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1、Chapter 5 The British Educational System2021/6/161School TodayvPre-primary SchoolsvPrimary SchoolsvSecondary SchoolsvUniversity / College2021/6/162Pre-Primary SchoolsvPre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate).vTheem
2、phasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay.2021/6/1631.StateSchools(公立学校): 11-yearCompulsoryEducation (5-16)StatePrimarySchoolComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(独立学校/公学):PrepSchoolPublic(Independent)School(7%)Two Systems of
3、primary and secondary education in Britain:2021/6/1642021/6/1652021/6/166Question:What are the main differences between the two?State schoolsPublic schoolsSchool FundingStatefundingfromcentralgovernment;SupplementedbylocalfinanceTuitionfees;Endowments(捐赠)ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmam
4、aters)Attendance93%7%Teaching Staff and FacilitiesPublicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities.GraduatesStudentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.2021/6/167PrimaryPhasevCompulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlan
5、dand4inNorthernIreland.vPupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).InfantsSchools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5)JuniorSchools(for4yearsto11)vThereslittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears.vPrepSchools(预备学校)(from7/8to13)(separ
6、ate;fees;entranceexam)2021/6/168Secondary SchoolsvStateSchools(93%)1.ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学)(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)2.GrammarSchools(文法中学)(“the11plus”examination选拔优秀小学生毕业考试,preparingstudentsforhighereducation)(3%)3.SecondaryModernSchools(现代中学)(7%)vPublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%
7、)2021/6/169The National CurriculumvEnglishvDesign&TechnologyvGeographyvMathematicsvInformationTechnologyvMusicvSciencevArtvPhysicalEducationvHistoryvModernForeignLanguage2021/6/1610Exams vCompulsoryeducationendsatage16.vAt16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE (GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中学
8、毕业证书)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob.vOtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification国家专业资格证书,5levels).2021/6/1611Tertiarye
9、ducationv延续教育(FurtherEducation)是继小学(Primary)中学(Secondary)教育之后的“第三级教育”(Tertiary)。为进入高等教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生留学英的关键阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介于16和18岁之间。v它分为两种体系：学业路线（AcademicRoute）和职业路线（VocationalRoute）。学业路线着重于培养学术研究方面的人才，职业路线则结合社会各层面的职业需要，培养在各种行业中具有专门技能和知识的人才。2021/6/1612vSomemoreambitiousandhardworkingstudentswi
10、lltakeGCEO-level(一般水平普通教育证书)exams.Iftheypass,theymaytransfertoaSixth Form school (六年级学校)ortertiarycollege(三级学校)tolearnA-levelclassesfor2years.vAt18,theytakeGCEA-levelexaminations(AdvancedGeneralCertificateofEducation高级水平普通教育证书大学入学考试),usuallyinnotmorethan3subjects.ItsnecessarytohaveA-levelsinordertog
11、otoauniversityorotherinstitutionsofhighereducation.2021/6/1613WidelyHeldBeliefsvFirstly,“thebestwaytoensuregoodresultsistovest(赋予)responsibilityforajobinanindividualbodyandthenallowittogoinitsownway,intervening(干预)onlyifitsmanifestly(显而易见地)notperformingitsjobproperly.”vSecondly,“aschoolisnotonlyapla
12、ceforlearningbutalsoasociety,freetoplanandconductitscorporatelifeasseemsbesttoit,providedthatitkeepsthislifewithintheacceptedframeworklaiddownbysocialconventionandthenationalpolicyforeducation.”vQuestion for you: How do you interpret the beliefs above?2021/6/1614vIndividualschoolsenjoygreatfreedoman
13、dspace!vAlthoughtheultimateresponsibilityfortheeducationalsystemlieswiththeparliament,itdoesntlaydownwhatsubjectsshallbetaught;nordoesitgiveanydirectionsaboutteachingmethods,orprescribe(规定、指定、开处方)anytextbooks.vTheQueenoncesaid,“Aheadmasteroncetoldmethatinhisopinionthefreedomwhichteachershaveisthemos
14、tvaluablethinginBritisheducation”.2021/6/1615CaseStudyvComparedwiththatinChinesecounterparts,thecurriculumintheUKprimaryorsecondaryschoolsismuchsimpler.(esp.mathematics&reading) WHY? Is their Intelligence Quotient low?vAccordingtoaschoolmasterinBristol:1.Thecompulsoryeducationaimstocultivateeligible
15、(合格的)citizensratherthanelites;2.Curiosityandself-confidencematteralotmorethantheknowledgeitself.3.Shapingcharactersandindividualityisemphasized.Teamspiritandleadershipcanbedevelopedthroughgames.2021/6/1616Public SchoolsvIntheUKprivate schoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools!vOnlyenrollpupilsfrompre
