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1、 Selected Readings in American Literature Unit 81Mark Twain（18351910)2 American LiteratureFranklin 富兰克林proseWhitman惠特曼poetryMark Twain马克-吐温novelT.S EliotT.S艾略特19世纪中期世纪中期-20世纪初世纪初 1865191420世纪初3Mark TwainSamuel Langhorne Clemens(November 30, 1835 April 21, 1910),better known by hispen nameMark Twain,
2、 was an American author andhumorist. He was lauded as the “greatest American humorist of his age”.Mark Twain meaning “watermark two”, was a call used by sailors on the Mississippi to warn shipmate that they were coming into shallow water.4thefirsttrulyAmericanwriter,andallofussincearehisheirs“thefat
3、herofAmericanliterature“-WilliamFaulknerAllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwaincalledHuckleberryFinn.“-ErnestHemingwayIbelievethatMarkTwainhadaclearervisionoflife,thathecamenearertoitselementalsandwaslessdeceivedbyitsfalseappearancesthananyotherAmerican.Ibelievethathewasthetruefathero
4、fournationalliterature.-H.L.Mencken5Life ExperienceSamuel Langhorne Clemens, the third of five children, was born inFlorida, Missouri. His father died when he was only 12. From that time on he worked to support himself and the rest of the family. 6Hebecameapprenticedtoaprinterandbegancontributingtoh
5、isbrothersnewspaperin1851.From1857to1861hefoundhimselfapilotontheMississippiRiver.Itisfromthisworkthathegottheideaofhispenname“MarkTwain”7In1861,theAmericanCivilWardestroyedthetrafficalongtheMississippi.HelefttheMississippiattheoutbreakofthewar,andbecame,inswiftsuccession,anarmyvolunteer,agoldprospe
6、ctorinNevada.8Hewasafailureatgoldmining,sohenextturnedtojournalism.Whileareporter,hewroteahumorousstory,The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County(1865),whichbecameverypopularandbroughtnationwideattention.Histravelogueswerealsowell-received.Heachievedgreatsuccessasawriterandpublicspeaker.9His m
7、ajor works Innocents Abroad (1869 first book) a collection of travel lettersThe Gilded Age (1873) 镀金时代镀金时代The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆索亚历险记汤姆索亚历险记(1876) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝恩历险记哈克贝恩历险记(1885)The price and the Pauper (1882) 王子与贫儿王子与贫儿Life on the Mississippi River (1883) 密西西比河上的生活密
8、西西比河上的生活A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889) 亚瑟亚瑟王朝王朝 的康涅狄克州的美国佬的康涅狄克州的美国佬He wrote 28 books and numerous short stories, letters and sketches. It is the first novels which tried to describe the new morality of post-Civil War America10In his late years, Mark Twain wrote less, but he becam
9、e a celebrity, frequently speaking out on public issues. He made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history. Twain received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1907. Twain died of aheart attackon April21, 1910.When he died, he left uncomplet
10、ed autobiography. Haleys Comet was visible in the sky both on the night that Mark Twain was born and on the night he passed away.11PresidentWilliamHowardTaftsaid:MarkTwaingavepleasurerealintellectualenjoymenttomillions,andhisworkswillcontinuetogivesuchpleasuretomillionsyettocome.HishumorwasAmerican,
11、buthewasnearlyasmuchappreciatedbyEnglishmenandpeopleofothercountriesasbyhisowncountrymen.HehasmadeanenduringpartofAmericanliterature.12Writing Characteristics of Mark Twain Literature is an art of language. Mark Twains language is artistic and like a sharp weapon without doubt. He is famous for his
