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1、TEM4阅读理解应试方法与技巧 一、新一、新考试大纲考试大纲对英语专业四级阅读理解的要求对英语专业四级阅读理解的要求1. 测试要求：（1）能读懂英美国家出版的中等难度的文章和材料。（2）能读懂难度相当于美国Newsweek的国际新闻报道。（3）能读懂难度相当于英文小说Sons and Lovers的文学原著。（4）能掌握所读材料的主旨大意主旨大意，了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节事实和细节；既理解字面意义，又能根据所读材料进行判断和推理判断和推理；既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上上下文的逻辑关系。下文的逻辑关系。一、新一、新考试大纲考试大纲对英语专业四级阅读理解的要求对英语专业四级阅读理解的要求1.
2、 测试要求：（5）能在阅读中根据需要自觉调整阅读速度和阅读技巧。（6）考试时间：2525分钟分钟。2测试形式：本部分采用选择题，通常由四篇阅读材料组成。阅读材料共长1800个单词左右，每篇材料后各有3-6道题不等。学生根据所读材料内容，从每题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。共共2020题。题。二、阅读理解考查目标二、阅读理解考查目标 在于培养学生的英语阅读理解能力和提高学生的阅读速度；培养学生细致观察语言的能力以及假设判断、细致观察语言的能力以及假设判断、分析归纳、推理检验等逻辑思维能力；分析归纳、推理检验等逻辑思维能力；提高学生的阅读技能，包括细读、略读细读、略读等能力；并通过阅读训练帮助学生
3、扩大词汇量、吸收语言和文化背景知识。 考试要求在理解的基础上抓住要点，并能运用正确观点评价思想内容。阅读速度为每分钟120-180个单词，理解准确率不低于70%。能在5分钟内速读1000词左右中等难度的文章，掌握文章的大意。u 提高阅读能力的重要途径在于扩大词汇量？提高阅读能力的重要途径在于扩大词汇量？四级阅读是一个语言能力、逻辑思维能力、文化知语言能力、逻辑思维能力、文化知识积淀和阅读技巧的解读理解过程，并不是只靠扩识积淀和阅读技巧的解读理解过程，并不是只靠扩大词汇量能解决的。大词汇量能解决的。 扩大词汇量扩大词汇量-基础；基础； 运用语法运用语法-分析句子成分，正确理解句子含义；分析句子成
4、分，正确理解句子含义； 提高自己的分析、逻辑推理能力；提高自己的分析、逻辑推理能力； 同时大量了解文化背景知识。同时大量了解文化背景知识。三、阅读理解题型、题材和语篇体裁分析三、阅读理解题型、题材和语篇体裁分析 阅读理解有4篇文章，共20道选择题，主要题型题型包括：主旨大意题、细节理解题、分析推理题、观点态主旨大意题、细节理解题、分析推理题、观点态度题、词汇语义题度题、词汇语义题。 其中细节题和推理题是主要题型，细节题和推理题是主要题型，考试中要求学生在短时间内运用一定的阅读策略把握全文才能得出正确答案。因此，考生应该在练习时，注重这两种题型的训练。三、阅读理解题型、题材和语篇体裁分析三、阅读
5、理解题型、题材和语篇体裁分析 所选阅读材料的题材题材广泛，主要包括：社会生活、科技、地理与历史、政治与经济、环境保护、教育与文化、自然现象、健康与医疗、日常生活知识、人物描写等。 体裁体裁以议论文和说明文为主，兼有部分记叙文和描写。阅读理解除了对学生语言能力有较高的要求外，对文化背景等知识层面的要求也很高。四、近五年阅读理解试题归类四、近五年阅读理解试题归类年份体裁题材试题数 字数20091说明文介绍工程师是如何服务人类的42512说明文介绍假装打电话64343记叙文电脑维修经历55784议论文关于假日小费557720081说明文荷兰最大城市阿姆斯特丹44092说明文英语词源54433记叙文入
6、境检查经历的种族歧视55984议论文公共演讲的心理状态633720071议论文租房的利弊32032记叙文个人搭便车经历54923记叙文老挝购衣经历65774议论文学生学期是否应该延长6427五、阅读理解解题步骤五、阅读理解解题步骤解题步骤解题步骤先看题目，还是先看文章？先看题目，还是先看文章？略读（skimming），掌握大意扫读（scanning）定位获得信息回查难点，确定答案v先看题目，还是先看文章？先看题目，还是先看文章？ 有的考生在做阅读理解题的时候，喜欢先看题目有的考生在做阅读理解题的时候，喜欢先看题目后读文章。他们认为这样会节省时间。后读文章。他们认为这样会节省时间。 实际上：实际
7、上：浪费时间。浪费时间。不能集中注意力。不能集中注意力。影响对文章整体的理解。影响对文章整体的理解。v1阅阅读读文文章章开开头头几几句句时时，要要联联想想一一下下文文章章的的大大意意：文章是关于什么内容、写的谁、谈论什么事物等。文章是关于什么内容、写的谁、谈论什么事物等。v2继继续续阅阅读读文文章章时时，要要识识别别出出文文章章的的文文体体，即即是是科科普普文文章章、文文学学作作品品，还还是是新新闻闻报报道道或或是是别别的的；同同时时要要识识别别出出作作者者的的写写作作手手法法，文文章章是是写写给给谁谁看看的的，作作者者是是带着一种什么样的感情写这篇文章的。带着一种什么样的感情写这篇文章的。v
8、3.在在读读完完文文章章一一遍遍后后，你你会会对对文文章章的的主主题题和和文文章章的的结结构构有有了了一一定定的的印印象象，但但是是为为了了准准确确起起见见，在在你你回回答答问问题题的的时时候候，一一定定要要回回过过头头来来再再看看一一遍遍文文章章，以以确确认认你你的的答答案案。不不要要根根据据自自己己第第一一遍遍阅阅读读时时的的印印象象答答题题，也也不不要要根根据据自自己己所所掌掌握握的的文文章章以以外外的的知知识识答答题。题。v4在阅读题目的时候，要注意一些关键字眼，比在阅读题目的时候，要注意一些关键字眼，比如如EXCEPT, CANNOT, NOT, INCORRECT等等出题者为了引起
9、考生特别注意的大写词。出题者为了引起考生特别注意的大写词。 1.1.略读全文，掌握大意略读全文，掌握大意 有效的阅读是先掌握全局，再寻求细节。 略读（skimming）又称跳读（readingandskipping）或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门而实用的快速阅读方法，主要特点是选择性地阅读。1.1.略读全文，掌握大意略读全文，掌握大意 拿到一篇500字左右的文章时，应先用30秒左右的时间进行略读，其目的一是：以尽可能快的速度获取以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文章体裁辨识文章体裁，掌握结构（如果是记叙文，就需要了解故事发生的时间、地点、背景和人
