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1、Elkhart Community SchoolsListeningListeningSpeakingSpeakingReadingReadingWritingWritingActual Differences in Quantity of Words HeardIn a typical hour, the average child would hear:WelfareWorking ClassProfessional616 Words1,251 Words2,153 Words85%85% of of ECSsECSs students fall students fall into th
2、e first two categories: into the first two categories: - welfare - welfare - working class- working classLanguageLanguageReadingReadingThinkingThinkingReading Reading ISIS ThinkingThinking“The purpose of reading is “The purpose of reading is understanding.”understanding.”“True comprehension goes bey
3、ond “True comprehension goes beyond literal understanding and involves literal understanding and involves the readers the readers interactioninteraction with text. If with text. If students are to become thoughtful, students are to become thoughtful, insightful readers, they must extend insightful r
4、eaders, they must extend their thinking beyond a superficial their thinking beyond a superficial understanding of the text.”understanding of the text.”Stephanie Harvey and Anne Stephanie Harvey and Anne GoudvisGoudvis “Once thought of as the natural “Once thought of as the natural result of decoding
5、 plus oral language, result of decoding plus oral language, comprehension is now viewed as a comprehension is now viewed as a much more complex process involving much more complex process involving knowledge, experience, thinking and knowledge, experience, thinking and teaching.”teaching.”(Linda Fie
6、lding and P. David Pearson, 1994)(Linda Fielding and P. David Pearson, 1994)Researchers identified strategies that proficient Researchers identified strategies that proficient readers use to construct meaning from text. readers use to construct meaning from text. Pearson, Keene, Harvey, Pearson, Kee
7、ne, Harvey, GoudvisGoudvis, Robb and others , Robb and others summarized these strategies.summarized these strategies.Elkhart Community Schools Top 10 Elkhart Community Schools Top 10 Reading Strategies are based on the Reading Strategies are based on the work of the above researchers.work of the ab
8、ove researchers.7.Make Inferences Then Draw Conclusions8.Summarize and Synthesize9.Check Your Understanding10.Build Fluency1.Connect to the Text2.Ask Questions3.Expand Vocabulary4.Predict & Prove5.Sense It6.Decide Whats ImportantMaking Connections: A Bridge From Making Connections: A Bridge From the
9、 New to the Knownthe New to the KnownText to SelfText to SelfText to TextText to TextText to WorldText to WorldAsking Questions: The Strategy That Asking Questions: The Strategy That Propels Readers ForwardPropels Readers Forward“Questioning is the strategy that keeps readers “Questioning is the str
10、ategy that keeps readers engaged. When readers ask questions, they clarify engaged. When readers ask questions, they clarify understanding and forge ahead to make meaning. understanding and forge ahead to make meaning. Asking questions is at the heart of thoughtful Asking questions is at the heart o
11、f thoughtful reading.”reading.”Harvey and Harvey and GoudvisGoudvis“The larger the readers vocabulary “The larger the readers vocabulary (either oral or print), the easier it is to (either oral or print), the easier it is to make sense of the text.”make sense of the text.”Report of the National Read
12、ing PanelReport of the National Reading Panel“Research suggests that when students “Research suggests that when students make predictions their understanding make predictions their understanding increases and they are more interested increases and they are more interested in the reading material.in
13、the reading material.” ”Fielding, Anderson, Pearson, HansonFielding, Anderson, Pearson, HansonVisualizing: A Tool to Enhance Visualizing: A Tool to Enhance UnderstandingUnderstanding“Visualizing is a comprehension strategy that “Visualizing is a comprehension strategy that enables readers to make th
14、e words on a page enables readers to make the words on a page real and concrete.”real and concrete.”Keene and ZimmermanKeene and Zimmerman“Thoughtful readers grasp essential ideas and “Thoughtful readers grasp essential ideas and important information when reading. Readers important information when
15、 reading. Readers must differentiate between less important ideas must differentiate between less important ideas and key ideas that are central to the meaning of and key ideas that are central to the meaning of the text.”the text.”Harvey and Harvey and GoudvisGoudvis“Inferring is at the intersectio
16、n of taking what is “Inferring is at the intersection of taking what is known, garnering clues from the text, and known, garnering clues from the text, and thinking ahead to make a judgment, discern a thinking ahead to make a judgment, discern a theme, or speculate about what is to come.”theme, or s
17、peculate about what is to come.”Harvey and Harvey and GoudvisGoudvisThe Evolution of Thought The Evolution of Thought Synthesizing is putting together Synthesizing is putting together separate parts into a new whole.a separate parts into a new whole.a process akin to working a jigsaw puzzle.process
18、akin to working a jigsaw puzzle.Harvey and Harvey and GoudvisGoudvis“If confusion disrupts meaning, readers need to “If confusion disrupts meaning, readers need to stop and clarify their understanding. Readers stop and clarify their understanding. Readers may use a variety of strategies to “fix up”
19、may use a variety of strategies to “fix up” comprehension when meaning goes awry.”comprehension when meaning goes awry.”Harvey and Harvey and GoudvisGoudvis“Fluency is important because it frees “Fluency is important because it frees students to understand what they students to understand what they
20、read.”read.”Report of the National Reading PanelReport of the National Reading PanelCAUTION!CAUTION!“Although these strategies tend to be introduced “Although these strategies tend to be introduced independently, readers rarely use these in isolation independently, readers rarely use these in isolat
21、ion when reading. These thoughts interact and intersect when reading. These thoughts interact and intersect to help readers make meaning and often occur to help readers make meaning and often occur simultaneously during reading.”simultaneously during reading.”Harvey and Harvey and GoudvisGoudvisRead
22、ing is Reading is ThinkingThinkingSense ItSense ItMaking Making Inferences/ Inferences/ Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusionsConnect To Connect To TextTextAsk QuestionsAsk QuestionsSummarize/ Summarize/ SynthesizeSynthesizeDecide WhatsDecide Whats ImportantImportantBuild FluencyBuild FluencyExpand Expand VocabularyVocabularyPredict and Predict and ProveProveCheck Check UnderstandingUnderstanding