12、humor and satire. His work are characterized by broad often irreverent humor or biting social satire. Mark Twains humor is based on the humor of the Western in America. He used a lot of colloquial idioms and colloquial syntaxHe often described persons who was innocent, simple, nave, and ignorant as
13、his heroes and heroines.13王春颖14move to California (1864)publish the story (1865)American Civil War 1861-1865The WestWhat has he done, heard and felt?1516In 1848, gold was discovered in California.Most mining camps were rather ugly places, extremely dusty during the summer and muddy during the winter
14、.Discoveries lured people of all races and nationalities. Gambling became one of the most common pastimes in nineteenth-century mining camps. life in the West17life in the WestAt that time, people enjoyed to tell tall tales（荒诞故事荒诞故事） and practical jokes(恶作剧恶作剧). For example, cowboys put bull snakes
15、in their companions bedrolls.Tall tales were widely printed in almanacs(年鉴；年鉴；历书历书) and newspapers during the early 1800s and reached their peak between 1850 and 1865. Early Western newspapers played a particularly large role in developing and perpetrating these humorous stories.18Social life differ
16、ed greatly from the West.Life in the EastEastern publications followed a British-style humor, and often had to explain to their audience which sections of their publications were funny and why. Nobody knows whether or not Easterners actually believed the stories from the Westerners. Western journali
17、sts made up tales as if they were factual, perhaps believing that they could fool Eastern readers. 19NorthSouthWar starts!20NorthSouth23 States11 StatesUnionConfederateAbraham LincolnJefferson DavisBlue CoatsGrey Coats140,414 killed in action 365,000 total dead275,200 wounded72,524 killed in action
18、260,000 total dead137,000+ wounded2122 In officeMarch 4, 1861 April 15, 18651862 宅地法宅地法（Homestead Act）who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, including freed slaves21 or older10 registration fee, 160 acres of landfive years2324Western Movement During the Civil War25Missouri Salt Lak
19、e City Virginia City, Nevada San FranciscoTwains journey provided material for The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.261.1.FatherofAmericanLiterature2.2.Forerunnerof19thCenturyAmericanRealism3.3.Humorist4.4.Localcolorist2728The Celebrated Jumping Frog ofCalaveras County MarkTwain29Brief In
20、troductionTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountyisan1865shortstorybyMarktwain,hisfirstgreatsuccessasawriter,bringinghimnationalattention.ThestoryhasalsobeenpublishedasJimSmileyandHisJumpingFrog(itsoriginaltitle)andTheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty.Init,thenarratorretellsastoryheheardfromab
21、artender,SimonWheeler,attheAngelsHotelinAngelsCamp,California,aboutthegamblerJimSmiley.Twaindescribeshim:Ifheevenseenastraddlebugstarttogoanywhere,heisbetyouhowlongitwouldtakehimtogettotowhereverhegoingto,andifyoutookhimup,hewouldfollerthatstraddlebugtoMexicobutwhathewouldfindoutwherehewasboundforan
22、dhowlonghewasontheroad.30The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County SettingCharactersThemes TonesNarrativeAnalysisoftheText31Angels Camp, California, Mid-19th centuryAngelsCampisagoldminingcommunityinthemid-19thcenturythatthenarratorclaimstohavevisitedtofindSimonWheeler.LikeanyminingtownintheWe
23、st,itwaspopulatedprimarilybymen,manyofthemlookingfortheirfortune.Assomethingofafrontiertown,itwouldprobablyseemtobefullofloud,uncouth,anduneducatedpeoplecomparedtothemoregenteelEast.Setting32 CharactersWho is the narrator ？ Who is the story-teller？ Who is the hero in these stories？ Who is the strang
