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1、第六章第六章标准英语写作标准英语写作提要提要：本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从提高单句的写作能力着手，消灭各种类型的基本错误，从而提高整体的写作能力。1.标点错误2.用词混淆3.搭配问题4.漏词5.累赘6.不一致7.不平衡8.错位9.垂悬10. 应用定语从句时易犯的错误 虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练，但是许多人写出的文章错误百出，其中包括基本的拼写、用词、时态、句子结构等方面的错误。这些错误的产生主要是因为受到母语的干扰。许多学生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差别，所以写出来的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪
2、些干扰，从而消灭各种类型的基本错误。 实践表明，多数学生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。要提高写作的能力，必须从提高单句的写作能力着手。6.1 标点错误标点错误 英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系 英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由必不可少的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。 英语是形合的，而汉语是意合的，
3、这是中文和英文的最大区别。英语句子中如果少了连接词，如or，but，if，so，because，when，although，inorderthat，sothat等等，所要表达的意思就会支离破碎，而汉语有时即便没有连接词，只从句子本身的意思也可以把概念或关系表达清楚。例如，中文可以说“一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行”。而英文要说“AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina”又比如：“他笑了，我哭了”。英文不能说“Helaughed,Icried.” 而要说“Helaughed,butIcried.”这个例子是典
4、型的标点错误，英语语法家称之为commasplices(接合)，翻译成中文就是“串句”。下面我们通过一些练习来提高英文标点符号的使用能力。（1）采用多种方法，例如增加and或but，使用主从句、分词短语、不定式等改正下面的串句。a.考试推迟了，上课取消了。误：Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelled.正 ： The exam was postponed, and the class wascancelled.As the exam was postponed, the class wascancelled.b.雨下了整整一夜，天花板开始漏水。误：Itra
5、inedallnight,theceilingbegantoleak.正：Itrainedallnight,andtheceilingbegantoleak.Theceilingbegantoleakbecauseithadrainedallnight.Thenight-longraincausedtheceilingtoleak.c.他举起一块石头，石头砸在他的脚上。误：Heliftedarock,itfellonhisfeet.正：Heliftedarock,butitfellonhisfeet.Heliftedarockonly todropitonhisfeet.d.售票处排起了长队，
6、所有票子都已售完。误：Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,alltheticketshadbeensoldout.正：Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,butalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,thoughalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,despite the fact thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.（2）同样一句话，
7、用了逗号，或者多用了一个逗号，或者逗号的位置不同，意思会完全改变。a.作者原来的意思是：Thereweretenchairsintheroom.Threeofthemwerebroken.Theotherswerefine.下面哪一句最符合原意：(i)Thechairs,whichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.(ii)Thechairswhichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberepaired.(iii)Thechairs,whichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberep
8、aired.(iv)Thechairswhichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.正确选择应为(ii)。如果选(i)，则意味着所有椅子都坏了。(iii)和(iv)在语法上都不成立。b.请指出下面两个句子的意思有什么不同。(i)Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPetersrecords,lectures,andspeeches,weresaved.尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的唱片、讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。(ii
9、)Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPetersrecords,lecturesandspeeches,weresaved.尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的资料，即讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。（3）去掉多余的逗号。a.误：Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuse,andorganizedrobbery.正：Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuseandorganizedrobbery.b.误：Hetol
10、dmethathehopedtobuyanewcar,andtosellhisoldone.正：Hetoldmethathehopedtobuyanewcarandtosellhisoldone.c.误：Hisstudents,listenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.正：Hisstudentslistenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.d.误：Aletter,thatiswritteninpencil,isdifficulttoread.正：Aletterthatiswritteninpencilisdifficu