10、物活动等主要线索；如果是议论文，就要弄清文章的中心论点以及论述内容）。 略读完成后就去看题干，略读完成后就去看题干，这时有关文章主旨大意题已经有了答案，而对细节题要根据题目的具体要求而对细节题要根据题目的具体要求回到文章中再进行快速扫读回到文章中再进行快速扫读以找到相应的信息。【真题示例】（2009）Nowadays,acellphoneserviceisavailabletoeveryone,everywhere.Probablythousandsofpeoplehavealreadybeenusingit,butIjustdiscoveredit,soImgoingtoclaimitand
11、alsonameit:FakeFoning.Thetechnologyhasbeenworkingwellformeattheoffice,butthereareinfiniteapplications.Virtuallyinanypublicspace.Sayyouworkatabiguniversitywithlotsoftalkyfacultymembersbuzzingabout.Now,sayyouneedtousetherestroom.Thetripdownthehallwilltakeapproximatelyonehour,becauseapersoncantwalkinto
12、thosetalkypeoplewithoutgettingpulledasideforaquestion,abitofgossip,anewreadonacertainlineofParadiseLost.So,acellphone.Anycellphone.Justpickitup.Dontdial.Justholdthatphonetoyourfaceandstarttalking.Walkconfidentlydownthehallengagedinfakeconversation,makingsuretotailorboththetopicandcontenttothepersons
13、tandingbeforeyouwhomyouaretryingtoevade.Forstandardcolleagueavoidance,Isuggestfakechattingaboutfakebusiness:“Yes,Imgladyoucalled,becausewereallyneedtohammeroutthedetails.Whatsthat?Yes,IreadPage12,butifyoulookatthebottomof4,Ithinkyoucanseetheproblembeginsrightthere.”Beanimated.Beengagedinyourfakefone
14、conversation.Makeeyecontactwiththepeoplepassing,nodtothem,gesturekeeninterestintalkingtothematalatertime,pointtoyourphone,shrugandmoveon.Shoppersshouldconsiderfakefoninganytimetheyspotatalkyneighborintheproducedepartmentpinching(用手捏)unripepeaches.Withoutyourphoneatyourface,youdbeinfora20-minutespeec
15、honhowterribletheworldis.Oneimportantcautionaboutfakefoning.TheotherdayIwasfakefoningmywaypastacolleague,andhewasactuallyfollowingmetogetmyattention.IknewhewantedtoaskaboutaprojectIhadnotyetfinished.Iwastryingtobuymyselfsometime,soIcontinuedfakefoningwithmydoctor.“SoIdontneedtheoperation?Oh,doctor,t
16、hatisthebestnews.”Andthen:Brrrrrrng!Brrrrrmg!Brrrrrmg!Myphonestartedringing,righttherewhileitwasplantedonmyface.Mycolleaguelookedatme,andIathim,andnaturallyIgasped.“Whatisthematterwiththisthing?”Isaid,pullingthephoneawaytolookatit,andthenputtingitbacktomyear.“Hello?Areyoustillthere?”Oops.86.Whatisfa
17、kefoning?A.Astrategytoavoidpeople.B.Adevicenewlyproduced.C.Aserviceprovidedeverywhere.D.Askillofcommunication.2.2. 扫读定位，获得信息扫读定位，获得信息 扫读（scanning）的目的是为了尽快找到所需的特定细节。 在对文章进行了略读后，把握了文章大意和结构，然后根据题目要求和段首或段尾的题头句，确定所需细节的位置，找到答案。这种方法一般可应用于细节这种方法一般可应用于细节题的查找。题的查找。Overthelast25years,Britishsocietyhaschangedag
18、reatdealoratleastmanypartsofithave.Insomeways,however,verylittlehaschanged,particularlywhereattitudesareconcerned.Ideasaboutsocialclasswhetherapersonis“workingclass”or“middleclass”areoneareainwhichchangeshavebeenextremelyslow.Inthepast,theworking-classtendedtobepaidlessthanmiddle-classpeople,suchast
19、eachersanddoctors.Asaresultofthisandalsoofthefactthatworkersjobsweregenerallymuchlesssecure,distinctdifferencesinlife-stylesandattitudescameintoexistence.86. Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past?A. Life style and occupation. B. Attitude and income.C. Income an