24、er？33Character IntroductionMark TwainisthestereotypeofEasternsnobberyduringthenineteenthcentury.Simon Wheeler,astoryteller(acraftydodger欺瞒者；躲避者欺瞒者；躲避者)wheelinganddealinghisstories,relatesthetaleofJimSmileyandhisnotoriousfrog.Jim Smiley isthemaincharacterinWheelerstalltaleandhischaracteristicisavidga
25、mbling.34The Fifteen-Minute NagisJimSmileyshorse.Andrew Jackson isJimSmileysbull-dogpupwhoisnamedaftertheseventhpresidentoftheUnitedStatesAndrewJackson.Danl Webster isafrogthatJimSmileycaughtandtrained.The Stranger isaconartist骗子；以花骗子；以花言巧语骗人的人言巧语骗人的人whosuccessfullyoutwitsSmileyandwinsabetagainsthis
26、frog.35Characters231Antagonist The StrangerProtagonist Jim SmileyThe NarratorSimon Wheeler4The Narrator I 36 likes fooling others but doesnt cheat them;Jim Smiley is a manaddicted to gambling;good at finding and educating animals ;not a sore loser.weknowverylittleaboutthestranger,hekeepsinsistingtha
27、titisanordinaryfrogtohim.reallywantsthatfortybucks,cheats.37Simon WheelerIthastogetprettylonelyoutthereattheminingcamp.Maybehejustwantstotalkanddoesnthaveanyshameaboutit.Whateverthereasonis,hethrowsthenarratorcompletelyoffguard.Hetalksfunnyandungrammatical-like. Though Simon Wheeler is bald and lazy
28、, and seems simple, may be cleverer than he looks. But then theres the question of why hes so desperate to have someone listen to him. 38The Narrator The narrator isan educated man , good-natured Is he really so good ?He is suspicious of his friend. doesnt seem to have a lot of patience or good mann
29、ers39PlotThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County40Initial SituationTheauthor(thenarrator)visitsSimonWheelerforhisfriendsrequest.Insteadoftheinformationthenarratorwanted,hegetsataleaboutJimSmiley.41 Particular plots“I” am trapped by “my” friend to look for a person called Leonidas W. Smiley w
30、ho is made up. The gamblers fall into the trap of Smiley. The little animals are trapped by person.The gambler Jim Smiley falls into a frame-up of the stranger. The use of particular plots heightens the appeal of art in humor.42 Plot IntroductionFromthebeginning,thecharactersinthisstorydeceiveeachot
31、her.Twainrealizesthathisfriendhastrickedhimintothisfruitlesssearchfortheyoungminister.TwainisdeceivedbyWheeler,whotellshimthestoryofSmileytheluckygamblerwhoseluck,itseems,isoftenbasedondeception.Finally,Smileyhimselfisdeceived.43Jim smileyLove to gamble (betting is his life)Uncommon lucky, he most a
32、lways comes out winner Bet on everything: Even whether parson Walkers (priest) wife would recover or not 44He likes to bet on animals that doesnt seem like they have a good chance of winning. 45Fifteen-minute nagBe used to win moneyfeatureSo slow;AlwaysAlways has the asthma, or the distemper, or the
33、 consumptionsurpriseAlwaysAlways at the fag-end of the race shed get excited and win the match always about a neck ahead 46Andrew JacksonSpecialHe doesnt look like he can win a fight until there is money on the table. He would grab that other dog just by the joint of his hind leg and freeze to itres
34、ultFight against a dog without hind legDied 47Danl WebsterHe spends three months to train a frog with superior abilityJump higher and faster than any other frog;Put the frog on the marketMake bet48A stranger fills smileys frog with quail shot and the frog losesOne day he bets a stranger forty bucks
35、that his frog can beat any other frog. The stranger says he doesnt see anything special about Danl Webster. Stranger has no frog Smiley would catch one for him stranger keeps his frog while waitingFilled him full of quail shotWhen he realizes he has been cheated, the stranger has gone49The narrator