11、lttoread.e.误：Indeed,overpopulation(人口过剩),aproblem,mostpeoplehaveonly recentlybegunto recognize,is themainsource of the majority of our other ecological(生态学)difficulties.正：Indeed,overpopulation,aproblemmostpeoplehaveonlyrecentlybeguntorecognize,isthemainsourceofthemajorityofourotherecologicaldifficul
12、ties.f.误：Americans,whogotoothercountries,expectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebaths,foundinhotelsintheUnitedStates,areoftenverypoorambassadors.正：Americanswhogotoothercountriesexpectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebathsfoundinhotelsintheUnitedStatesareoftenverypoorambassado
13、rs.（4）增添必要的逗号，使句子变得完整。a.误：Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbreadsomelocalbuttersomecheesealargeonionandapintofbeer.正：Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbread,somelocalbutter,somecheese,alargeonion,andapintofbeer.b. 误：He should or rather must attend better to hisstudies.正：Heshould,o
14、rrathermust,attendbettertohisstudies.c.误：Theladywasdressedingraythecolorofapigeonsfeathers.正：Theladywasdressedingray,thecolorofapigeonsfeathers.d.误：“Idonotknowwhenhewillcomehowhewillcomewithwhomhewillcomeorwhetherhewillcomeatall.”正：“I do not know when he will come, how he willcome,withwhomhewillcome
15、,orwhetherhewillcomeatall.”e.误：Wedonothavetellyouthetrueaverygoodopinionofhim.正：Wedonothave,tellyouthetrue,averygoodopinionofhim.（5）分号常用在两个或两个以上关系比较密切的分句之间。我们常常可以通过使用分号来代替串句中的逗号，就可以改正串句的错误。a.误：Onemomenthewasfriendlythenexthewasindifferent(漠不关心).正：Onemomenthewasfriendly;thenexthewasindifferent.b.误：He
16、knewwhathewantedhoweverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.正：Heknewwhathewanted;howeverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.c.误：Youmustworkhardotherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.正：Youmustworkhard;otherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.d. 误 ： There seemed no chance of coming to anagreement therefore it was decided to break o
17、ffnegotiations.正 ： There seemed no chance of coming to anagreement; therefore it was decided to break offnegotiations.（6）引号主要用于直接引语，但也可用于书名或用于要引起人们注意的单词或短语上。引号还分双引号和单引号，美国英文一般用双引号。请给序列句子添上引号，同时注意标上其他必要的符号，如逗号、句号、冒号、问号、惊叹号等。a.误：HowdoyouspellthewordRenaissance(复兴)正：Howdoyouspelltheword“Renaissance”?b.
18、误：IknowhesaidbutIcantwait正：“Iknow,”hesaid,“butIcantwait.”c.误：After the lecture he had but one commentUseless正：After the lecture he had but one comment:“Useless.”d. 误 ： Then addressing(招 呼 ) me she said withenforcedcalmnessMysonisill正：Then addressing me, she said, with enforcedcalmness:“Mysonisill.”（
19、7）请给下列句子添上撇号（省字号）。a.Toomanyandssuggestimmaturityofstyle.Toomanyandssuggestimmaturityofstyle.b.HowmanyAshaveyougotintheterminalexams?HowmanyAshaveyougotintheterminalexams?c.DoyouseeMr.Jonescaroverthere?DoyouseeMr.Jonescaroverthere?d.Congreveseldomcrossedhists,his7slookedlike9s,andhisandswereusuallys.
20、Congreveseldomcrossedhists,his7slookedlike9s,andhisandswereusuallys.6.2 用词混淆用词混淆英文一些单词极易混淆。有的发音相似，甚至相同，但意义却完全不同；有的拼写大同小异，意思却大相径庭；有的貌似反义词，却是同义词。（1）英文里有3对词（只有3对），表面上看绝对是反义词，意义上却是同义词。你能从下面6对词中找出这3对词吗？a.flammable/inflammable易燃的(同义词)b.hinge/unhinge 装上铰链/取下铰链(反义词)c.valuable/invaluable宝贵的(同义词)d.integrate/d
21、isintegrate 集成/分解(反义词)e.furl/unfurl卷起/铺开(反义词)f.ravel/unravel解开(同义词)（2）下面是一些中国学生经常混淆的单词。请你指出下列各对单词在词义或用法上的差别。a.thediseased/thedeceased病人/死人b.illusion/delusion幻想/错觉c.attribute/contribute(把某结果)归因于/是(某结果的)部分原因plement/compliment补充/恭维e.council/counsel委员会/忠告f.credible/credulous可信的/轻信的g.human/humane人的/人道的h.
