初中英语句子结构_

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1、GrammarGrammarsentences课件制作者May句子成份句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（ subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（ predicate group） 句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状Membersofsentence:S-subjectP-predicativeO-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverbOc-objectcomplement主主宾宾表表补补定定状状1) 主语（主语（subject）I like football.The boy needs a

2、pen. 句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任担任, ,常置于句首。常置于句首。2) 谓语（谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态。由说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。担任。常置于主语后。 The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.,动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词动名词 或从句或从句名词名词,主格代词主格代词动词动词1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often

3、speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语

4、为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 vv2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词构过去分词构成。如：成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。3) 宾语宾语（

5、object）4) 表语表语（predicative）He won the game. 表示表示vt.的动作对象或的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。所联系的对象。由由n.或相当于或相当于n.的词担任。置于的词担任。置于vt.或或prep.后。后。Tome lost his life in the big fire.He is a student.用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由由n.n.或或adj.adj.担任。置于系动词之后。担任。置于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定副词、不定式、动名词、

6、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： （五）宾语（五）宾语v宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyeste

7、rday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）v宾语种类宾语种类：v（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lendme your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：Hesentthenovelto

8、Williamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.v（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：vTheyelectedhim their monitor.v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：Jo

9、hnhasadmittedbreaking the window.v下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。vforgettodo表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如：vDontforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来还没来)vIforgotreturningthebooktohim.v(书已还给他了书已还给他了)v除了除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也

10、可以用作系动词，系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表表感官的动词感官的动词:2) 表表转变变化转变变化的动词的动词:3)表表延续延续的动词的动词feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。等。become, get, grow, turn, go,等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等等。注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状

11、态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：Healwayskept silentatmeeting.3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，主这一概念，主要有要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems (tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等

12、。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达结果是结果是;证明是证明是，之意，之意，例如：例如：Therumorpro

13、ved false.Hisplanturned outasuccess.1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one?（数词）（数词）6.Hisjobisto teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplaying football.（动名词）（动名词）8.Themeetingisof great

14、 importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）5) 宾补（宾补（objective complement） 补充说明宾语的情况补充说明宾语的情况 。由由n. /adj. /n. /adj. /介宾介宾 / /分词分词 / /不定式等担任。不定式等担任。They made him king. I consider the book too expensive. 6) 定语（定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修

15、饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用汉语中常用的的表示表示, ,通常位于被修饰的成分前。通常位于被修饰的成分前。The black bike is mine.( )（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 v宾语补足语（宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。

16、等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名词、一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）

17、（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）说明说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 说明说明2：不定式、短语或从句不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。班的。 The boys in the

18、 room are in Class Ten. （七）定语（七）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。v定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词（分词）3.Therearethirty womenteachersinourschool.（名词）（名词）4.His rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurpri

19、sed.（代词）（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）（动名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabout how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwho sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)7) 状语（状语（adverbial）用以修饰用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句及全句,位置灵活位置灵

20、活。通常在句子基本结构通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；之后，强调时放在句首；修饰修饰形容词或副词形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示表示时间、地点、目的的状语时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，首，一些表示不确定时间（如：一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：）或程度（如：almost）的副）的副词状语通常位于词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。I am very sorry.We often help him. When I gro

21、w up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语（从句作时间状语) （八）状语（八）状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（

22、介词短语）（不定式短语）9种状语种类如下： 1.Howaboutmeetingagainat six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）vShecameinwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to

23、 catch up with the others,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语） （九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,our headmast

24、er.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.四、选择填空：v()1._willleaveforBeijing.vA.NowtherethemanvB.ThemanherenowvC.ThemanwhoisherenowvD.Themanisherenowv()2.Theweather_.vA.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldvC.notwetand

25、coldD.werewetandcoldv()3.Theappletasted_.vA.sweetsB.sweetlyvC.nicelyD.sweetv()4.Hegotup_yesterdaymorning.vA.latelyB.latevC.latestD.latterv()5.Theactor_attheageof70.vA.deadB.diedvC.dyedD.dyingv()6._wereallverytired,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.vA.We,usB.Us,wevC.We,ourD.We,wev()7.Hefoundthestreetmuc

26、h_.vA.crowdB.crowdingvC.crowdedD.crowdedlyv()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEnglishwell.vA.its B.itvC.thatD.thatisv()9.Thedog_mad.vA.looksB.islookedvC.isbeinglookedD.waslookedv()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.vA.thatB.whenvC.inwhichD.where句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义充当充当词类例句例句主主语表示句子表示句子说的是什么人或什么的是