16、pschools.vHightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries)vMainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools.vBoardingschools.vQuestion: Who are attending such schools?2021/6/1617vThestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(贵族)andupperclassfamilies.vDespitethehi
17、ghfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation.vBUTopponentsvoicedoubts:Its socially divisive and breeds elitism; they are offering more promising opportunities to 7% of British children, but its unfair for the remaining 93%!2021/6/1618TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools:vEtonCollege(伊顿公学)(1440by
18、KingHenryVI)vHarrowSchool(哈罗公学)(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly)vWinchesterCollege(温切斯特公学)(1394)vRugbySchool(拉格贝公学)(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts1200to2000,even3500aterm.2021/6/1619EtonCollegevForboysONLY!vItsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(Prince
19、Charles,William&Harry)vSofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton.vTheschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities.vHowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout16,000.2021/6/1620EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutor2021/6/1621Higher EducationvAllBritishuniv
20、ersitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommittee(高校基金委员会)fromthegovernment.vOver42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18.v110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland)v3categories:olduniversities,redbrickunivers
21、ities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).2021/6/1622EntranceProceduresvInthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity.vApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS (UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大学院校入学委员会).vStudents
22、canapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.vAdmissionselectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview.2021/6/1623vFee-charging(ontheaverage:1200-3000)vDegreesBA/BSc3yearsfull-timeMA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-timePhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearchBA:BachelorofArts(文学学士)BSc:BachelorofScience(理学学士)BS:同
23、上2021/6/1624TeachingMethodsvTheUKeducationalsystemencouragesself-study,discussionsandpracticalwork.Thestudentsmayhavetime-tabledclassesormightbeencouragedtodomoreofindependentworkforasubstantialamountoftimedependingonthecourse.vMostofthecourseswouldincludethefollowingteachingmethods:2021/6/1625A.Lec
24、tures讲座vTheprofessorsdominatethelectureswhichservetoguidethestudents.vThesizeoftheclassisgenerallylarge,oftenupto100students.vNOprescribedtextbooksbutreading lists and handouts (讲稿讲稿)!2021/6/1626B.Seminars讨论会vTheseminarsprovidethestudentswithaplatformforsharingtheirviewsonagiventopic.vThestudentsare
25、toldinadvanceaboutatopic&arerequiredtoprepareapresentationonit.vWhat is the point of attending seminars?Thediscussionsthattakeplaceinseminarsoftenhelpstudentsunderstand a topic better in different perspectivesandhelpstudentsdevelop their communication skills. 2021/6/1627C.Tutorials导师辅导课vTutorialsgiv
26、eyoufocused guidanceonaparticulartopiconceaweek.vThesizeoftutorialsisquitesmall.(15-20)Everystudenthastospeakinclass.vThestudentsmeetwiththeprofessorsindividuallytodiscusstheirconcernsaboutthetopicthattheyhaveundertakenandthusseekindividual guidance.2021/6/1628D.IndependentworkvStudentsaresupposedto
27、investigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch)vThisusuallyinvolvesworking individually or in a small groupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic.vProducewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.2021/6/1629E.Coursework课程论文学年作业vThismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentatio
28、nsorreflections.vCourseworkisassessedandgivengrades.vAssessment:acombinationofmethodsvQuestion:Is the written exam a must for course assessment?NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework 65% (group presentation 20% + individual reflection 20% + business plan 25%) + written exam 35%2
