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1、浸水式杀菌锅浸水式杀菌锅Daniel Geffin 摩洛哥摩洛哥 2009.01WATER IMMERSION RETORTSDaniel Geffin Morocco January 2009浸水式灭菌锅浸水式灭菌锅包括两部分：水平部分和垂直部分优点：可以对大部分刚性、半刚性和柔韧性较好的包装进行超压处理，这些包装包括双层玻璃杯或塑料杯、塑料复合袋、塑料瓶、塑料托盘和顶端用金属包装的杯子等。Water Immersion RetortsThere are two basic types horizontal and vertical.The advantages can process wi
2、th overpressure, which allows use of the full range of rigid, semi-rigid and flexible packages. These include glass, plastic cups with double seams, laminate pouches, plastic bottles, plastic trays and cups with laminate foil tops, etc 水平式浸水灭菌锅外观上类似于水平静止型蒸汽灭菌锅，食品容器首先放进货箱、行李架或筐里，然后再放进灭菌锅中. Horizontal
3、 Water Immersion RetortsAre very similar in appearance to a horizontal still steam retort. Food containers are loaded into crates/racks/baskets which are wheeled into the retort. 垂直式灭菌锅垂直式灭菌锅食品容器放入灭菌锅内置箱，利用上方的一个机械提升机放进灭菌锅内；利用此灭菌锅处理的大部分容器是密封的玻璃瓶. 但最近利用其他容器的也在增多。VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORTFood con
4、tainers are loaded into retort crates and lowered into the retort utilizing an overhead mechanical hoist. The most common container processed in water immersion retorts is glass bottles with screw on closures. However, recently use of other new container types has increased.附表不能显示容器(Diagrams that fo
5、llow will not show containers)水平型浸水式灭菌锅水平型浸水式灭菌锅HORZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT垂直型浸水式灭菌锅垂直型浸水式灭菌锅顶端门密封，容器中充满水。顶端门密封，容器中充满水。VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORTTHE DOOR ON TOP IS CLOSED AND THE RETORT IS FILLED WITH WATER水平型浸水式灭菌锅装置水平型浸水式灭菌锅装置 末端门密封后，容器加满水。末端门密封后，容器加满水。HORIZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT P
6、LUMBING THE DOOR ON THE END IS CLOSED AND THE RETORT IS FILLED WITH WATER垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置容器加满水容器加满水. (监测水温应高于最低限的初水温监测水温应高于最低限的初水温)VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT PLUMBINGTHE RETORT IS FILLED WITH WATER. (Water temperature should be monitored to be above the minimum initial temperature.)水平型浸水式
7、灭菌锅装置水平型浸水式灭菌锅装置 容器充满水容器充满水 (监测水温应高于最低限的初水温监测水温应高于最低限的初水温)HORIZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT PLUMBING THE RETORT IS FILLED WITH WATER. (Water temperature should be monitored to be above the minimum initial temperature.)蒸汽和高压气体通过蒸汽散步管传输进入灭菌锅蒸汽和高压气体通过蒸汽散步管传输进入灭菌锅. 高压高压气体通过蒸汽控制阀打开后进入蒸汽管道气体通过蒸汽控制阀打开后进入蒸汽
8、管道. PRESSURIZED AIRSTEAM如果操作正确如果操作正确的话，本系统的话，本系统可以保证充分可以保证充分的水循环从而的水循环从而使热传递均匀使热传递均匀.PRESSURIZED AIR垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORTSteam and pressurized air can be delivered to the retort through spreaders. Pressurized air is fed into the steam line after the steam controller.