27、什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动名名词，短，短语或或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语说明主明主语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样动词或或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示表示动作行作行为的的对象象同主同主语Both of us like English.表表语与与联系系动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓语，说明主明主语的性的性质或特征或特征同主同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语用来修用来修

28、饰名名词或代或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介副，介词短短语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语修修饰动词，形容，形容词，副，副词，表，表示示动作作发生的生的时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结果等果等副副词，介，介词短短语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足足语逻辑上与上与宾语是主是主谓关系关系形容形容词，名，名词，介，介词短短语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾

29、主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句.简单句简单句1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We dont beat children.4. He gave his sister the piano.5. I found the book easy. 主 + 谓主 + 谓 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.

30、I will write you a long letter.I will let him go. PracticePractice 主 + 谓主 + 谓 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补.并列句并列句This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. andorbut soHe knocked a

31、t the door; there was no answer.Youre alive! And shes dead. 并列句1.并列关系并列句连词有：and, not onlybut also, neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有：but, yet, however3.选择关系并列句连词有：or., eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有：for, so, therefore例句并列关系：I hope him and he help me转折关系：He tried open the door, but he couldnt 选择关系：Either you are foolish

32、 or he is因果关系：the students are on holidays, therefore you can see them today。名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句.复合句复合句Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Hesaidthathedidntlikeher. 主语从句名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。主语从

33、句的引导词通常有whowhomwhenwherewhywhathowwhichwhosewhether等，等，主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式式What I said is important to youHow to get there is still not decideWhether to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事说明：主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用it作做形式主

34、语1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all It is known to all that light travels in straight lines 众所周知，光是以直线运行众所周知，光是以直线运行2.When the plane is to take off has not been announced It has not been announced when the plane is to take off 飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布1.It is +形容词形容词+从句从句2.It is

35、 necessary that有必要有必要3.It is clear that. 很清很清楚楚4.It is (un) likely that 很可能很可能5.It is important that主要的是主要的是.1.It is +过去分词过去分词+从句从句2.It is said that据说据说.3.It is reported that 据报道据报道.4.It has been proved that.已证明已证明 5.It must be pointed out that必须指出必须指出定语从句定语从句又称关系从句：在主句中相当于一个定语，在主句中相当于一个定语，只不过这个定语是一

36、个句子只不过这个定语是一个句子定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个句子，被修饰的词叫现行词，从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出关系代词有：that. Which, who, whom, whose等关系副词有：when , where , whyThe man who wrote this book in famous scientist 先行词 关系代词 (定语)The village where I was born has grown into a town(先行词) 关系代词 (定语)that 关系代词与先行词的关系限制性定语从句 先行词 关系代词主语 关系代词宾语 关系代词所有格代

37、替人 who/that which/that whom/that which/that that whose=of whom代替物 whose=of which 代替人 和物 代替人代替物 代替人和物 非限制性定语从句代替人和物代替前一句话which whichwhosewhich关系副词与先行词的关系先行词 关系副词 在从句中作用时间名词 when=at,on,in, 时间状语 during / which地点名词 where=in, at/which地点状语只有reasonwhy=for which 原因状语例句说明（在定语从句中，关系词在句中一在定语从句中，关系词在句中一 定要担任成分定

38、要担任成分） 1.关系代词引导的定语从句John is the girl who/that was injured in the accident （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）He found the watch which/that he had lost （先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）The man whom/that you saw just now is our manager 先行词 关系代词 （ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）Thehousewhich/thatwasdamagedinthefirewillberebuilt 先行词 关系代

39、词 （ 关系代词在从句中作主语）Isthereanyonewhosenameiswangli?先行词 关系代词 ( 关系代词在从句中作主语）Thebuildingwhoseroofwecanseeformhereis （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）Sheisnolongerthegirlthatshewasinherchildhood 先行词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）Thereisnotaneasyquestionthatyouthinkittobe（ 先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）注意的问题One

40、 of+复数名词+关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式先行词为复数，从句谓语用复数Tom is one of those women, who like to play bridge当one之前有the only/right/very等修饰词时，从句谓语根据one而定，用单复数形式He is the only one of the boys who likes to go to the theatre当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用thatThe book from which(不能用that) I got a lot of useful informa

