningListening 2 Example Answer 2

78、 I disagree because some people are born with better memories than other people. My brother can remember anything he sees or reads, and he hasnt learned any special skills. 6. Memorization is a kind of skill that can be trained. Analytical ListeningCathy: Did you understand everything Professor Wong

79、 said yesterday about short-term memory?Toshi: Yeah, I think so.Cathy: Im not sure that I did.Toshi: Well, heres what I got from the lecture. Your short-term memory only lasts a few seconds, right? Information enters the brain through the sensesthings we taste, touch, smell, and so on and we remembe

80、r it long enough to function normally.Cathy: Sorry, but what do you mean by “function normally”?Toshi: Well, for example, if I ask you a question, you can remember the question long enough to answer it.Liz: Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow.Listening 2 To be continued Analytica

81、l ListeningCathy: OK, that makes sense, but how is the process similar or different for “long-term memory”?Toshi: Actually, the process is quite different. First of all, to create a long-term memory, your brain has to decide that something is important.Cathy: Like information from yesterdays lecture

82、?Toshi: Right . or how to ride a bicycle.Liz: Surelike both of those things. But theres more to the process. To learn new information, you have to concentrateyou know, really focus on it and think about itor study it. Or to learn how to do something, like ride a bicycle, you have to do it again and

83、again. Listening 2 To be continued Analytical ListeningCathy: Yeah. So, in other words, if I want to memorize information for, say, an exam, and have it go into my long-term memory, I need to really concentrate on the information when I hear it or read it, and maybe review it several times. Thats ju

84、st common sense, I think.Toshi: It is common sense, but its interesting to me that when you learn new things, your brain forms new connectionsnew pathways of neurons.Cathy: That is interesting. So learning actually changes the structure of the brain.Listening 2 国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4 Inside the Br

85、ainSharing Your IdeasSharing Your IdeasLanguage Function Making Suggestions During Group WorkHere are some expressions we can use to make polite suggestions during group work.Why dont we write our ideas on the board?Lets make a list of possible ideas first.I suggest we talk about our ideas first, th

86、en write them down.Can we brainstorm some ideas for our topic?Sharing Your IdeasA | Self-Reflection. Look at the photo below and read the caption. Then discuss the question with a partner. What experiences have you had with group projects?A group of students are working together on a project. Cooper

87、ative learning makes students an active part of their own education.Sharing Your IdeasA | Self-Reflection. Example Answers I have had both good and bad experiences with group projects. In one history class, all of the students in my group did their jobs well. We learned a lot about Chinese history,

88、and we got a good grade. In another class, some people in my group didnt get along well. They couldnt cooperate or work together and we all got a bad grade.Sharing Your IdeasB | Brainstorming. With your partner, brainstorm a list of the good things about doing group work and possible problems. Write

89、 your ideas down in the T-chart.(+) Good Things() Problemsmore people to share ideassome people dont do any work group members can motivate each other to do well can utilize different peoples strengths to get the best possible end product some people dont get along with each other (can be uncomforta

90、ble) can be distracting if not all group members are working and focusing on the taskSharing Your IdeasC | Critical Thinking. With your partner, look at your list of problems from exercise B. Think of ways to solve each of the problems in your T-chart.If some people dont do any work, thegroup could

91、give each person a role.Sharing Your IdeasC | Critical Thinking. Example Answers If someone isnt doing any work, a group member could try to talk to him or her. If some people dont get along, students could divide the work so that those people arent together very often. If some people in the group a

92、rent focusing, students could make a polite suggestion that they return to the task.Sharing Your IdeasD | Discussion. Form a group with another pair of students. Share some of your ideas from exercise C. Use phrases from the Student to Student box to help you explain your ideas.Sharing Your IdeasD |

93、 Discussion. Example Answers It seems to us that if someone isnt doing any work, a group member could try to We believe that if some people dont get along, students could divide the work so that Sharing Your IdeasStudent to Student Presenting Our Ideas in a Small GroupHere are some phrases we can us

94、e when sharing our ideas with the class or a small group.We believe that .Amy and I think that .It seems to us that .国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4 Inside the BrainViewing the WorldViewing the WorldParasomniaViewing the WorldBefore Viewing Before Viewing Did you know ? Most adults need to sleep seven to e