9、PRESSURIZED AIRSTEAMThis system can provide sufficient circulation to the water to distribute the heat evenly, if done correctly.PRESSURIZED AIR垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置PRESSURIZED AIRSTEAMPRESSURIZED AIR在这些水浸水灭菌锅中，在这些水浸水灭菌锅中， 循环是通过气体进入蒸汽管道，装置箱的设计与循环是通过气体进入蒸汽管道，装置箱的设计与放置也至关重要，这对冷凝水回到灭菌锅的底部来讲放置也至关重要，这对冷
10、凝水回到灭菌锅的底部来讲,肯定也是一条途径肯定也是一条途径.VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORTPRESSURIZED AIRSTEAMPRESSURIZED AIRIN THESE WATER IMMERSION RETORTS, WHERE CIRCULATION IS ACHIEVED BY INTRODUCTION OF AIR INTO THE STEAM FLOW, CRATE DESIGN AND CRATE PLACEMENT ARE CRITICAL. THERE MUST BE A PATH FOR THE COOLER WATER TO RETU
11、RN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE RETORT.垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置垂直型浸水式灭菌锅装置蒸汽蒸汽如果蒸汽的传输没有高压气体加入到蒸汽管中，那整个循环是通过灭菌锅顶如果蒸汽的传输没有高压气体加入到蒸汽管中，那整个循环是通过灭菌锅顶末端的可以用来水交换的水泵可以完成末端的可以用来水交换的水泵可以完成.抽吸口抽吸口 水散布管水散布管PRESSURIZED AIR管道与循环路线管道与循环路线蒸汽散布管蒸汽散布管VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT PLUMBINGSTEAMIF STEAM IS DELIVERED WITHOUT ANY PRESSURIZ
12、ED AIR ADDED TO THE STEAM FLOW, THEN CIRCULATION IS ACHIEVED THROUGH A WATER PUMP WHICH EXCHANGES WATER BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE RETORT.SUCTION PORTWATER SPREADERPRESSURIZED AIRPUMP AND RECIRCULATION CIRCUITSTEAM SPREADER水平型浸水式灭菌锅装置水平型浸水式灭菌锅装置几乎所有的水平型浸水式灭菌锅都需要一个管道来确保相同的热分布进入到管道中几乎所有的水平型浸水式灭
13、菌锅都需要一个管道来确保相同的热分布进入到管道中. 水散布管水散布管水散布管水散布管PRESSURIZED AIR管道与循环路线管道与循环路线抽吸口抽吸口蒸汽蒸汽蒸汽散布管蒸汽散布管蒸汽散布管蒸汽散布管HORIZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT PLUMBING ALMOST ALL HORIZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORTS REQUIRE A PUMP TO ASSURE UNIFORM HEAT DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE VESSEL. WATER SPREADERWATER SPREADERPRESSURIZED
14、AIRPUMP AND RECIRCULATION CIRCUITSUCTION PORTSTEAMSTEAM SPREADERSTEAM SPREADER法律要求法律要求蒸汽通过灭菌锅底部进入容器，是以通过灭菌锅能充分提供相同热分布的方式来实现的。THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTSSteam shall be introduced in the bottom of the retort in a manner adequate to provide uniform heat distribution throughout the retort.法律要求法律要求在垂直式的灭菌锅中,统
15、一的热分布可以通过其他的方法来实现. (气体进入到蒸汽或者循环管道中)在水平式的灭菌锅中, 蒸汽散步器沿着管道上部均匀分布的齿孔运行到灭菌锅低端的每一节.THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTSIn vertical retorts, uniform heat distribution can be achieved by any of several methods. (Air injection into the steam or circulating pumps)In horizontal retorts, the steam distributor (spreader) shal
16、l run the length of the bottom of the retort with perforations distributed uniformly along the upper part of the pipe.法律要求法律要求 当水循环系统用作热传递时，可以通过这样一种方式来安装： 水通过抽吸集合管来引流至灭菌锅的底部，通过延伸至灭菌锅顶端一个散布管来进行排出。THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS When a water circulating system is used for heat distribution, it shall be install
17、ed in such a manner that water will be drawn from the bottom of the retort through a suction manifold and discharged through a spreader which extends the length of the top of the retort.法律要求法律要求 水散布管上孔分布均匀，且有一个不小于管道输出线横截面的密集区。抽吸口应当用非堵塞的纱窗来防护以防止一些碎片进入循环系统。THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS The holes in the water