41、tion 先行词 介词 关系代词was written by a famous scientist（关系代词（关系代词whichwhich在从句中作介词在从句中作介词fromfrom的宾语）的宾语）Tomistheboywithwhom(不用不用that)youweretalkamomentago 先行词 介词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）注：当介词位于从句句末时，关系代词仍可用that也可省去 上两句可改为：1The book that/which I got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous sc

42、ientist2Tom is the boy that/whom you were talking with a moment ago 关系副词在定语从句中的应用关系副词在定语从句中的应用1.Ishallneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)newchinawas founded 先行词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语）2.Hecameatatimewhen(atwhich)wewereinneedofhelp 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)3.Theschoolwhere(inwhich)Iworkisnotfarfromhere 先行词 关

43、系代词 （ 关系代词在从句中担地点状语）4.Isthistheplacewhere(atwhich)thattrafficaccidenthappened? 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担地点状语5.Hedidntgivethereasonwhy(forwhich)hewasabsentyesterday. （先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中担原因状语）6.Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hemissedthebuswasthathegotuplate 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担原因状语 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由关系代词非限制性

44、定语从句由关系代词which,who,whose,where,when引出引出，而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词代词that不能引起非限制性定语从句不能引起非限制性定语从句名词、代词名词、代词+of+which+whom引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系Therearemanyformsofenergy,eachofwhichisusefulforus非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开Hemissedthetrain,whichanno

45、yedhimverymuch（先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow （先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）注：关系代词注：关系代词which有时可以用来指代主句的一部分有时可以用来指代主句的一部分TomcanwritealetterinChinese,whichMarycannot （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担方式状语）试比较：试比较：Julyisthemonthwhenwehavealotofrain （先行词（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代

46、词）（关系代词在从句中担状语）关系代词在从句中担状语）Themeetingwillbeputofftillnextmonth,whenwewillhavemadeallthepreparations （先行词）（关系代词）（先行词）（关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中担状语）Iwanttobuythehousewhich(=that)hasagarden (先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担主语）Iwanttobuythehouse,which(不等于不等于that)hasagarden（先行词）（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中担主语）关系代词在从句中担主语）注：

47、在定语从句中，同样的先行词，由于在从句中 担任的作用不同，须选用不同的关系词1.This is the place where I spent my childhood （先行词）（关系代词）（先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担地点状语）关系代词在从句中担地点状语）2.This is the place, which I visited last summer （先行词）（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）关系代词在从句中担宾语）3.The reason which he gave was unacceptable （先行词）（关系代词）（先行词）（关系代词）（

48、 关系代词在从句中担宾语）关系代词在从句中担宾语）4.The reason why he did that was unacceptable （先行词）（关系代词）（先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担原因状语）关系代词在从句中担原因状语） 同位语从句同位语从句1.同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句 的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分，常见的有： fact, idea, news, hope, evidence, suggestion, order, problemThe doctors came to the conclusion that th

49、e patient was suffering from cancerThe discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton同位语从句通常由that引出，但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由 whether, when, where, how, what, why引出They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the workI have no idea when he will return有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，有时同位语从句不是

50、紧跟名词后，而是被其它词隔开而是被其它词隔开An idea occurred him that he might borrow the money from his father 发生 ，出现They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming 定语从句和同位语从句的区别从结构上看：同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分， 定语从句的关系词在从中担任某个成分。The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong(同位语从句that在从句中不担当

51、任何成分)The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong(定语从句that在从句中担任宾语)表语从句表语从句表语从句的结构：主语表语从句的结构：主语+连系动词连系动词+表语从句表语从句常用的连系动词有常用的连系动词有:be,seen,remain,look等等Myideaisthatthisplanshouldbecarriedoutimmediately我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行Thequestionremainswhetherweshouldaccepttheirinvitation问题仍然是我们

52、是否应该接受他们的邀请问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请Itlooksthat(asif)itisgoingtorain看起来天要下雨看起来天要下雨 where why how引导的从句作this is或that is的表语时， 它们通常不含有疑问意义,而是分别表示具体的地点， 原因.方式.翻译That is why we called off the meeting这就是我们取消会议的原因This is how we did it我们就用这种方式做的注:主语是reason的表语从句用that引导,不要用becauseThe reason (why) he was late was that

53、 he missed the bus 宾语从句充当宾语的从句，叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作动词宾语， 介词宾语，和某些形容词的宾语一.作动词宾语Everybody knows that goods takes up the room(由连词引导)He wondered how the building were built(由连接副词引导)常跟连接词that引导的宾语从句的动词有：AdmitagreeanswerbelievecommandcomplainconfessDecidedemanddenydoubtdreamexpectexplainfeelhearHopeimagineintendi