36、leaves, thinking his quest was fruitless.When Wheeler is interrupted from finishing the story, he tells the narrator to wait. 501Cunning and Cunning and ClevernessClevernessCompetitionCompetitionLies and DeceitLies and DeceitContrasting Contrasting RegionsRegions23451Cunning and ClevernessHow does S
37、mileys cunning in choosing animals that dont look like they could compete compare to the cunning of the stranger in filling the frog with quail shot? Is there a ethical distinction between the two?Who is more clever: the narrator or Simon Wheeler?52Cunning and Cleverness Though Jim Smiley appears to
38、 be extraordinarily lucky, it is partly through his cunning and cleverness that he is able to win bets. He is finally fooled by a stranger, who beats him through cheating. The story poses a moral distinction between honest and dishonest cleverness. It also shows that you dont necessarily have to be
39、educated and well spoken to be clever, nor is a good education a defense against getting fooled.53CompetitionIs Jim Smileys gambling method fair or unfair to his opponents?Why do you think Smiley is so trusting of the stranger, considering the general shadiness of his pastime?54Competition Jim Smile
40、y is an incorrigible gambler. Though he may like the money he wins, it is also clear that he just enjoys the excitement of competition.Although gambling is usually seen as an unhealthy pastime, Smiley is honorable in that he never cheats in the story.Although this story is full of themes about the d
41、ifferences between the West and the East, and about education, the main lesson is about the rules of fair play.55Contrasting Regions1 Compare and contrast the narrator (who is from the East) with the other charactersDoes the use of Andrew Jackson and Danl Webster as nicknames suggest a commentary up
42、on the two regions and their characteristics?56Contrasting Regions Though the eastern and western United States arent specifically contrasted in this short story we do see a contrast between the educated, refined narrator from the East and the uneducated but slick characters who populate Angels mini
43、ng camp in the West. The characters in the West love a good tall tale, while the narrator appears to find it pointless and tedious, but maybe thats because he doesnt get it.57TONES :disparaging毁谤的；轻蔑的 , disbelieving Take a storys temperature by studying its tone. Is it hopeful? Cynical? Snarky? Play
44、ful? Though the content suggests the opposite of the tone, the attitude of the narrator toward the subject matter is one of disbelief that his time has been wasted in such a way. Hes annoyed that he has had to listen to such a stupid tale from a man who seems to take it so seriously. His effort to r
45、eproduce Wheelers ungrammatical dialect feels slightly mocking.58Narrative Analysis of the Textconversion of narrative point of view(转换叙述视点转换叙述视点)Composite structure(复合式结构复合式结构)humorous narration(幽默化叙事幽默化叙事)59conversion of narrative point of view(转换叙述视点转换叙述视点)Narrator:ABCListener:readerA+readerA+rea
46、der+BA: Mark Twain;B: Simon Wheeler;C: Jim Smiley60Narrative Changes in This StoryFirstPart:Thenarratoris“I”.Received the letterAccepted the requestWent to see Simon WheelerLeonidas was wanted UnwillingnessOnly Jim existed61Narrative Changes in This StorySecondPart:ThenarratorchangesintoSimonwheeler