29、021/6/1630Plagiarism剽窃vPlagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeoplesworkasonesownwithout acknowledging the source or referencing.vCheatingorplagiarismcanresultinstudentsnotbeingallowedtograduate.vAdviceisnormallygivenbyyourprofessorsonan acceptable way and amount of referencing.(footnote/bibliography)2021/6
30、/1631CambridgeCambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.2021/6/16322021/6/16332021/6/16342021/6/1635Famous StudentsvJohn MiltonvCharles DarwinvPrince Charles2021/6/1636Vice-ChancellorProfessorAlisonRichardv
31、Cambridgeisoneoftheworldsgreatuniversities,andhastheabilitytotransformlives.Ifyoustudyhere,youwillexperiencethatqualityatfirsthand.Daytoday,youwillworkwithacademicstaffwhoareleadersintheirfields,andwhoarealsocommittedtoseeyousucceed,andtohelpyoudevelopyourideas,knowledgeandunderstanding.2021/6/1637O
32、xfordUniversity2021/6/16382021/6/16392021/6/1640Famous StudentsvOscar WildevSamuel JohnsonvBill ClintonvTony BlairvMargaret Thatcher2021/6/1641OxfordvLegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872toencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Likeagrammarschool,itwasjustap
33、laceforteachingLatingrammaratthattime.TheUniversityactuallybeganinthe12th centuryasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.2021/6/1642ChancellorofOxfordvO
34、xfordisoneofthegreatestuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasplayedadistinguishedpartinthehistoryofourcountryandourcontinent,andhasmuchtocontributetooursuccessandourwell-beingasacivilizedcommunityinthefuture.vChrisPatten2021/6/1643OxbridgeBoatRacevThe Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829
35、.vThe event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has been won by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far. vThe race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km)stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.vOxford wear dark b
36、lue and Cambridge light blue.2021/6/1644vTheDarkBlueCrew2021/6/1645vTheLightBlues&DarkBlues2021/6/1646vGlasgowUniversityNottinghamUniversity2021/6/1647BuckinghamUni.vVerneyParkCampusvChandosRoadCampus2021/6/1648vUniversitygraduatesdominateBritishpoliticalleadership,especiallythosefromOxbridgeThatche
37、r&BlairfromOxford;2/3ofBlairscabinetmemberseducatedatOxfordorCambridge.2021/6/1649StudentsActivitiesOuting2021/6/1650vPubbing2021/6/1651SportsRugbyFootball2021/6/1652Choir2021/6/1653Chinese Higher EducationenrollmentexpansionResources are straining.Education quality is suffering.Intense competitioni
38、n the job market.elite edu. vs. mass edu.dilemma2021/6/1654HaveadiscussiononthedefectsofChinesehighereducationvDefect 1: Blind Enrollment ExpansionvDefect 2: Awkward Teaching MethodvDefect 3: Prescribed / Designated TextbooksvDefect 4: Unreasonable CurriculumvDefect 5:Unfair Assessment System2021/6/
39、1655Defect 1: Blind Enrollment ExpansionvUniversitiesseemtohaveenrolledmorethantheycanaccommodate!vLimitedfacilities&space,insufficientresources,shabbydorms(slum)vExpansionmeansalotmore!Fiercecompetitioninthejobmarket,2021/6/1656Defect 2: Awkward Teaching MethodvTeacherstendtospoon-feedtheirstudents
40、whoareinturnspoon-fedandforce-fed!vMoretrust,freedom,interactionsandresponsibilitiesforthestudents!vTeachersshouldserveasadvisors&assistants!2021/6/1657Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated TextbooksvAlackofflexibility(fewalternativechoices)vOutdatedcontents(keeppacewith)vTheprescribedtextbookscanberepl
41、acedby2021/6/1658Defect 4: Unreasonable CurriculumvManyoutdatedcoursesshouldbeabolished!(Marxismphilosophy,DengXiaopingTheory,MaoZedongThoughts,MilitaryTheory.)vMoreutilitariancoursesarewelcome!(ComputerScience,Business,Finance,Accounting,Law)vOneshouldntbeconfinedtoonesspecificfield.vMoraleducation
42、isinurgentdemand!(campusviolence,suicide,theft,murder)2021/6/1659Defect 5:Unfair Assessment SystemvExam-orientedstyle!(Scorestalk!)vStudents:examsoflottery(memorytest/workovertimeshortlybeforethetest)vTeachers?2021/6/1660Howtoimproveit?vItsatime-consuming&systematicproject.vNeverwaitfortheimprovemen
43、t!Getamovenow!vYouandmearepartofChinesehighereducation!vTrytomakethebestandmostofthecurrentsituation!vStopcomplainingandtrytomakeadifferencefromnowon.2021/6/1661HomeworkforNextWeekvCollecttheinformationabouttheBritishbroadcasting,newspapersandmagazinestobepreparedforChapter6BritishMassMediaandchapter7BritainandtheWorld.2021/6/1662 结束语结束语若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！