22、moral/morale 道德/士气i.proceed/precede着手；继续进行/领先于j.principle/principal原则；原理/校长；主要的k.incident/incidence事件/死亡率；影响范围l.capital/capitol 首都；资金/国会大厦m.model/module模型；模特儿/模块；登月舱n.drive/driver驱动(动词)；驱动器/驱动器；驱动程序o.assemble/assembly组装；汇编(动词)/组件；汇编(名词)（3）下面每个句子中都有一个词用错了，请加以纠正a.U.S.lawsconcerningthesell(sale)andcons
23、umptionofalcoholmayseemveryliberalorveryconstrainingtoyou,dependingonyournationality.b.IntheUnitedStates,itisillegible(illegal)topurchasealcoholicdrinks,includingbeerandwine,untilyoureachtheageof21.c.Lawsgoverningalcoholcanvariable(vary)fromstatetostate.d.Forexample,itisillegalinsomestatestowalkalon
24、gthestreetwithanopencontain(container)ofbeer.e.Insomestates,alcoholicbeveragescanbepurchasedonlyinspecial,state-runned(run)stores.f.Collegesanduniversitiesoftenhavepoliciesthatrefrain(restrict)theconsumptionofalcoholicbeveragesoncampus.6.3 搭配问题搭配问题英文中有许多动词需要与介词或副词搭配使用，例如come，break，give，take，put等等，如果
25、要列出它们所有的搭配情况，那么可以构成一本厚厚的字典。这里，我们只是希望通过一些练习，引起学生对这种搭配问题的重视。当我们强调注意动词与介词或副词搭配使用的时候，不要错误地认为所有动词都必须与介词或副词搭配使用。请做下面练习，每句话里都有4个动词，指出哪些动词不需要与介词或副词搭配，哪些动词需要搭配，并把介词或副词写出来。a.Manypassengers(criticize;condemn;complainabout;findfaultwith)theirregularbusservicesinthecity.b.Our teacher ( apologized for; referred t
26、o; regretted;explained)hisabsenceyesterday.c.Nobodyis(objectingto;opposing;resisting;interferingwith)theschemetoclosedownthefactory.d.The man next door is ( paying for; purchasing;disposingof ;savingupfor)asecond-handcar.e.Myroom-mate(insistson;enjoys;persistsin;hates)gettingupearly.f.His collection
27、 of records ( includes; consists of;comprises;covers)jazz,blues,andraps.g. The opposition intends to ( accept; agree to; dissentfrom;modify)thenewproposal.h.Marysauntwas(warnedabout;punishedfor;advisedagainst;caught)exceedingthespeedlimit.i.The man ( depended on; confessed to; considered;specialized
28、in)stealingforaliving.6.4 漏词漏词该搭配使用的动词没有使用介词或副词，可以看作是一种漏词现象。除此之外，还表现在许多地方。有的学生写的英文句子，甚至连主语都没有。例如，“讲座后开了个讨论会”被翻译成“Afterthelectureheldadiscussion.”正确的说法应该是“Afterthelectureadiscussionwasheld.”下面的句子都有漏词现象，请你加以改正。a.Itissaidthatapersonschildhoodyearsarethemostimportantyearsinapersonslife.b.I dare say most
29、 people agree with the abovestatement.c.Inmyopinionthemostimportantyearsinapersonslifearethose ofearlyadulthood.d.In this period, a person experiences the mostimportantstagesinhislife:highereducation,love,andmarriage.e.Manythingswilldependonhiseducationbackground-whatoccupationhecantakeup,howmuchmon
30、eyhecanearn,whatkindoflifehewillleadandsoon.f.Only when they come of age(成 年 ) will theyunderstandthetruemeaningoflife,experiencerealjoysandsorrows,andbegintoassumetheirresponsibilitiesinfamilyandsociety.g.Modern science has made it possible for babies togrowhealthilyandforpeopletolivelonger.6.5累赘累赘
31、中文有时为了表达强调或情感等意思，常常将一些句子或字加以重复，或者稍作改变。而英文则比较简洁。请将下面的中英文句子作一个对比：中文：年轻人应该向老年人学习，老年人也应该向年轻人学习。英文：The young should learn from the old and viceversa.中文：我们要学习，学习，再学习。英文：We must keep studying. 或 We must studypersistently.下面划线的部分表示用词重复，请改进这些句子，使它们变得简洁明了。a. 原 句 ： The speaker was the chairman of theDepartment
32、ofPhysicsofTulaneUniversity.改 为 ： The speaker was the chairman of TulaneUniversitysDepartmentofPhysics.b.原句：I offered the tickets to the concert to thestudentstouseonSaturday.改为：I offered the students tickets to Saturdaysconcert.c.原句：Speechissilver,andsilenceisgold.改为：Speechissilverandsilencegold.d.
