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1、Lesson3ScientificBreakthroughswarmup:A little quiz Isaac Newton， 1642-1727，British physical scientist、astronomer and mathematician，born in Lincolnshire.He proved the Theory of Gravity to be true.He was British who was living in 18th century. He invented an advanced steam engine which was the last st
2、raw of the First Industry Revolution in western countries.HewasborninScotlandin1847.HeimmigratedintotheUSAattheageof24andlaterbecameaAmericacitizen.Hewastheinventoroftelephone.贝尔贝尔(Bell,AlexanderGraham)（18471922） Among the several important discoveries made in his life, the greatest is the creation
3、of his famous Theory of Relativity. He also discovered famous mathematical statement e=mc (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared).This statement or formula explained that a great amount of energy could come from a small piece of matter. Albert EinsteinOn December 17th, 1903, they made
4、the worlds first flight in a machine that was heavier than air and powered by an engine.Wright BrothersThedesignerofENIAC,thefirstcommercialcomputermadeintheUnitedStatesAmericanphysicistJohnWilliamMauchlyandJ.PresperEckert这是美国军方这是美国军方(navy)要求宾州大学莫奇来（要求宾州大学莫奇来（Mauchly）博士和他的学生爱克特）博士和他的学生爱克特（Eckert）设计的
5、，准备用来计算炮弹及火箭、导弹）设计的，准备用来计算炮弹及火箭、导弹(missiles)的弹道，它最的弹道，它最终在原子弹的研制中发挥了极大的作用。终在原子弹的研制中发挥了极大的作用。Alexander Fleming(1881-1955)ScottishbiochemistFebruary14,1929-FlemingDiscoversPenicillin.SirAlexanderFlemingwasayoungbacteriologistwhenanaccidentaldiscoveryledtooneofthegreatdevelopmentsofmodernmedicine.Edwin
6、 HubbleAmericanastronomer.Hechangedourideasabouttheuniverseandhowitdeveloped.InthelateNineteen-Twenties,hisstudyleadtothemostimportantastronomicaldiscoveryoftheTwentiethcentury-theexpandinguniverse.Andheprovedthatnebulaeweregalaxiesthemselves.Astronomersnowagreethatfardistantgalaxiesdoexist.Reading
7、practicefor general ideavReading Strategy (1):vFirst read the text to get the general idea. Go through the whole text, dont worry about some new word , you dont need to understand every word exactly. Just work out the subject and the main idea.1.The equation e=mc2.Penicillin3.The first computer4.Oth
8、er galaxiesEx2.Trytomatchthediscoverieswithhowtheywerediscovered?a)Scientists worked together as a teamb)There was a lucky accident accidentc)A scientist did research for many yearsd)A scientist was inspiredThe purpose of this article is _.A.theintroductionoftheWrightBrothersB.theintroductionofthepr
9、ocessofscientificbreakthroughC.introductionofthemajorscientificdiscoveriesinthe20thcenturyD.thecontributionsscientistsmadetotheworld Match the pioneers with the deedsThey were specialist in the area of bicycle-repair,but they were interested in aircraft. They made great contributions to the developm
10、ent of aircraft.vHe is aware of recent developments, but he has been working on his own. He showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time, mass or length is constant.The Wright brothersElbertEinsteinHe proved that the universe is actually expanding, and that further away galaxies are, the
11、faster they move.He was a son of a Scottish shepherd . HEe discovered penicillin. Although his discovery is important, he remained modest.During the 2nd world war, the US Navy turned to them to produce a machine. They didnt finish until after the war, in February 1946.Edwin HubbleAlexander FlemingEc
12、kert and Mauchly Together with their team Reading for specific informationvReading Strategy (2)vRead the questions /statements and identify important words.vFind the relevant part of the text and identify the important wordsvDecide if the important words in the question/statement express the same me
13、aningvBase your decision only on the information in the text.Use the strategies to help youvExs 4: Are these statements true or false according to the text or is there no information?vWork in groups to use the strategies to work out the problems.1.Orville Wright made the first and longest flight on
14、17 December, 1903.2. A bicycle-repair company made the money used in the Wrightbrothersflyingexperiments. On December 17,1903, Orville made the first flight in their plane, the Flyer 1, and he flew 39 metres in 12 seconds.TFThe brothers used the company to support their flying machine research and e
15、xperiments.3. Einstein was at work when he thought of the equation “e=mc ”.4. Einstein participated in the programme that developed the nuclear bomb.5.Einstein observed changes in time, size and mass.While rocking his one-year-old baby, he thought sthOver. Suddenly, the equation came to him.The equa
16、tion also help to create the nuclear bomb.Einstein then showed in his “theory or relativity” that not even time, mass or length are constant.FTF6.Hubblestudiedtheuniverseforovertwentyyears.7.Hubblediscoveredthatourgalaxyisbiggerthanwethoughtitwas.8.Fleminghadbeenstudyingbacteriainhislaboratorywhenth
17、ediscoveryhappened.9.Therewasabluemouldaroundthebacteriainthedish.10.Flemingdevelopedtheprocessformakingpenicillin.NITThe universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought.NIFT11.Thefirstcomputerprojectfailedtomeetitsoriginalgoal.12.Thefirstcomputerwasextremelydifficulttoprogram.TAlthough
18、they and their team did not finish the machine until after the war.NIvWhileAlbertEinsteinwasrockinghisone-year-oldbaby,he_.A.wasawareofrecentscientificdevelopments.B.thoughtoverMarieCuriesresearch.C.heshowedthatnoteventime,massorlengthareconstant.D.cameupwiththefamous“theoryofrelativity” vVocabulary
19、:vCompoundWordsExs 5. Match the categories (a-e) with the examples from the text (1-5) . Then add examples of your own.a)compound n. 1. one-year-old; world-famous; (n.+n.) far-reachingb) compound v. 2. breakthrough; outcomec) Compound adj. 3. mass-produce;double-chestd) compound n. 4. flying machine
20、; (adj.+n.) nuclear bombe) compound n. 5. CD player; jet engine (v.+prep.)Useful expressionsv仔细考虑，慎重思考仔细考虑，慎重思考v被想出被想出v意识到意识到v越。越。越。越。v向向求助求助vthinkovervSthcomestosbnopassivevbeawareofvthemore,themorevturntosb/sthDiscussion vIt is predicted（预言） that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21s
21、t century. What do you think will be the 5 scientific breakthroughs and how will they influence our life? Have a discussion and voice your opinion.5ScientificBreakthroughsinthe21stCentury 1. Well know where we came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is there something inst
22、ead of nothing? Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe is expanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even have developed theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the universe from the time it was a fraction of a second old to the pr
23、esent. We will have a better understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures and pressures of the early universe. 2. Well crack the genetic code and conquer cancer. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and the way cells work at the molecular 10 level, many seriou
24、s diseases-cancer, for one-will become less threatening. Using manufactured “therapeutic” viruses , doctors will be able to replace cancer - causing damaged DNA with healthy genes , probably administered by a pill or injection. 3. Well live longer (120 years?). 21st century strides in genetic medici
25、ne may let us control and even reverse the process. But before we push scientists to do more, consider: Do we really want to live in a world where no one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold only so many people? Were would new ideas come from? What would we do with all tha
26、t extra time? 4. Well “manage” Earth. In the next millennium, well stop talking about the weather but will do something about it. Well gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity on the Earth, its climate and its ecosystems. 5. Well have a brain “road map”. Early in the next century, we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance21 imaging to produce detailed maps of the neurons in operation. Well be able to say with certainty which ones are working when you read a word, when you say a word, why you think about a word, and so on. 同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全