18、 spreader shall be uniformly distributed and should have an aggregate area not greater than the cross-section area of the outlet line from the pump. The suction outlets should be protected with nonclogging screens to keep debris from entering the circulating system.非堵塞非堵塞纱窗窗 灭菌锅底部灭菌锅底部抽吸口或抽吸口或底部排泄管底
19、部排泄管 侧面图Non-Clogging Screens RETORT BOTTOMSUCTION PORT OR FLOOR DRAINSIDE VIEW非堵塞非堵塞纱窗窗灭菌锅底部灭菌锅底部抽吸口或抽吸口或底部排泄管底部排泄管防涡器 防止泵气蚀侧面图Non-Clogging Screens RETORT BOTTOMSUCTION PORT OR FLOOR DRAINVORTEX BREAKER PREVENTS PUMP CAVITATIONSIDE VIEW法律要求法律要求 当设备运行排气阀排气时（为清除气体或填装泵），若泵未能运转，为提醒操作员，泵应当安装一盏导航灯或者其他信号装置
20、。 当主管部门确定与均衡的热分布相适应时，灭菌锅中水循环有几种可供选择的方法THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS The pump shall be equipped with a pilot light or other signaling device to warn the operator when it is not running, and with a bleeder to remove air when starting operations (to purge air / prime the pump). Alternative methods for circula
21、tion of water in the retort may be used when established by a competent authority as adequate for even heat distribution.本本质内容内容最后，不管何种类型的蒸汽传递系统或者水循环系统，应该通过进行温度分布研究后确认并验证统一的热分布。THE BOTTOM LINEULTIMATELY, REGARDLESS OF WHAT TYPE OF STEAM DELIVERY SYSTEM OR WATER CIRCULATION SYSTEM YOU HAVE, YOU SHOUL
22、D VERIFY AND VALIDATE UNIFORM HEAT DISTRIBUTION THROUGH A PROPERLY CONDUCTED TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION STUDY.玻璃水玻璃水银温度温度计显示示在处理过程中，指示温度计的球应处在水面以下的某个位置.INDICATING MERCURY IN GLASS THERMOMETERBulbs of indicating thermometers shall be located in such a position that they are beneath the surface of the w
23、ater throughout the process.平面高压浸水式灭菌锅平面高压浸水式灭菌锅玻璃水银温度计显示玻璃水银温度计显示在平面的灭菌锅中，入口应设置在中心的一侧，球形温度计应直接插进灭菌锅壳内，温度计球端应直接插入水面至少2英寸而不需要套筒。?HORZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORTINDICATING MERCURY IN GLASS THERMOMETEROn horizontal retorts this entry should be made in the side at the center and the thermometer bulbs s
24、hall be inserted directly into the retort shell. Thermometer bulbs shall extend directly into the water a minimum of a least 2 inches without a separable well or sleeve.?垂直式灭菌锅垂直式灭菌锅 玻璃水银温度计显示玻璃水银温度计显示温度计球端应直接插入水面至少2英寸而不需要套筒?VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT INDICATING MERCURY IN GLASS THERMOMETERTher
25、mometer bulbs shall extend directly into the water a minimum of a least 2 inches without a separable well or sleeve.?温度温度记录装置装置 温度记录装置应结合蒸汽控制器，是一个记录控制仪器，几乎在每一个装置中，都是记录与控制功能相结合的。TEMPERATURE RECORDING DEVICE The temperature recording device may be combined with a steam controller and may be a recordin
26、g-controlling instrument. In almost every case the recording and steam control functions are combined. 平面型浸水式灭菌锅平面型浸水式灭菌锅温度记录装置温度记录装置记录温度计的球端应靠近水银玻璃温度计的球端。即使温度显示装置处在中心线上，温度记录器也应当靠近它，除非它是一个温度记录控制器。?+?HORZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT TEMPERATURE RECORDER DEVICEThe recording-thermometer bulb shall be l
27、ocated adjacent to the bulb of the mercury-in-glass thermometer. Wherever the temperature indicating device in located on the center line, the temperature recorder should be located adjacent to it. UNLESS IT IS A RECORDER-CONTROLLER.?+?平面型浸水式灭菌锅平面型浸水式灭菌锅温度记录与控制装置温度记录与控制装置温度记录与控制仪的球段应位于水面与通过灭菌锅中心的水平面
28、之间，这样直接的水蒸气就不会对控制球造成损伤。?HORZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT TEMPERATURE RECORDER-CONTROLLER DEVICEThe temperature recorder-controller bulb shall be located between the water surface and the horizontal plane passing through the center of the retort so that there is no opportunity for direct steam imping