33、原句：Herhairislightbrown,andhereyesarebluishgreen.改为：Herhairislightbrownandhereyesbluishgreen.e.原句：Somelawyersarearrogant(傲慢的),andsomelawyersaresimplyreserved(沉默寡言的).改为：Some lawyers are arrogant and others simplyreserved.f.原句：Forsomestudentsbeerdrinkinghasbecomeaway of life, and other students drink b
34、eer in order toescape.改为：Forsomestudentsbeerdrinkinghasbecomeawayoflife,andforothersameansofescape.g.原句：Goaheadifyouthinkthejobsuitsyouanddontgoaheadifyoudontthinkthejobsuitsyou.改为：Goaheadifyouthinkthejobsuitsyouanddontifnot.h. 原句：Dogs often chase(追赶) cats and cats notusuallychasedogs.改为：Dogsoftench
35、asecatsandnotusuallyviceversa.i.原句：Themachineisworkingwhentheredlightisonandthemachineisnotworkingwhentheredlightisoff.改为：Themachineisworkingwhentheredlightisonandnototherwise.j.原句：Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.改为：Thediligentandkindpeopleusemoneyo
36、nlytobuywhattheyneed.k.原句：Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.改为：Inspiteofhislaziness,Ilikehim.6.6 不一致不一致英文句子的前后呼应是一个重要的问题，表现在主语和谓语、主格和宾格、单数和复数、时态一致等方面。如果出了差错，不仅仅是语法问题，而且很容易造成意思上的误解。例如，people后面跟have是指“人民”，后面跟has，则指的是“民族”。“Eachpeoplehaveitsownculture.”由于不注意这个问题，这个句子就让人无法理解。下面的句子都是用词前后不一致的病句，请加以改正。a
37、.Onceonehave(has)money,hecandowhathewant(wants)(todo).b.Ridingthehorsewas(were)thetwogirls,ValerieandTherese.c.She took advantage of anyone or anything who orwhich(that)couldfurtherhercareer.d.Decidingthattheycouldreachnodecisionthatnight,thejuryretiredtoits(their)roomstogetsomesleep.e.Theforeman(工头
38、)shoutedatbothofus,PeterandI(me),beforewehadachancetoexplain.f.Ittookthemoneandahalfday(days)tocompletethework.g.He hurried because he knew his family was (were)waitingforhimanxiously.h.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculturesupervise(supervises)thequality,cleanness,andpurityofmeat.i.The term “techno
39、logy” refers to the discoveries andinventionsthathelppeopleimproveits(their)wayoflife.j.The ability to retain a mental record of earlierexperiencesare(is)referredtoasmemory.k.EveryyearColoradoisvisitedbymillionsoftouristswhocomeforavarietyofreason(reasons).l.Countriestendtospecializeintheproductiona
40、ndexportof those goods and services that it (they) can producerelativelycheaply.m.Turkeyanddressingare(is)apopulardishatThanks-giving.n.Inthenewbuildingthereare(is)alibrary,whichhasno books, and a music practice room, which has nomusicalinstruments.o.Royistheonlyoneofourathleteswhohave(has)wonagoldm
41、edal.p.This habit, which in itself are (is) harmless, are (is)likelytoleadtoothersthatis(are)decidedlyharmful.6.7 不平衡不平衡如果在英文句子中有两个或两个以上的平行成分，那么这些成分应该保持平衡。例如，你想表达下述意思：“她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。”在中文中“漂亮”和“温柔”是形容词，而“勤俭持家”却是动词短语。写成英文，最好使用三个平行的形容词：Sheispretty,tender,andthrifty(节约的)，而不要像中文那样写成：Sheispretty,tender,a
42、ndmanagesthehouseholdthriftily。请修改下面的句子，使它们的结构保持平衡。a.原句：Toswiminapoolisnotasmuchfunasswimminginariver.改为：Swimminginapoolisnotasmuchfunas(swimming)inariver.b.原句：Knowinghowtostudyandlearntobudgettimeareimportanttocollegestudents.改为：Knowinghowtostudyandlearning howtobudgettimeareimportanttocollegestude
43、ntsc.原句：Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandtoavoidsugarinyourdiet.改为：Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandavoidingsugarinyourdiet.d.原句：MyorderssaidthatIwasassignedtoAlaskaandIshouldleavewithintwoweeks.改为：MyorderssaidthatIwasassignedtoAlaskaandthatIshouldleavewithintwoweeks.e.