20、d job security. D. Job security and hobbies.3.3.回查难点，确定答案回查难点，确定答案 回查指考生在时间允许的情况下，对于把握不大或较难的试题（如推理分析题和观点态度题等），将所给出的选项与原文中对应部分进行仔细比较，反复推敲，从而得出结论。考生要尽量避免主观臆断，要考生要尽量避免主观臆断，要在文中找到支持的论据，在文中找到支持的论据，以确保答案准确无误。在检查时，应该从语篇整体上看答案是否符合文章主题、作者态度、意图及文体特征。1.1.主旨大意题主旨大意题 主旨大意题主要考查学生在阅读中对文章中心思想、作品的基调以及文章大意的理解和掌握情况。Wh
21、atisthispassagemainly(primarily)concernedwith?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Whichisthemainidea(subject)ofthispassage?Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?Thepassagemainlydealswith_六、阅读理解的试题题型分类及解题技巧六、阅读理解的试题题型分类及解题技巧【应对策略】主旨大意题有关整个文章的中心思想，需要宏观把握。 拿到一篇文章，先快速浏览文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。英语文章大多呈直线走向，所以很多文章的中心思想会出现在
22、文章的开头或结尾，尤其是议论文和说明文；同样，有85%的段落大意会在每一段首句或尾句，15%可能会出现在段落中间。 为了快速得出答案，可用排除法来做。迅速找出某些选项的漏洞或者不确切的地方，缩小选择范围，最后选定答案。确定下列短文的大意：确定下列短文的大意：1. As a rule, most of my dreams at night are pleasant ones. Recently, though, I had a really bad dream. I was in an alley, dressed in light summer clothing. Coming out of
23、the darkness at the end of the alley were hundreds of large gray rats. Their razor-sharp teeth glistened with saliva, and their eyes glowed red with a cold fury. I turned to run away, but attacking in the other direction were a dozen pit bulls. And these particular pit bulls were foaming at the mout
24、h; they all had rabies. “Just my luck,” I muttered, and did my best to wake up as quickly as possible.确定下列短文的大意：确定下列短文的大意： 2. Pain can cause aggression. When two rats in the same cage were given foot shocks, they attacked each other immediately. In addition, stronger shocks resulted in more violent
25、aggression. Pairs of various other animals reacted similarly. A stubbed toe or a headache has been known to cause similar responses in humans.确定下列短文的大意：确定下列短文的大意：3. Everyone has heard of accounts, salespeople, and lawyers. But have you ever heard of a kiss mixer or a belly builder? Most jobs have co
26、mmon titles, but there are also many unusual position titles. A kiss mixer, for instance, is the person who mixes the ingredients for candy kisses. And a belly builder is the individual who assembles and fits the inside parts of pianos.确定下列短文的大意：确定下列短文的大意：4. A couples daughter had just graduated fro
27、m college. So they were not surprised when a florists truck pulled in front of their house. However, they were surprised when they saw that the dozen red roses were addressed to them. The card read, “Thanks, Mom and Dad, for making this day possible. I could not have done it without your love and su
28、pport.”In an unusual switch, the graduate had given her parents a graduation gift.确定下列短文的大意：确定下列短文的大意： 5. Dental research on rats may lead to chocolate thats good for you. In one study, researchers found that rats who ate chocolate candy high in fat and casein got 71 percent fewer cavities than thos