47、betbetbetGeneral knowledgeOf JimFemale horse Weak dogFamous jumping frogJim Smiley Loves to bet. He bets on anything.The stranger cheatsAnd beats Jim.Jim lose his betAnd finds the Shots in frog.It is very old.But always wins him prizes atthe last momentof the bet.It looks weak but never yields to co
48、mpetitor until Death.62Narrative Changes in This StoryThirdPart:Thenarratorbecomes“I”again.Atthispointinthestory,Wheeleriscalledawaybysomeoneonthefrontporch,andtellsthenarratortokeepseated.ThenarratorrealizesthatJimSmileyisnttheleastbitrelatedtoLeonidasW.Smiley,andstartswalkingaway.Simoncatchesthena
49、rratoratthedoorjustbeforeheleaves,andstartstellinghimanotherstory,aboutJimsone-eyedcow.Thenarratorexcuseshimselfandleaves.63First-personnarrativeInafirst-personnarrativethestoryisrelayedbyanarratorwhoisalsoacharacterwithinthestory,sothatthenarratorrevealstheplotbyreferringtothisviewpointcharacterasI
50、(or,whenplural,we).Oftentimes,thefirst-personnarrativeisusedasawaytodirectlyconveythedeeplyinternal,otherwiseunspokenthoughtsofthenarrator.Second-personnarrativeTherarestmodeinliterature(thoughquitecommoninsonglyrics)isthesecond-personnarrativemode,inwhichthenarratorreferstooneofthecharactersasyou,t
51、hereforemakingtheaudiencememberfeelasifheorsheisacharacterwithinthestory.Anothercommonplacetoseethisisinpreschooltelevisionshowsinwhichcharacterswilltelltheaudiencetofollowthem,orasktheaudiencequestions.Third-personnarrativeThird-personnarrationprovidesthegreatestflexibilitytotheauthorandthusisthemo
52、stcommonlyusednarrativemodeinliterature.Inthethird-personnarrativemode,eachandeverycharacterisreferredtobythenarratorashe,she,it,orthey,butneverasIorwe(first-person),oryou(second-person).Inthird-personnarrative,itisobviousthatthenarratorbemerelyanunspecifiedentityoruninvolvedpersonthatconveysthestor
53、y,butnotacharacterofanykindwithinthestorybeingtotold.Narrative Mode64 The effects of narrative changesAtthebeginningofthenovel,therelationshipbetweenthenarratorandthereadersareclose.“I”leadthereaderstoenterthestoryandopenawholenewworld.Soonafterthestoryspreads,theauthorrapidlyswitchesthedirection,le
54、avesthereaderandputsthecharacterstothefrontdesk.Simontellsthefollowingstory.Attheendofthestory,theoriginalnarratorpicksupthepiecesandonceagainclosetothereaders.Therelationshipbetweenthemiscloseestrangementclose.Thisstrategygivesthereadersgreatfreedomtodeveloptheirownjudgmentsandperspectiveswithoutth
55、eauthorssubjectivetendencyinfluence.65Composite structure(复合式结构复合式结构)Mark Twains storySimon Wheelers story Jim Smileys story horsebull-dog pupfrog66Narrative conversions influence on story structureAccordingtothesetransformationsofnarrator,MarkTwainmakesthisstoryacomplexlinkedstructure.Fromtheoveral
56、lpointofview,compoundstructureincludingnarrativestructureandstorystructuretwoparts.Whole StoryThe original narratorSimon “ I”Jim Smiley67The Story ClueThebetsofJimSmileyactasthestoryclueallthroughthestory.betonParsonWalker.（best）narrow-mindedbetonParsonWalkerswife.(death)cruelAgamblerbetonAndrewJack
57、son.(fighting)meanbetonthefifteen-minutenag.(running)greedbetonJumpingfrog,Daniel.(higher)foolish68The story clueAlthoughtheheroofthestorythatoldSimontellsisJimSmiley.thewriterdoesntappliesenoughdescriptionsonhispersonalities.WhatreallycountmostinthenovelarethebetsmadebyJim.Hebetsonthingsfromhorsera
58、cestotheslighteststuffindailylife.Tomakeabetonstraddle-bug,hecouldevenfollowsittoMexico.Threebetsondog,horseandfrogactasthemainpartsofthewholestory.MarkTwainpresentsalivelysocietylifethroughtheselittlestorieswithabundanthumorouslanguagesandnativeslangs.MarkTwainisregardedasthefatheroftheUnitedStates
