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1、 英语连读的规则英语连读的规则 一一一一. .连读的条件：连读的条件：连读的条件：连读的条件： 1.1.相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重。而过，不可读得太重。而过，不可读得太重。而过，不可读得太重。 (1)“(1)“辅音辅音辅音辅音+ +
2、元音元音元音元音” ”型：连读在同一个意群里，如果相邻型：连读在同一个意群里，如果相邻型：连读在同一个意群里，如果相邻型：连读在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。 eg.ImanEnglishboy.eg.ImanEnglishboy.Itisanoldbook.Itisanoldb
3、ook.Letmehavealookatit.Letmehavealookatit.MsBlackworkedinanofficeyesterday.MsBlackworkedinanofficeyesterday.Putiton,please.Notatall.Pleasepickitup.Putiton,please.Notatall.Pleasepickitup.1 1优讲课堂优讲课堂 2.“r/re+2.“r/re+元音元音元音元音” ”型连读型连读型连读型连读 如果前一个词是以如果前一个词是以如果前一个词是以如果前一个词是以-r -r或者或者或者或者-re-re结尾，后一个词是以元音
4、开头，这时的结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r r或或或或rere不但要发不但要发不但要发不但要发/r/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。 eg.Theyremyfatherandmother.eg.Theyremyfatherandmother. Ilookedforithereandthere.Ilookedforithereandthere. Thereisafootballunderit.Thereisafoot
5、ballunderit. Therearesomebooksonthedesk.Therearesomebooksonthedesk. Hereisaletterforyou.Hereisaletterforyou. Herearefoureggs.Herearefoureggs. Butwhereismycup?Butwhereismycup? Whereareyourbrotherandsister?Whereareyourbrotherandsister? 但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r
6、r，即使后面的词以元音开，即使后面的词以元音开，即使后面的词以元音开，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。头，也不能连读。头，也不能连读。头，也不能连读。 Theblackcloudsarecomingnearerandnearer.Theblackcloudsarecomingnearerandnearer.（nearernearer与与与与andand不可连读）不可连读）不可连读）不可连读）2 2优讲课堂优讲课堂3.“3.“辅音辅音辅音辅音+ +半元音半元音半元音半元音” ”型连读型连读型连读型连读英语语音中的英语语音中的英语语音中的英语语音中的/j/j/和和和和/w/w/是半元音，如果前
7、一个词是半元音，如果前一个词是半元音，如果前一个词是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/j/开头，此时也要连读。开头，此时也要连读。开头，此时也要连读。开头，此时也要连读。 eg.Thankyou.eg.Thankyou.Nicetomeetyou.Nicetomeetyou.Didyougettherelateagain?Didyougettherelateagain?WouldyoulikeacupofteaWouldyoulikeacupo
8、ftea？Couldyouhelpme,please?Couldyouhelpme,please?“ “音的同化音的同化音的同化音的同化” ”常把常把常把常把/d/+/j/d/+/j/读成读成读成读成/dV/dV/，didyoudidyou听听听听上成了上成了上成了上成了/dIdVu/dIdVu/，wouldyouwouldyou成了成了成了成了/wudVu/wudVu/，couldyoucouldyou成了成了成了成了/kudVu/kudVu/。3 3优讲课堂优讲课堂 4.“4.“元音元音元音元音+ +元音元音元音元音” ”型连读型连读型连读型连读: :如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一如果前一个
9、词以元音结尾，后一如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。读到一起。读到一起。读到一起。 eg.IamChinese.eg.IamChinese. Heisveryfriendlytome.Heisveryfriendlytome. ShewantstostudyEnglish.ShewantstostudyEnglish. Howandwhydidyoucomehere?How
10、andwhydidyoucomehere? Shecantcarryit.Shecantcarryit. Itlltakeyouthreehourstowalkthere.Itlltakeyouthreehourstowalkthere. Thequestionistooeasyforhimtoanswer.Thequestionistooeasyforhimtoanswer.4 4优讲课堂优讲课堂5.5.当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与