44、原句：WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazil,butheknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.改为：WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazilbut whoknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.f.原句：Ourinstructorsuggestedseveralbooksforsupplementaryreadingandthatweshoulddoresearchonthesubject.改为：Ourinstructorsuggestedthat we read several s
45、upplementary booksandthatweshoulddoresearchonthesubject.6.8 错位错位英文句子的每个成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语合状语，应在句子中占有正确的位置。如果放错了位置，那么这个句子不仅是个病句，而且很可能造成意思上的误解。中文则不同，词序有较大的灵活性。例如，我不吃羊肉/羊肉我不吃/我羊肉不吃，在中文里面都是正确的，大家都能理解。但是，用英文表达，恐怕只能说Idonteatmutton，绝对不能说Imuttondonteat。a.误：RalphNaderhasthroughoutourcountrybecomeawellknownname.
46、正：RalphNaderhasbecomeawellknownnamethroughout our country.b.误：Heisprone(倾向于)towheneverhesensesadangertothepublicspeakout(大胆地说)onconsumergoods.正：Heispronetospeakoutonconsumergoodswhenever he senses a danger to the public.c.误：Naderthinksthattheautomobileisbothunsafetotheoccupantsofthecarandtothegenera
47、lpublic.正：Naderthinksthattheautomobileisunsafebothtotheoccupantsofthecarandtothegeneralpublic.d.误：Partlythroughhiseffortssafetydeviceswareinstalledincarssuchasseatbelts.正：Partlythroughhiseffortssafetydevicessuch as seat beltswareinstalledincars.e.误：Nadersconcernhasbeentheautomobileasamajorairpollute
48、rlately.正：Nadersconcernhaslatelybeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluter.或者Nadersrecentconcernhasbeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluter.f.误：AccordingtoNader,thetechnologyisavailablefortheproductionofautomobilesthatarebothefficientandpollution-freenow.正：AccordingtoNader,thetechnologyisavailablenowforthepro
49、ductionofautomobilesthatarebothefficientandpollution-free.g.误：Naderclaimsthatfactsarebeingsuppressedaboutthetechnologyavailableforimprovingautomobilesbytheindustryandbythegovernment.正：Naderclaimsthatfactsarebeingsuppressedby the industry and by the governmentaboutthetechnologyavailableforimprovingau
50、tomobiles.h.误：Nadersaysthattodaysgasolineproducefivemajorpollutantswhicharelabeled“clean”.正：Nadersaysthattodaysgasolineswhich are labeled “clean”producefivemajorpollutants.i.误：IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillbetterknowtheworldoutsidethecampus.正：IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillknowtheworldoutsidethecampusbet
51、ter.6.9 垂悬垂悬中国人可以这样说：“打了一小时篮球，胳膊都酸了。”英文却不能说：Havingplayedbasketballforanhour,myarmsbegantoache，因为按照英文语法，这个句子会被误解为打篮球的是胳膊，而不是你这个人。这种错误称为悬垂，它是指句首的分词短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清，找不到行为者，只好“晃来晃去”。请改正下列句子的垂悬错误。a.误：Attheageofsixmonths,herfathertaughthertoswim.正：Whenshewassixmonthsold,herfathertaughthertoswim.b.误：Goingt
52、hroughtheredlight,thetrafficpoliceondutystoppedhim.正：Goingthroughtheredlight,hewasstoppedbythetrafficpoliceonduty.c.误：Afterthreehoursofpractice,adrinkwaswhatthethirstydancerswanted.正：Havingpracticedforthreehours,thethirstydancerswantedadrink.d.误：Onceoutofthepracticeroom,thepipingmusicnolongergavehim
53、aheadache.正：Oncehegotoutofthepracticeroom,thepipingmusicnolongergavehimaheadache.e.误：Afterfourweeksatsea,mywifewashappytoseemeback.正：Afterfourweeksatsea,Iwasaffectionately(亲切地)receivedbymywife.f.误：Examiningtheshoppingreceipts,itbecameobviousthatIwasoverchargedatthestore.正：AfterIexaminedtheshoppingre
54、ceipts,itbecameobviousthatIwasoverchargedatthestore.g.误：Findingnobodywaitingatthestop,thebusdroveonwithoutstopping.正：Findingnobodywaitingatthestop,thedriverdrovethebusonwithoutstopping.h.误：Approachingthelake,anamazingsightcameintoview.正：Asweapproachedthelake,anamazingsightcameintoview.i.误：Todowellin
55、thecollege,goodgradesareessential.正：Todowellinthecollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.6.10应用定语从句时易犯的错误应用定语从句时易犯的错误由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：（1）在定语从句中加了多余的宾语。如：a.误：SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidntcome.正：SomeoftheboysIinviteddidntcome.b.误：Thebookthatyouneeditisinthelibrary.正：Thebookthatyoun