59、modernliterature.69Language features-Typical American Realism1.Humor-the most striking feature in this novel. Not only the story itself but also the language and the way Mark Twain narrated with ,is humorous. 1语言幽默语言幽默 If there is a horse-race, hed bet on it! if there is a dog-fight, hed bet on it.
60、if there is cat-fight, hed bet on it. if there is chicken fight, hed bet on it. if there was two birds setting on a fence, hed bet you which fly first. Hed bet on anything!Reversal:signify-Its just the novel the celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country brought him the name of “the Wild humorist
61、along the pacific ocean coast”.701幽默的人物描写幽默的人物描写SimonA.他的讲述态度他的讲述态度VS听者听者我我的态度的态度：（forceful，active to tell VS reluctant and compelled to hear ）B.西蒙的讲述方式西蒙的讲述方式VS他讲述内容他讲述内容:Serious, genuine VS funny, ridiculous 3 contrast3.他的讲述态度他的讲述态度VS故事意义故事意义:Earnest VS irrelevant to me 71Smiley- He himself is jus
62、t a joke.（本身就是一个（本身就是一个笑点）笑点） 赌徒身份：赌徒身份：Bet on anything!Bet on anything! A loaferA loafer！（！（游手好闲不务正业）游手好闲不务正业）Funny experience 懒汉懒汉：opportunisticopportunistic ( (投机取巧投机取巧) ) sth-for-nothing scoundrel( sth-for-nothing scoundrel(不劳而获不劳而获) ) 惨败结局惨败结局: :跳蛙比赛中惨败而归，抑郁而亡跳蛙比赛中惨败而归，抑郁而亡 这样的一个人却这样的一个人却是常胜将军，
63、无是常胜将军，无赖得到好报应。赖得到好报应。这是人们心里所这是人们心里所厌恶的厌恶的人们心里愿景人们心里愿景实现，读者觉实现，读者觉得舒心。符合得舒心。符合读者的心理规读者的心理规律。律。722幽默的动物描写幽默的动物描写-母马，斗狗，跳蛙。母马，斗狗，跳蛙。对动物的动作对动物的动作和肖像描写和肖像描写: :突出动物的特突出动物的特异功能异功能运用类似于运用类似于人的心理描人的心理描写写母马母马：病怏怏的，打不起精神，跑得很慢病怏怏的，打不起精神，跑得很慢斗狗斗狗：拴在那里，一副罪溜溜的样子，老想偷点什么拴在那里，一副罪溜溜的样子，老想偷点什么跳蛙：跳蛙：那蛤蟆就像翻煎饼一样在空中打了个转那蛤
64、蟆就像翻煎饼一样在空中打了个转兴许是兴许是翻筋斗呢翻筋斗呢描绘传神，描绘传神，让人产生让人产生相应的认相应的认同感。同感。老马老马：人们看到病态母马总是让它二三百码，等快到了终点，它就来了人们看到病态母马总是让它二三百码，等快到了终点，它就来了精神拼了老命，撒欢起来。最后总是逼其他马早一个头精神拼了老命，撒欢起来。最后总是逼其他马早一个头 狗狗：杀手锏杀手锏-咬后腿咬后腿 。别的狗要是没了后腿，就没辙了，输了。别的狗要是没了后腿，就没辙了，输了。 跳蛙跳蛙- 训练有素训练有素。在斗狗比赛时：它咬住对方的假后腿，在斗狗比赛时：它咬住对方的假后腿，好像是吃了一惊，跟着就有点没好像是吃了一惊，跟着就
65、有点没精打采精打采他朝他朝SmileySmiley瞧了一眼，好像在说它伤心透了，这都是他呃瞧了一眼，好像在说它伤心透了，这都是他呃错，弄了一只没有后退的狗来让它斗错，弄了一只没有后退的狗来让它斗动物性的一面，拟人化的性格动物性的一面，拟人化的性格732.Colloquial writing style (口语化风格口语化风格)Large use of native language and slang The language the Author recorded in this novel is rather faithful to the local color, which vivid
66、ly depicted the populations vulgarity openness and impulsivity. This kind of writing style set the precedent and laid the foundation for Colloquial writing style in American literature. And T.S. Eliot called it new discovery of English language（英（英语的新发现）。语的新发现）。E.G.Fellow-feller Wasnt - warnt Sos -s
67、o long as Just-jestShe doesnt she dontGet-git 74Slang and Colloquialism1) Lexical level: “feller” for “follow”; “foller” for “follow”; “jest” for “just”; “sorter, kinder” for “sort of, kind of”; “hm ” for “him”; “sos so ” for “long as”; “kep” for “kept”; “peared” for “appeared”; “jint” for “joint”;
68、“doin” for “doing”; “callated for “calcalate”.2) Syntax: “money was up on him”（赌注压在它身上）（赌注压在它身上）. “throwed up the sponge”（认输，（认输，thowed up: threw up). “had him in the door”（把它难住了）（把它难住了）. “He got him up so in the matter of ketching flies.”（他教会抓（他教会抓苍蝇）苍蝇） The use of Slang and Colloquialism reflects
69、the identification of the characters, strengthening the effect of humor.753.Reversal（突转突转）-指激情在其发展过程中指激情在其发展过程中出现的重大转折，即出现的重大转折，即情势向相反反向转变情势向相反反向转变，包括，包括”由由顺境到逆境，或由逆境到顺境顺境到逆境，或由逆境到顺境“。TheApplicationofReversalinthisnovel小说中关于小说中关于Smiley的幽默故事（赌马，斗狗，的幽默故事（赌马，斗狗，跳蛙比赛），三个故事自称一体，但是都安排了突转跳蛙比赛），三个故事自称一体，但是都
70、安排了突转情节。造就了一个个始料不及的情节。造就了一个个始料不及的”不谐调情节不谐调情节“。第一故事时，在赌马比赛中，第一故事时，在赌马比赛中，Smiley的那匹的那匹母母马有哮喘病，肺痨病等马有哮喘病，肺痨病等跑起来四肢乱甩，还不停的打跑起来四肢乱甩，还不停的打喷嚏，人们都喷嚏，人们都瞧不起它，在比赛中愿意让它二三百码瞧不起它，在比赛中愿意让它二三百码以的赛程以的赛程，可是就是在比赛中，情况却发生可是就是在比赛中，情况却发生突突，这匹母马每次，这匹母马每次都都以能极其微弱的优势击败对手以能极其微弱的优势击败对手-突转的巧妙运用突转的巧妙运用营造出了一个充满幽默情趣的意境。营造出了一个充满幽默