29、ement on the control bulb.?垂直型浸水式灭菌锅垂直型浸水式灭菌锅温度记录与控制装置温度记录与控制装置鉴于垂直型灭菌锅配置了复合记录装置，温度记录与控制仪的球端应位于灭菌锅最底层装箱的底部，这样蒸汽就不能直接对其造成冲击。?VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT TEMPERATURE RECORDER-CONTROLLER DEVICEIn the case of vertical retorts equipped with a combination recorder controller, the temperature recorder-
30、controller bulb shall be located at the bottom of the retort below the lowest crate rest in such a position that the steam does not strike it directly.?水位水位计操作过程中有几种检测灭菌锅水平面的方法 在整个操作与处理期及冷却期间，水应覆盖容器的顶层操作者应不时检查与记录水平面以确保其处于液面适宜。WATER LEVEL INDICATORThere shall be a means of determining the water level
31、 in the retort during operation. Water shall cover the top layer of containers during the entire come-up-time and processing periods and should cover the top layer of containers during the cooling periods. The operator shall check and record the water level at intervals sufficient to ensure its adeq
32、uacy.空气供空气供应与控制与控制对水平与垂直型的灭菌锅在压力处理过程中，应提供一种方法介绍压缩空气应在适当的压力与比率。适应的压强应通过自动压力控制装置来控制在空气供应线路中应提供检测阀以防止水进入系统。AIR SUPPLY AND CONTROLSIn horizontal and vertical still retorts for pressure processing in water, a means shall be provided for introducing compressed air at the proper pressure and rate. The prop
33、er pressure shall be controlled by an automatic pressure control unit.A check valve shall be provided in the air supply line to prevent water from entering the system. 空气供空气供应与控制与控制在升温、杀菌和冷却期间，空气或水循环应保持连续。在灭菌锅内，空气或水循环的热分布均匀情况应由主管部门利用公认的方法进行确认。AIR SUPPLY AND CONTROLS Air or water circulation shall be
34、 maintained continuously during the come-up-time and during processing and cooling periods.The adequacy of the air or water circulation for uniform heat distribution within the retort shall be established by a competent processing authority using recognized methods.加压空气加压空气蒸汽蒸汽加压空气加压空气垂直浸水式灭菌锅垂直浸水式灭
35、菌锅空气供应与控制空气供应与控制如果空气是用来促进循环，应在灭菌锅及其低端的蒸汽控制阀之间的某一点，将空气引入蒸汽线路。PRESSURIZED AIRSTEAMPRESSURIZED AIRVERTICAL WATER IMMERSION AIR SUPPLY AND CONTROLSIf the air is used to promote circulation, it shall be introduced into the steam line at a point between the retort and the steam control valve at the bottom
36、 of the retort.垂直浸水式灭菌锅垂直浸水式灭菌锅冷却水冷却水在垂直灭菌锅中，冷却水应在介于水平面与容器面之间灭菌锅的顶端被引入。在冷却水线路中，检测阀应包括其中。VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT - COOLING WATERIn vertical retorts the cooling water should be introduced at the top of the retort between the water and container levels. A check valve should be included in the c
37、ooling water line.水平型浸水式灭菌锅水平型浸水式灭菌锅冷却水冷却水 在水平型灭菌锅中，冷却水应引入到泵的吸入端，检测阀应包含在冷却线路中。HORIZONTAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT - COOLING WATER In horizontal retorts the cooling water should be introduced into the suction side of the pump. A check valve should be included in the cooling water line.垂直型浸水式灭菌锅水管装置垂直型浸
38、水式灭菌锅水管装置VERTICAL WATER IMMERSION RETORT PLUMBING优点点/缺点缺点+ 可做的容器类型广泛.+ 相对简单.+ 相对便宜.+ 易于操作.-较慢.-消耗大量的水.-需要大量能量-效率不高.Advantages / Disadvantages+ Can do a wide range of container types.+ Relatively Simple.+ Relatively Inexpensive.+ Relatively Easy to Operate.-Slow.-Uses large amounts of water.-Uses more energy.-Inefficient.有没有什么疑有没有什么疑问?QUESTIONS?