54、nsistknowmeannoticepreferorderProposereplyreportrequestrequiresayseesuggestsupposethinkurge(激励)wishunderstand常跟疑问代词who whom疑问副词when where why how whether if 引导宾语从句的动词有：Advise ask discover discuss doubt find out imagine inquire(询问询问) know question show tell understand wonderA. tell/inform/remind/show

55、/teach+间接宾语+宾语从句”结构 He told me where he lived B. advise/ask/ assure/promise/question/warn等+间接宾语+ 宾语从句+结构中，间接宾语可省略 I promised (him) that I would give him more help 我对他的保证将给他更多的帮助作介词宾语:This depends on how hard you work这取决于你的工作的如何努力Is there anything wrong in what I said?A. that引导的宾语从句只限做介词in except but

56、 beside 的宾语从句Men different from brutes in that they can speak and think人和兽类的区别在于他们有语言和思想The meal was very good except that the fish was a bit too salty除了鱼有点咸，这顿是、很好的I would have helped you but that I was so busy then若不是工作忙，我本来时帮助你的B “介词+it+ that“结构You may depend on it that they will support you你放心,他

57、们会支持你的Ill see to it that everything is ready in time我将负责按时做好一切准备C 动词+it+ that 结构I take it that they will succeed我想他们会成功的The newspapers have it that firm is almost bankrupt据报道那家公司几乎破产D be+形容词+that 结构类似形容词有:sure certain afraid confident等They are confident that they can do the job I am not certain whet

58、her (if) the train will arrive on time我没有把握火车是否转时达到宾语从句否定意义的转移在think believe suppose expect等动词后跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语动词是否定的一般要将否定词not转移到主句谓语动词上而将从句变为肯定形式I dont think he has time to play chess with you 我没想到他有时间和你下棋I dont suppose it is the rush hour yet我认为现在还未到（交通）高峰时间宾语从句的时态呼应: 宾语从句的时态是在主句的时态其础上向前推进一个时态. 如:主句为

59、过去时,从句要用过去完成时,若从句表示的客观真理或自然观念,其谓语时态仍用一般现在时.He said that he had left his umbrella in the library. 他说把伞忘在图书馆里了.The teacher told the students that the pacific ocean is the largest Ocean in the world.老师告诉学生,太平洋是世界上最大的海洋.插入疑问句.练习，就划线部分提问，再理解1.I think that John will arrive at 5 oclock When do you think Jo

60、hn will arrive?2.They said that they had cleaned the classroom What did they say they had done?3.we believe that prefer will be given the prize Who do you believe will be given the prize?4.They expected that the teacher would criticize prefer Whom did they expect the teacher would criticize? 定语从句知识点

61、总结:Which, that引导定语从句在定语从句中,which/that在指代事物时可互换,但在下列情况下不可互换,只用which不用thatA 关系代词前有介词时 如: This is the room in which we lived last yearB 引导非限制性定语从句 Johns dog, which was now very old, because ill and diedC 表示继续关系的非限制性定语从句中 （这种定语从句的先行词不是一个词，通常是整个句子， 定语从句与所修饰的整个句子用逗号开如：Mr.Smithnoddedseveraltimesandsmiled,w

62、hichrathersurprisedmeHesawthegirleveryday,whichwasverynaturalManyhasmaderapidprogressinherstudies,whichisknowntousallD 当先行词后面有插入语时如：Here is the English grammar book which as I have told you, will help improve your English只用that不用whichA.先行词为all much little everything anything nothing none the one 等先行

63、词 如:Is there anything that I can do for you? Thats all that I knowB.先行词前有only any few little no all one of等修饰语时 如: You can take any seat that is free There is a little time that we can spare但 I was the only person in my office who was invited 这句中用who不用that.若用that有可能理解为office的定语从句 改用who, 必然理解为person的

64、定语从句 先行词是序数词，或先行词受序数词修饰时如:This is the first composition that I have written in EnglishD.先行词是最高级形容词或先行词受最高级形容词修饰时如:This is the best film that has been shown this yearE.先行词为联系动词be后面的表语时如:Its a book that will help you a lotF.主句以there be开头时如:There is a seat in the corner that is still free 先行词是数词如:Yeste