29、e who ate sugar or fudge alone. In a follow up study, rats were fed chocolate candy that had an even greater amount of casein, a milk protein. The rats then got almost no cavities at all. Because of this research, one company may develop a chocolate candy thats healthy for your teeth.确定下列短文的大意：确定下列短
30、文的大意： 6. One odd suggestion for curing hiccups is to cut some holes in a paper bag, put the bag over your head, and breathe deeply. Another is to put a teaspoon of sugar on your tongue; by the time the sugar has disappeared, some claim, so have the hiccups. Some people feel that the way to get rid o
31、f hiccups is to cover a glass of water with a clean handkerchief and then drink the water through the hankie. If none of these methods works, you might try yet another odd cure for hiccups: stand on your head, close your eyes tightly, take a deep breath, and recite “Mary Had a Little Lamb.”2.2.细节理解题
32、细节理解题 历年来的专四阅读理解试题中细节题占比例较大。 细节题是对文章的理解而言的，题目形式通常表现为正选和反选两种。正选就是要求选出符合文章内容的选项，其他三项都不符合文章意思或推断不出来； 而反选则是选出与文章内容不相符的一项，其他三项都符合文章意思。纵观历年考题，反选题比例更高些。【真题示例】2006年ForseveraldaysIsawlittleofMr.Rochester.Inthemorningheseemedmuchoccupiedwithbusiness,andintheafternoongentlemenfromtheneighborhoodcalledandsometi
33、messtayedtodinewithhim.Whenhisfootwaswellenough,herodeoutagreatdeal.Duringthistime,allmyknowledgeofhimwaslimitedtooccasionalmeetingsaboutthehouse,whenhewouldsometimespassmecoldly,andsometimesbowandsmile.Hischangesofmannerdidnotoffendme,becauseIsawthatIhadnothingtodowiththecauseofthem.91.Atthebeginni
34、ngMissEyresimpressionsofMr.RochesterwereallEXCEPT_.A.busyB.sociableC.friendlyD.changeable3.3.分析推理题分析推理题 在许多文章中，作者的意图或态度会隐含在字里行间，这就要求学生综合文章中的线索，以文章表面文字信息为依据进行分析、推理、判断和检验，理解文章的深层意义。对考生来讲，推理题是具有一定难度的题目，考查的不仅是考生对文章的理解能力，还有考生的逻辑思维能力和对各种知识的综合运用能力。在解题时，仅靠捕捉字面信息还是不够的，要把每句话都放到全篇中去考虑以得出综合的判断。该题型常见的提问方式有：(1)题目
35、中使用infer一词，明确要求考生进行推理判断。主动、被动语态均有，如：Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_.(2)题目中用imply一词，要求考生推理得出文章中没有直接表达的内容，也就是含义，如：Itisimpliedinthepassagethat_.(3)题目中使用conclude一词，要求考生根据文章内容得到某种推论，这种形式常常要求推断出总体的印象和含义，常为大意题的一种形式，但主要在于推理和得到相应的结论。如：Wecanconcludefromthepassagethattheauthoris_.(4)题目中使用suggest一词，“间接地表示”，如
36、：Itsuggeststhatthecentralproblemisrelationshipsbetween.(5)题目中使用seem一词，要求我们根据所读的印象回答问题，但不能草率地根据模糊的印象就决定选择答案；而必须根据文章中各种线索进行分析推理。如：Thepassageseemstoindicateattheendthatchildren_.(6)题目中用名词impression，这里的“印象”只能通过主观的分析推理得到，如：Wegettheimpressionfromthefirstparagraphthattheauthor.(7)题目中用(most)probably,clearly
37、这类词语，表示答案选项为可能的推理，要求学生选出合理的一个，如：Theauthorwasmostprobably_.vA twenty eight year old woman named Catherine Genovese was returning home from work one day. Kitty, as she was called by almost everyone in her Queens neighborhood, had just parked her car. Then a man with a knife grabbed her. She screamed,
38、“Oh my God, he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!”For more than half an hour, thirty eight neighbors watched the killer stalk Kitty. The last time he stabbed her, she was slumped on the foot of the stairs to her apartment. Not one person telephoned the police during the fatal attack. Later,