95、ight hours each night. (Babies need a total of 16 hours of sleep every day!) If we dont get enough sleep, our brains dont function well. Sleep occurs in stages. We dream during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, but not during NREM (Non-REM) sleep.A | In the previous sections, you learned about some of

96、 the functions of the human brain. Work with a partner. Read the information and take turns asking and answering questions about sleep and the brain.To be continued Viewing the World The different stages of sleep occur in cycles. We go through the stages and then repeat them several times each night

97、. Very sad or frightening dreams are called “nightmares”.How many hours do most adults need to sleep each night?Before Viewing Seven toeight hours.A | In the previous sections, you learned about some of the functions of the human brain. Work with a partner. Read the information and take turns asking

98、 and answering questions about sleep and the brain.Viewing the WorldBefore Viewing Example AnswersQ: In what stage of sleep do we dream?A: During REM sleep.Q: Whats the word for very sad or frightening dreams?A: Nightmares.Viewing the WorldB | Predicting Content. Read the definition of “parasomnia”.

99、 With your partner, make a list of four or more things you think you might hear or see in the video.(n.) a type of sleep disorder or problem, in which people move or act in an unnatural way while they are asleep, for example, talking or walking in their sleepParasomniaBefore Viewing Viewing the Worl

100、dBefore Viewing Example Answers people getting out of bed while theyre asleep people talking in their sleep people going to the kitchen and eating while theyre asleep people opening their eyes while theyre asleep people crying or screaming while theyre asleepViewing the WorldWhile Viewing At the Sta

101、nford Sleep Research Center in California, U.S.A., a volunteer participates in a sleep study.Viewing the World While ViewingA | Checking Predictions. Watch the video and circle the words in exercise B in the Before Viewing section that you hear or see.While Viewing Viewing the WorldB | Watch the vid

102、eo again and check () the things that can happen when people have parasomnia.While Viewing They dream about being attacked. They wake up suddenly. They fight with their partners. They get up and walk around.Viewing the WorldC | Read the statements. Then watch again and circle the correct word to com

103、plete each statement.1.Parasomnia happens before REM / NREM sleep.2.Parasomnia may include sleep-eating / sleep-writing.3.NREM sleep has four / five stages.4.In stage two of NREM sleep, the heartbeat and breathing become slower / faster.5. The upper / lower part of the sleepwalkers brain “wakes up”

104、during parasomnia.While Viewing Viewing the WorldA | Discussion. Form a group with two or three other students. Discuss the questions. After ViewingAfter Viewing 1.Have you ever experienced parasomnia or other sleep problems? Explain.2. How would you feel if you saw someone sleep-walking or sleep-ea

105、ting? What would you do?3. If someone you know had problems with sleeping, what would you suggest as a solution?Viewing the WorldExample Answer 1 Yes, when I was younger, I used to sleepwalk. I would get out of bed and walk into the living room.1. Have you ever experienced parasomnia or other sleep

106、problems? Explain.After Viewing Viewing the WorldExample Answer 2 No, I have never experienced parasomnia or other sleep problems.1. Have you ever experienced parasomnia or other sleep problems? Explain.After Viewing Viewing the WorldExample Answer 1 If I saw someone sleep-walking or sleepeating, I

107、would be surprised, but not too worried. I might help them to get back into bed.2. How would you feel if you saw someone sleep-walking or sleep-eating? What would you do?After Viewing Viewing the WorldExample Answer 2 If I saw someone sleep-walking or sleepeating, I would be very worried. I might sa

108、y something loudly to wake them up.2. How would you feel if you saw someone sleep-walking or sleep-eating? What would you do?After Viewing Viewing the WorldExample Answers If someone I know had problems with sleeping, I would suggest getting plenty of exercise during the day. That helps me to sleep

109、well at night. I might also advise them to avoid drinking coffee or tea, because the caffeine can keep people awake at night.3. If someone you know had problems with sleeping, what would you suggest as a solution?After Viewing Viewing the WorldB | Critical Thinking. Work with your group and discuss

110、how the following things affect our sleep. Why do you think they have those effects?After Viewing caffeine from coffee or tea stress from a hard day a small snack or a glass of milk exercise such as walking or swimming alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, or liquorViewing the WorldExample Answers

111、 Caffeine from coffee or tea can keep people awake because it stimulates brain activity. Stress from a hard day can keep people awake because they think about their problems when they should be relaxing and getting ready for sleep. A small snack or a glass of milk can help people sleep because food