71、情趣的意境。76第二个斗狗故事，第二个斗狗故事，Smiley的小公狗，被浓墨渲染成的小公狗，被浓墨渲染成压根不中用的小可怜压根不中用的小可怜,但正是这只弱不禁风但正是这只弱不禁风的狗，有一的狗，有一杀杀手锏手锏-等人们把赌注一倍又一倍的押在对手那边时（此等人们把赌注一倍又一倍的押在对手那边时（此为第一次突转），为第一次突转），它它然要住对方那只的后腿拐子，咬死不放然要住对方那只的后腿拐子，咬死不放。在这里作者就一个形象描写和奇思妙想造就了一个让人在这里作者就一个形象描写和奇思妙想造就了一个让人捧腹大笑的幽默情景，但是，靠这杀手锏取胜的斗狗，捧腹大笑的幽默情景，但是，靠这杀手锏取胜的斗狗，也有不
72、幸的一天，它也有不幸的一天，它遇上了遇上了一只没有后腿一只没有后腿的对手，最的对手，最终输掉比赛，抑郁而亡（第二次突转）。终输掉比赛，抑郁而亡（第二次突转）。这是奇妙的二次突转极尽讽刺这是奇妙的二次突转极尽讽刺-被胜利名利冲昏头脑，被胜利名利冲昏头脑，却不了解对手是否有误后腿。却不了解对手是否有误后腿。77 Guided practice 1.Whatrealisticelementscanyoufindinthisstory?1) Background: Gold RushThis story is set in the gold rush. In 1848, in California g
73、old was discovered, a rapid movement of people to the newly discovered goldfield.2) California was a world of men, isolated, homesick, and eager for entertainment. 3) Gambling was one of the easiest and most popular ways to amuse themselves. 4) The Easterners had a reputation for being civilized, cu
74、ltured, and advanced; whereas the Westerners were considered to be less-educated, less-refined and easy to be deceived.78the expression of language(语言表述)ironypersonification79ironySmileys bull dog pupAndrew Jacksonthe seventh president of the United Statesa proponent of democracy and the rights of t
75、he common people.pugnacious and stubborn when confronted with adversitygood but not a very impressive fighter until the chips are downthe higher the stakes, the more stubborn the dog80Andrew Jackson (the dogs name): Andrew Jackson (1767 1845) is the 7th President of the United States, the first West
76、erner to become president(1829-1837)He is described as being determined and strong-willed. Daniel Webster (the frogs name): Daniel Webster (1782-1852). He is a statesman He embodies the very spirit of the nation81Andrew Jackson82 Daniel Webster83Jumping FrogDaniel Webstera famous American statesman
77、and orator a capable and successful manaspired to the presidency, but never became president a champion jumperloses a bet for Smilely when a stranger loads him with quail shot.84Andrew Jackson VS Daniel WebsterAndrewJackson,awesternerandtheseventhpresidentoftheUS.Beforebecomingpresident,Jacksonwasal
78、awyerwhopracticedinthefrontier,agamblerandanadvacateofdemocracyDanielWebsterwasanattorneywhobecameoneoftheamericanstatesmen,servingasasenatorandsecretaryofstate.Heranunsuccessfullyforpresidentthreetimesandwasknownforbeingaverygoodnarrator85personificationDanlgiveaheave,andhoisteduphisshoulderssolike
79、aFrenchman,butitwasnousehecouldntbudge;hewasplantedassolidasananvil,andhecouldntnomorestirthanifhewasanchoredout.跳蛙努力跳起来却不能够，因为它肚里被填满铁砂，最终跳蛙努力跳起来却不能够，因为它肚里被填满铁砂，最终它只能像法国人那样耸耸肩，不明所以而又无可奈何它只能像法国人那样耸耸肩，不明所以而又无可奈何.既描摹出跳蛙的无奈与愚蠢，又对法国人的故作姿态进行笑侃，可谓一石二鸟，相得益彰86What role does language play in the story? Inform
80、al language vs. formal language: 1) To highlight the educational background of the characters 2) To create a realistic picture of how the characters speak 3) To make the narration more vivid87What role does language play in the story? Informal language vs. formal language: 1) To highlight the educat
81、ional background of the characters 2) To create a realistic picture of how the characters speak 3) To make the narration more vivid88 Quotations of humorHeneverbetrayedtheslightestsuspicionofenthusiasm; but all through the interminablenarrative there ran a vein of impressiveearnestnessandsincerity.(