39、 the policemen gathered statements from the witnesses. Among their comments were, “I didnt want to get involved,”“We thought it was a lovers quarrel,”and “I was tired. I went back to bed.”vQ: We can conclude that the man who stabbed Genovese _.A. was someone she knew B. intended to kill her C. was a
40、 convicted criminal D. was crazy4. 观点态度题观点态度题在回答态度类问题时，先要把握文章总的基调。在阅读时要注意文章不同层次连接处的信号词，注意文章中语句间的逻辑关系，作者的态度往往会在转折词（but,however,nevertheless,etc.）后面表露；在带有让步状语从句的句子里，作者会在主句中透露自己的倾向。同时，还要注意作者使用的一些感情色彩强烈的词，如：ashamedly,unfortunately,ironically,irrationally等，我们可以从中揣测作者的好恶。还有一种解答态度题的策略是从文章的体裁入手，一般说来，说明文中，作者
41、的态度是客观的（objective）或中立的(neutral)；而在议论文中，作者的观点会表现出不同的倾向，如positive(肯定的)，negative（否定的），optimistic（乐观的），pessimistic（悲观的），critical（批评的），favourable（赞成的），unfavorable（不赞成的），indifferent（漠不关心的），ironical/sarcastic（讽刺的）等等。【真题示例】（2006年）“Dontbeafraidofme,MissEyre.”Hecontinued.“Youdontrelaxorlaughverymuch,perhapsbe
42、causeoftheeffectLowoodschoolhashadonyou.Butintimeyouwillbemorenaturalwithme,andlaugh,andspeakfreely.Yourelikeabirdinacage.Whenyougetoutofthecage,youllflyveryhigh.Goodnight.”95Attheendofthepassage,Mr.Rochestersounded_.A.rudeB.coldC.friendlyD.encouraging5.5. 词汇语义题词汇语义题 词汇语义题主要考查学生对个别单词、短语和句子的理解，有一定难度，
43、通常要求考生通读上下文，综合各方面的知识后做出判断。猜测词义的技巧不外乎两种：上下文语境法和利用词根词缀的构词法。(1)(1) 上下文语境法：上下文语境法：利用文中所给的定义、同义词、相关信息、例证、比较等。如：Thescienceofmeteorologyisconcernedwiththestudyofthestructure,stateandbehaviouroftheatmosphere. (2)(2) 利用构词法猜测词义利用构词法猜测词义：英语中有些复合词、混合词可以结合上下文语境压缩词义的范围，选择一个合理的词义解释。另外，寻找词根也是猜测词义的最佳办法之一，因为词根最能反映一个词
44、的基本意义。最后，辨认单词的前缀和后缀，了解其意义和作用，有助于猜测生词的词义。【注意】词汇语义题还是要把该词放到整个文章中，结合上下文来综合判断或推测该词的意义，需要调动学生的逻辑思维能力和综合判断能力。练习1：Everyyearthousandsofpeoplearearrestedandtakentocourtforshop-lifting.InBritishalone,aboutHK3,000,000sworthofgoodsarestolenfromshopseveryweek.ThisamountstosomethinglikeHK150millionayear,andrepres
45、entsabout4percentoftheshopstotalstock.Asaresultofthis“shrinkage”astheshopscallit,thehonestpublichastopayhigherprices.练习2：The reasons for Disneys success are quite a lot, but ultimately the credit belongs to one person-the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing, Walt Disney. I
46、ronically, he could not draw particularly well. But he was a genius in other aspects. In business, his greatest skills were his insight and his management ability. After setting himself up in Hollywood, he single-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchandising-something his company sti
47、ll does brilliantly today. 练习3：Socratesmethodofteachingwastoaskquestionsand,bypretendingnottoknowtheanswers,topresshisstudentsintothinkingforthemselves.HisteachingshadunsurpassedinfluenceonallthegreatGreekandRomanschoolsofphilosophy.Yet,forallhisfameandinfluence,Socrateshimselfneverwroteaword.1.Theword“unsurpassed”inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto_.A.untoldB.unequal C.unnoticedD.unexpectedExercises:see the handouts