112、and hunger affect our bodys chemistry. On the other hand, eating too much can cause other problems that keep people awake, so bedtime snacks should be small.After Viewing To be continued Viewing the WorldExample Answers (Continued) Exercise such as walking or swimming can help people sleep because e

113、xercise burns energy and affects our bodys chemistry in ways that help us to relax. Alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, or liquor can keep people awake because they prevent REM sleep cycles, so we dont sleep well, and we dont feel good the next morning.After Viewing Viewing the WorldNarrator: Fo

114、r most people, sleeping is easy and straightforward. For others, it can be a real nightmare! Some people dream of being attacked and may even fight with their partners while they sleep. Other people get up and walk around in their sleepwithout knowing what they are doing. These sleep conditionscalle

115、d parasomniacan be dangerous. Scientists are hoping to find out why they occur. Parasomnia happens during the period before REM sleep. REM sleep is the stage of sleep when we dream. The time before this is when people may sleep-walk, sleep-talk, or even sleep-eat. Yet they have no knowledge of their

116、 activities. Parasomnia happens during a time in the sleep cycle called NREM or non-REM: Non-Rapid Eye Movement. NREM contains four stages. To be continued Viewing the WorldDuring stage one, your brain is producing small waves, and you are in a light sleep. In stage two, your body relaxes and your h

117、eartbeat and breathing gets slower. The brain waves are larger and become further apart. The deepest sleep is during stages three and four. For most of us, our brains shut off sounds and movement from the outside world.But for sleepwalkers, the lower part of the brain “wakes up”, while the upper par

118、tthe thinking brain, or the mindis asleep. This is why sleepwalkers are able to move around at night, and yet they dont remember it the next day. With further research, scientists hope one day to fully explain this mysterious event.To be continued 国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4 Inside the BrainEngagingEng

119、agingA | Form a group with three other students. Read the assignment. Then assign a role to each member of your group. Planning a Group PresentationEngagingMakes sure the assignment is done correctly and that all group members do their work.Takes notes on the groups ideas and plans.Understands the t

120、opic well and checks the groups ideas.Makes sure the work is done on time; chooses place and time to meet outside of class. Leader Secretary Expert ManagerPlanning a Group PresentationEngagingB | Planning a Presentation. As a group, choose one of the topics from the chart for your presentation.Topic

121、 1: Brain Function1. What happens when parts of the brain are injured?2. How can people improve their brain function? Topic 2: Brain Chemistry1. What happens when young children dont receive enough love?2. How does exercise affect brain chemistry? Planning a Group PresentationTo be continued Engagin

122、gTopic 3: Learning Styles and Strategies1. What is the best way to measure intelligence?2. What are some important study skills for language learners?Planning a Group PresentationEngagingC | Discussion. With your group, discuss the following questions. The group secretary should take notes.1. Which

123、topic did you choose? Why?2. Where can you find easy-to-understand information about your topic?3. Where and when can your group meet outside of class to do your research and practice your presentation?4. What kind of visuals will you use to support your presentation?Planning a Group PresentationEng

124、agingPlanning a Group PresentationExample Answers We chose topic 1, no. 1, because one group members brother suffered a brain injury in a motorcycle accident. We are all concerned about whether his life can get better over time. We chose topic 1, no. 2, because we are all interested in improving our

125、 own brain function. We think we could do better in school or at work if our brains were functioning as well as possible.1. Which topic did you choose? Why?To be continued EngagingPlanning a Group PresentationExample Answers (Continued)We chose topic 2, no. 1, because we think society focuses a lot

126、of energy on childrens education, nutrition, and other aspects of life, but we believe many people dont know what important roles love and affection also play in child development. We chose topic 2, no. 2, because most of us love to play sports, and we have never considered the effects of exercise o

127、n our brain chemistry. We are curious to learn more about that topic.1. Which topic did you choose? Why?To be continued EngagingPlanning a Group PresentationExample Answers (Continued) We chose topic 3, no. 1, because were interested in education and testing. We want to find out whether intelligence

128、 tests, such as the IQ test, are good measures of a persons intelligence. We chose topic 3, no. 2, because all of us are language learners. If there are study techniques that could be helpful to us, we want to know about them.1. Which topic did you choose? Why?Engaging2. Where can you find easy-to-u