82、P69)Thish-yerSmileyhadamareandkickingupm-o-r-edustandraisingm-o-r-eracketwithher coughing and sneezing and blowing hernoseandalwaysfetchupatthestandjustabout ahead, as near as you could cipher itdown.(PP69-70)89 And he had a little small bull-pup till the money was all up；and then all of a sudden he
83、 would grab that other dog jest by the jint of his hind leg and freeze to it not chaw.(P70) and the money was all up, and he come to make a snatch for his pet holt, he see in a minute how hed been imposed on, and hepeared surprised, and then he looked sorter discouraged-like(P70)90 a stranger and th
84、en he got the frog out and prized his mouth open and took a teaspoon and filled him full of quail shotfilled him pretty near up to his chinand set him on the floor. (P71) the new frog hopped off lively, but Danl give a heave, and hysted up his shoulderssolike a Frenchman, but it warnt no usehe could
85、nt budge. (P71)91Artistic features of humor1. Hyperbole (some skills of exaggeration):“if there was a dog-fight， hed bet on it； if there was a cat-fight，hed bet on it to Mexico but what he would find out where he was bound for and how long he was on the road.” The use of Hyperbole enforces the essen
86、tial characteristics of the object. 922. By means of caricature漫画；讽刺画 Simon Wheeler backed me into a corner and blockaded me there with his chair, and then sat down and reeled off the monotonous narrative . He never smiled, he never frowned, he never changed his voice from the gentle-flowing key to
87、which he tuned his initial sentence, he never betrayed the slightest suspicion of enthusiasm, and never interrupted him once.(P69)93 “Thish-yer Smiley a mare and kicking up m-o-r-e dust and raising m-o-r-e racket with her coughing and sneezing and blowing her nose and always fetch up at the stand ju
88、st about ahead, as near as you could cipher it down. (PP69-70)”94“Oh! Hang Smiley and his afflicted cow ! ” muttered, good-naturedly, and bidding the old gentleman good day, I departed. The use of caricature enhances the effect of humor.951:WhydoyouthinkMr.Wheelerissoeagertotellthesestories?FromMr.W
89、heelersbehaviorsandcontentsofhisnarrationwecanknowheissoeagertotellthesestories.First,whenIaskedhimtotellmesomethingaboutW.Smiley,he“backedmeintoacornerandblockadedmewithhischair,andthensatdownandreeledoffthenarrative”.Andduringtheprocessoftellinghisstories,heneverpaidanyattentiontoothersresponsetoh
90、isstoryandjustwentontellingwhatamusedhim.Atlastwhenthelistenerfeltboringandwantedtoleave,Mr.Wheelerevendidntnoticeitandstillaskedhimtosittherelisteningtohim.962:Doeshisaudiencesharehisenthusiasmintellingthestories?No.theaudiencedoesnotshowanyinterestinMr.Wheelerstories.Infact,thenarratorwasveryfever
91、ishabouthisstories,but,intheeyesofthelistener,thestorieswereveryboringandhadnothingtodowithhispreoccupation.Asaneducatedman,thelistenercouldntunderstandthewayoflaborersforjoy,andhewouldneverbotherhimselftounderstandit.SoafterthelongtimeofMr.Wheelersolonarrationandwhentheaudiencegotachance,hefledaway
92、.973:Doyouthinkthenarratorandhislistenereversuspectthepresenceofhumor?Why?Howdoyouinterprettheirinteractions?Thenarratorandhislistenernevernoticedorsuspectedthepresenceofhumor.Duringtheintercourse,thenarratorwentvigorouslyonhismonotonousnarrativewithoutalittlesmilingtalkingabouttheanimalsandthething
93、slike,whilethelistenerfeltratherpuzzledorbotheredbyhisstories.Itseemedtobekindofcoarsethings.Sothetwodifferentscenesgoonseparatelywithoutaintersection.Andtheirinteractionwasacompletefailureaccordingtoourcommonsenseaboutcommunication.ButitinthissenseproducedtheeffectofhumorwhichcanbetastedbyourreadersduetotheskillsadoptedbyMarkTwain.98the end Thank you99