56、eedisinthelibrary.（2）把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：a.误：Anyonewhobreakthelawwillbepunished.正：Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.b.误：Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome.正：Thosewhohavefinishedmaygohome.c.误：HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.正：HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.d.误：Thi
57、sisoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.正：Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.（3）误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。如：a.误：Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.正：Childrenwho/thateatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.b.误：Thekeyopensthebikeismissing.正：Thekeythat/whichopensthebikeismissing.（4）定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如：a.误：Thehousewhereheliv
58、esinneedsrepairing.正：Thehousewherehelivesneedsrepairing.或者Thehousehelivesinneedsrepairing.b.误：IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.正：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.或者IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.（5）错用了关系代词或关系副词，使得从句中的及物动词缺少宾语或介词缺少对象。a.误：Istillrememberthedaywhe
59、nwespenttogether.正：Istillrememberthedaythat/whichwespenttogether.b.误：Thisisthehousewherewelivedinlastyear.正：Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.（6）在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如：a.误：Haveyouaskedherforthereasonwhymayexplainherabsence?正：Haveyouaskedherforthereasonthat/whichmayexplainherabsence?b.误：Idont
60、believethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.正：Idontbelievethereasonthat/whichhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.（7）误将强调句型当定语从句。如：a.误：Itwasinthekitchenwherethefirebrokeout.正：Itwasinthekitchenthatthefirebrokeout.b.误：Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightwhenyoudidntcome?正：Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightthatyoudidntcome?
61、练习六练习六一、下面的句子都有意思模糊的错误。作者本人可能一、下面的句子都有意思模糊的错误。作者本人可能并没有意识到犯了错误，可是读者却看不明白他并没有意识到犯了错误，可是读者却看不明白他究竟要表达什么。请你把每句话的多种意思写出究竟要表达什么。请你把每句话的多种意思写出来。来。a.Thelambwastoohottoeat.1.Thelambwastoohot.Wecouldnteatit.2.Thelambfeltsohot.Itcouldnteatanything.b.Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkinginthepark.1.Thepolicedrank
62、inthepark.Theywereorderedtostopdrinking.2.Visitorsdrankinthepark.Thepolicewereorderedtostopthemfromdrinking.c.Flyingplanescanbeverydangerous.1.Someplanesareflying(飞翔).Theycanbeverydangerous.2.Somepeopleareflying(驾驶)planes.Itcanbeverydangerous.d.Ihavealwaysenjoyedentertaininggirls.1.Ihavealwayslikedt
63、oentertain(款待)otherpeople.Thesepeoplearegirls.2.Ihavealwayslikedgirls.Thesegirlsentertain(接待客人).e.Hetoldhisfatherhehadbeentalkingtoomuch.1.Hecriticizedhisfatherfortalkingtoomuch.2.Headmittedtohisfatherthathehadbeentalkingtoomuch.f.Hesaidhewouldnttakeitifhegaveittohim.1.Hesaid,“Iwonttakeitifhegivesit
64、tome.”2.Hesaid,“HewonttakeitifIgiveittohim.”g.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionbetabled.1.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionbeplacedontheagendaforconsideration.(英式英文:table把列入议程)2.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionberemovedfromconsideration.(美式英文:table搁置)二、将下列术语或短语翻译成中文。二、将下列术语或短语翻译成中文。1.fixedpartit
65、ionmemorymanagement2.bitstransmittedinparallel3.asetofconsecutivesectors4.carriersignal5.dataflowdiagram6.multiprogrammingOS7.remotedatacommunication8.transactionprocessing9.Mnemonic(memory-aiding)instruction10.object-orienteddatabase11.accumulatorregister12.concurrentoperating13.agridofpixels14.red
66、undantdata15.wide-bandchannels16.randomordirectaccess17.1000revolutionsperminute18.virtualmemoryaddress19.cylindersofafixeddisk20.transmissioncontrolunit21.addressingmemory22.ASCII(theAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange)23.capitalletter(uppercase)24.smallletter(lowercase)25.casesensitive26
67、.binarynumber27.randomaccessmemory28.read-onlymemory29.aROM-basedprogram30.aprogrambasedonROMputeroutputmicrofilm(COM)39.magneticstripecard40.aperipheraldevice41.device-dependent42.magneticcassette43.secondarystoragemedia44.nonvolatilememory45.drivemechanism46.concentriccircles47.rotationaldelay48.vacuumencapsulation49.adiskpack50.alaserbeam