129、nderstand information about your topic?Example Answers We can find easy-to-understand information about our topic in archived articles from the magazine Psychology Today / in free online encyclopedia articles / in online news articles about psychology / in beginninglevel psychology and education tex

130、tbooks.Planning a Group PresentationEngaging3. Where and when can your group meet outside of class to do your research and practice your presentation?Example Answers We can meet at the campus library on Monday and Wednesday at 7:00 p.m., and we can reserve a meeting room so that we can talk and prac

131、tice without disturbing anyone.Planning a Group PresentationEngaging4. What kind of visuals will you use to support your presentation?Example Answer 1 We will use PowerPoint slides to support our presentation.Planning a Group PresentationEngaging4. What kind of visuals will you use to support your p

132、resentation?Example Answer 2 We will use charts on large pieces of paper to support our presentation. Planning a Group PresentationEngaging4. What kind of visuals will you use to support your presentation?Example Answer 3 We will use an outline (of our main points) on the blackboard to support our p

133、resentation.Planning a Group PresentationEngagingD | Organizing Ideas. Prepare to present your groups plans for your presentation to the class. Use your notes from exercise C.Planning a Group PresentationEngagingE | Reporting to the Class. Report your groups plans for the presentation to the rest of

134、 the class. Planning a Group PresentationEngagingPlanning a Group PresentationF | Collaboration. Prepare the presentation with your group members after class. Make sure everyone plays their role assigned in exercise A.EngagingG | Presentation. Next class, give your presentation to the class. At the

135、end of the presentation, invite and answer questions from the audience.Planning a Group PresentationEngagingPlanning a Group PresentationPausing to Check UnderstandingWhen we present ideas, its important to check to make sure our audience understands us. We can do this by pausing occasionally and lo

136、oking at our audience. If they look confused, we should ask them if they need us to repeat any information or give clarification. We can stop occasionally and ask our audience if they have any questions.国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 4 Inside the BrainFurther ListeningFurther Listeningamygdala n. 扁桃核watt n.

137、 瓦（特）（电的功率单位）hypothalamus n. 丘脑下部，下丘脑Listening 1Further ListeningA | Listen to some facts about our brains and match the parts of the brain with their functions.Listening 1 Parts of the Brain 1. amygdala 2. Neurons3. hypothalamus Functionsa. Controlling body temperatureb. sending messagesc. reading

138、other peoples faces and understanding their emotionsFurther ListeningB | Read the questions. Then listen again and answer the questions.Listening 11.Is it true that we only use 10 percent of our brains? Why or why not? _ _2. What should we do if we want to change our brain structure quickly? _ _ _ _

139、 _ Its false. Each part of the brain has a function, so we use 100 percent of our brains.Learning something new can change the structure of the brain in just seven days. If we want to change our brain structure quickly, we should try learning a new skill like juggling or playing a musical instrument

140、.Further Listening3. How many thoughts can an average person experience a day? _ _4. Why do we say that the brain is a “powerful” organ? _ _ _ _ _ B | Read the questions. Then listen again and answer the questions.Listening 1The average person experiencesapproximately 70,000 thoughts a day.Because w

141、hen a person is awake, his or herbrain generates between 10 and 23 wattsof electricityor enough power to power alight bulb.Further Listening1. Every time you have a new thought or recall a memory, your brain creates a new connection or pathway.2. Even without words, you can understand when someone i

142、s happy, sad, or angry. There is a small area in your brain called the amygdala that helps you “read” other peoples faces and understand their moods.3. The belief that we only use a tiny amount (10 percent) of our brains is false. Each part of the brain has a function, so we use 100 percent of our b

143、rains.4. Learning something new can change the structure of the brain in just seven days. If you want to change your brain quickly, you should try learning a new skill like juggling or playing a musical instrument. To be continued Listening 1Further Listening5. The things you do, eat, smell, and tou

144、ch every day all generate thoughts. The average person experiences approximately 70,000 thoughts a day. 6. Your brain is an amazing, complex organ. It contains more than 100 billion neurons that are always sending messages. But not all neurons are the samedifferent neurons send messages at different