11、元音出现，也意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。不可连读。不可连读。不可连读。Isitahatoracat?Isitahatoracat?（hathat与与与与oror之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）Thereisagoodbookinmydesk.Thereisagoodbookinmydesk.（bookbook与与与与inin之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）CanyouspeakEnglishorFrench?Canyousp
12、eakEnglishorFrench?（EnglishEnglish与与与与oror之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）ShallwemeetateightortentomorrowShallwemeetateightortentomorrowmorning?morning?（meetmeet与与与与 atat，eighteight与与与与oror之间不可以之间不可以之间不可以之间不可以连读）连读）连读）连读）Sheopenedthedoorandwalkedin.Sheopenedthedoorandwalkedin.（doordoor与与与与andand之间不可
13、以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）5 5优讲课堂优讲课堂 二二二二. .失去爆破失去爆破失去爆破失去爆破:6:6个爆破音有个爆破音有个爆破音有个爆破音有3 3对对对对/p/p/，/b/;/t/b/;/t/，/d/;/k/d/;/k/，/g/g/ 失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。备，但并不发
14、音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。 (1)“(1)“爆破音爆破音爆破音爆破音+ +爆破音爆破音爆破音爆破音” ”型型型型 6 6个爆破音中的任意个爆破音中的任意个爆破音中的任意个爆破音中的任意2 2个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿
15、后即发后面的爆破 eg.Thegirlinthere(d)coatwasonabla(ck)bikejus(t)now.eg.Thegirlinthere(d)coatwasonabla(ck)bikejus(t)now. Thebi(g)busfromthefa(c)toryisfullofpeople.Thebi(g)busfromthefa(c)toryisfullofpeople. Wha(t)timedoeshegetupeverymorning?Wha(t)timedoeshegetupeverymorning? Thisisanol(d)pi(c)tureofabi(g)car.
16、Thisisanol(d)pi(c)tureofabi(g)car. Theol(d)do(c)torhasaca(t),too.Theol(d)do(c)torhasaca(t),too. Weregoingtoworkonafarmnex(t)Tuesday.Weregoingtoworkonafarmnex(t)Tuesday. Whatwouldyoulike,ho(t)teaorbla(ck)coffee?Whatwouldyoulike,ho(t)teaorbla(ck)coffee? Itsaverycol(d)day,butitsagoo(d)day.Itsaverycol(d
17、)day,butitsagoo(d)day. Youcanputi(t)downinthebi(g)garden.Youcanputi(t)downinthebi(g)garden. Iboughtachea(p)book,butitsagoo(d)book.Iboughtachea(p)book,butitsagoo(d)book.6 6优讲课堂优讲课堂(2)“(2)“爆破音爆破音爆破音爆破音+ +摩擦音摩擦音摩擦音摩擦音” ”型型型型: :如果前面是爆破音，其如果前面是爆破音，其如果前面是爆破音，其如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如后紧跟
18、着某些摩擦音（如/f/f/，/s/s/，/W/W/，/T/T/等），等），等），等），那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。eg.Goo(d)morning,Mr.Bell.eg.Goo(d)morning,Mr.Bell. UncleLisfa(c)toryisqui(te)neartotheUncleLisfa(c)toryisqui(te)neartothe
19、cinema.cinema. Iwen(t)therealonea(t)ninelas(t)night.Iwen(t)therealonea(t)ninelas(t)night. -Doyouknowhisbi(ke)number?-Sorry,I-Doyouknowhisbi(ke)number?-Sorry,Idon(t)know.don(t)know. Theforty-firs(t)lessonisqui(te)difficult.Theforty-firs(t)lessonisqui(te)difficult. Goo(d)luck,LinTao.Goo(d)luck,LinTao.