65、rday I caught two fish, now you can see the two fish that are still alive in a basin of waterH.先行词受same修饰时如：she is wearing the same dress that(=as) she wore at the meetingI have the same opinion that(=as) you have I.先行词同时含有人和物时如：Later we visited the school and the teacher that I had visited last yea

66、r.先行词为all anyone one ones指人时多用who不用thatAll who heard the news were amazedAnyone who refused to bow was thrown into prison凡拒绝鞠躬的人都被关进监狱One who doesnt work hard will never be happy在以there be开头的句子中多用who不用thatThere is a stranger who wants to see you在非限制性定语从句中,需用who如:Abraham Lincoln, who was murdered at

67、a theatre in washing D.C, died on April 15,1865只用that不用who若先行词前有序数词，形容词最高级the last, same 或only修饰时，多用that, 如：The first person that I visited there was Mr. Green He is the last man that I want to see He is the finest work mate that I have ever worked with She is the same teacher that was praised the o

68、ther day She is the only person that understands me当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that,以免与先行词重复如：Who that has common sense will do such a thing? 凡是有常识的人会做出这种事来吗？ Which one of us that knows something about physics does not know this? 我们当中懂得一些物理的人谁不知这个呢？ Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

69、站在大门口的那个人是谁？若先行词兼人或物时须用that如：He talked about the teacher and schools that he had visited若关系代词在从句中作表语须用that如:HeisnotthemanthatheusedtobeWhose, of whom, of which的区别Whose可指人也可指物Of whom只指人Of which只指物如：This is the boy whose house caught fire last week (whose指人) The table whose legs were broken has been r

70、epaired (whose指物) I want to talk to the students the homework of whom hasnt been handed in (of whom指人)That is our room ,the windows of which face the south (of which指物)状语从句状语从句由从属连接词引导状语从句状语从句由从属连接词引导分为九类：分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、时间、地点、原因、结果、 目的、条件、让步、方式、程度目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1) 时间状语从句时间状语从句Wait until you are cal

71、led.When spring came, leaves turn green.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, whenever等等2) 地点状语从句地点状语从句Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：where, wherever, anywhere3) 原因状语从句原因状语从句As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman常用

72、的关联词有：常用的关联词有：because, as, since4) 结果状语从句结果状语从句I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, such that, that 5) 目的状语从句目的状语从句Ill show you so you will see how its done.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, in order that6) 条件状语从句条件状语从句If it snows tomorrow, we will build a sno

73、wman.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：if, unless, in case that, on condition that常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：though, although, if even if, even though,7) 让步状语从句让步状语从句Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as, as if, as though, how常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, as far as, so long as8) 方式状语从句方式状语从句He did

74、 just as you told him.9) 程度状语从句程度状语从句So long as you need me, Ill stay. 名词性从句名词性从句1) 主语从句主语从句* What he said is not known.* That we shall be late is certain.* It is certain that we shall be late.* How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 2）表语从句表语从句* That is what he wants to buy. * The problem

75、 is that who we can get to replace her?* The reason is that he has lied to me several times. 3) 宾语从句宾语从句* I understand that he is well qualified.* He said that he didnt like her. * I dont know if you can help me.4) 同位语从句同位语从句* Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?* The question who should

76、do the work requires consideration.* Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.the ideaThe questiona promise注意！注意！* that与与what都可以引导名词性从句。都可以引导名词性从句。* what在从句中充当句子成份（主在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾宾,表）。表）。* That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。* that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.That is what

77、 he wants to buy.That we shall be late is certain.He said (that) he didnt like her.引导词引导词that & what 状语从句状语从句分为九类：分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、时间、地点、原因、结果、 目的、条件、让步、方式、程度目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1) 时间状语从句时间状语从句Wait until you are called.When spring came, leaves turn green.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ unt

78、il, when, while, as soon as, whenever等等2) 地点状语从句地点状语从句Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：where, wherever, anywhere3) 原因状语从句原因状语从句As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：because, as, since4) 结果状语从句结果状语从句I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the t

79、elephone.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, such that, that 5) 目的状语从句目的状语从句Ill show you so you will see how its done.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, in order that6) 条件状语从句条件状语从句If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：if, unless, in case that, on condition that常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：though, although, if even if, even though,7) 让步状语从句让步状语从句Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as, as if, as though, how常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, as far as, so long as8) 方式状语从句方式状语从句He did just as you told him.9) 程度状语从句程度状语从句So long as you need me, Ill stay. Grammarsentences