145、 speeds.7. Every time you think, laugh, or sneeze, its because chemical signals are moving from neuron to neuron. Your brain is a very powerful organ. In fact, when you are awake, your brain generates between 10 and 23 watts of electricityor enough power to power a light bulb.Listening 1Further List

146、ening8. The hypothalamus is the part of your brain that controls your body temperature. It knows your correct body temperature (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit / 37 degrees Celsius). When you get too hot, it makes you sweat. When you get too cold, it makes you shiver.Listening 1Further Listeningattachment n

147、. 喜爱，依恋dopamine n. 多巴胺（一种神经传导物质，主要负责传递 兴奋及开心的信息）OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) n. 强迫性神经官症oxytocin n. 催产素Listening 2Further ListeningListening 2A newly married couple dances on Mendenhall Glacier.Further ListeningA | Read the sentences. Then listen to a report about love and the brain and comple

148、te the sentences with the words in the box.Listening 21. Your brain knows the difference between romantic love and other attachments, because when in love, your brain chemical called _ increases.2. The brains of “lovesick” people can be similar to the brains of people with _.3. When couples enter lo

149、ng-term relationships, another brain chemical called _ increases which makes people feel calm feelings of happiness and trust. oxytocin dopamine OCDdopamine OCD oxytocinFurther ListeningB | Read the questions. Then listen again and answer the questions.Listening 21.What are the different kinds of lo

150、ve mentioned in the passage? _ _ _ _2. What is the typical symptom of OCD? _ _ _ _ _ To be continued People with OCD cannot stop thinking about something, and these thoughts can cause compulsive behaviorsactions the person cannot control, such as washing their hands again and again.The strong emotio

151、n we feel when we fall in love; the attachment between parents and children; the quiet feeling of security that develops slowly in long-term relationships.Further ListeningB | Read the questions. Then listen again and answer the questions.Listening 23. Apart from brain chemicals, what else affects o

152、ur feelings of love? _ _ _ _Psychological factors are also important. We might be attracted to someone who likes the same things we like, for example, or someone who makes us feel safe and secure.Further ListeningThere are many different kinds of love. There is the strong emotion we feel when we fal

153、l in love. There is the attachment between parents and children, and the quiet feeling of security that develops slowly in long-term relationships, when couples are together for many years.Your brain knows the difference between romantic love and other attachments. When were in love, the amount of a

154、 brain chemical called dopamine increases. This increase in dopamine gives us the extra energy we feel when were in love.At the same time, this increase in dopamine can make the brains of people who are “lovesick” similar to the brains of people with OCDObsessive Compulsive Disorder. People with OCD

155、 cannot stop thinking about something, and these thoughts can causeListening 2Further Listeningcompulsive behaviorsactions the person cannot control, such as washing their hands again and again. Similarly, people who are in love often cannot stop thinking about the person they are in love with. Both

156、 people with OCD and people in love may sometimes find it difficult to function normally in their daily lives because of their thoughts.Fortunately, this “lovesickness” is a short-term condition. With time, strong romantic feelings decrease, and we can concentrate on “real life” again. As time passe

157、s, couples have higher levels of oxytocina brain chemical connected with calm feelings of happiness and trust.Listening 2Further ListeningSo is love only a matter of brain chemistry? In fact, while chemicals do affect the way we feel, psychological factors are also important. We might be attracted t

158、o someone who likes the same things we like, for example, or someone who makes us feel safeand secure.Listening 2Further ListeningHarry Harlow 哈里 哈洛（人名）John Bowlby 约翰 鲍尔比（人名）Phillip Shaver 菲利普 谢弗（人名）Listening 3Further ListeningDictation. Listen to a passage about an assignment and write down what yo

159、u hear. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds.

160、The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.Listening 3Further ListeningFor the past two weeks we have studied attachment theory, beginning with Harry Harlows experiments with monkeys. In those experiments, researchers took baby monkeys from th

161、eir mothers. The monkeys had many emotional problems without their mothers love. We also studied John Bowlby. His work showed us that human babies need a sense of security, too. Without this security from an adult, they have problems in future relationships. Finally, we looked at Phillip Shavers rec

162、ent ideas about attachment theory and romantic love. Your assignment is to plan a class presentation of 10 to 15 minutes. First, select two of the researchers we studied. You will briefly summarize their research and then explain which scientists work you think will have the greatest impact on people today. Be sure to support your opinion with reasons.Listening 3国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Thank You!