20、7 7优讲课堂优讲课堂三三. . 浊化浊化 1 1、S S 后面的清辅音要浊化后面的清辅音要浊化 eg. discussioneg. discussion： k k 浊化成浊化成 g g stand stand： t t 浊化成浊化成d d expression expression： pp浊化成浊化成 bb2 2、美音中：、美音中：t t 在单词的中间被浊化成在单词的中间被浊化成d d 如：如： writerwriter， 听起来和听起来和 rider rider 的发音几乎没有区别的发音几乎没有区别 letterladder letterladder 美国人和加拿大人发音为了省事，习惯清音
21、浊化，美国人和加拿大人发音为了省事，习惯清音浊化，尤其是尤其是tt在单词的中间一定会浊化成在单词的中间一定会浊化成dd， 但英但英国人发音不会这样，这也是英音和美音的一大区国人发音不会这样，这也是英音和美音的一大区别。别。 了解这一浊化原则，会给听力带来一些帮了解这一浊化原则，会给听力带来一些帮助。助。 8 8优讲课堂优讲课堂四四. .弱读弱读 一般来说：一般来说： 实词重读，如动词、名词、副词等；实词重读，如动词、名词、副词等； 虚词弱读，如介词、代词等虚词弱读，如介词、代词等 弱读的规则一般是：元音音节弱化成弱读的规则一般是：元音音节弱化成 EE如单词如单词 for from to som
22、e am do have does for from to some am do have does 强式强式 fC: frC:m tU: sQm Am dU: hAv fC: frC:m tU: sQm Am dU: hAv dQz dQz 弱式弱式 f frm t sm m d hv dz f frm t sm m d hv dz 9 9优讲课堂优讲课堂 五五. .英音和美音的差异英音和美音的差异由于美音的流行，四级考试听力也以美音为主，但是，由于美音的流行，四级考试听力也以美音为主，但是，由于历史的原因，我国大多数英语教师的发音，仍然以由于历史的原因，我国大多数英语教师的发音，仍然以英音
23、为主，所以，我们脑海中根深蒂固的英式发音，可英音为主，所以，我们脑海中根深蒂固的英式发音，可能和磁带中的发音不一致，进而造成四级听力中的障碍。能和磁带中的发音不一致，进而造成四级听力中的障碍。英语和美语在读音上的差异主要反映在元音字母英语和美语在读音上的差异主要反映在元音字母a, o a, o 和和辅音字母辅音字母r r 的不同读音上。的不同读音上。 1)1)在在askask、cantcant、dancedance、fastfast、path path 这一类的单词中，这一类的单词中，英国人将字母英国人将字母a a 读作读作a:a:，而美国人则读作，而美国人则读作 ，所以这些，所以这些词在美国
24、人口中就成了词在美国人口中就成了AskkAntdAnsfAstAskkAntdAnsfAst和和pB:WpB:W。 1010优讲课堂优讲课堂Liason 连读连读 1. Sit on the chair1. Sit on the chair 2. Without any difficulty2. Without any difficulty 3. in a minute3. in a minute 4. a woman of forty4. a woman of forty 5. best of all5. best of all 6. arrive in the city6. arrive
25、in the city 7. at eight oclock7. at eight oclock 8. an old man and a girl8. an old man and a girl 9. ask any person9. ask any person 10. walk across the street10. walk across the street 11. on a foggy day11. on a foggy day 12. a student in the English Department12. a student in the English Departmen
26、t 13. in our classroom13. in our classroom 14. talk with a friend of mine14. talk with a friend of mine 15. fall in the river15. fall in the river1111优讲课堂优讲课堂 16. tell us a story16. tell us a story 17. find it in my desk17. find it in my desk 18. waited and waited18. waited and waited 19. run after
27、it19. run after it 20. at the end of the street20. at the end of the street 21. here and there21. here and there 22. sit at the other end of the room22. sit at the other end of the room 23. after a while23. after a while 24. take for example24. take for example 25. for an hour25. for an hour 26. a p
28、air of trousers26. a pair of trousers 27. wait for a student27. wait for a student 28. find the answer after all28. find the answer after all 29. put more on her plate29. put more on her plate 30. take care of it30. take care of it1212优讲课堂优讲课堂31. cant hear it31. cant hear it32. no air and water32. n
29、o air and water33. the other answer33. the other answer34. 150 kilometers per hour34. 150 kilometers per hour35. a fire in a forest35. a fire in a forest36. discover a new star36. discover a new star37. doctor and nurse37. doctor and nurse38. far easier than that38. far easier than that39. the owner
30、 of the house39. the owner of the house40. the paper in the desk40. the paper in the desk1313优讲课堂优讲课堂 1. I dont understand the theory at all.1. I dont understand the theory at all. 2. Jane has saved a lot of money.2. Jane has saved a lot of money. 3. It isnt our mistake.3. It isnt our mistake. 4. My
31、 mother came and opened the door.4. My mother came and opened the door. 5. Instead of a shirt, Tom bought a jacket.5. Instead of a shirt, Tom bought a jacket. 6. There was a man and a woman sitting behind me.6. There was a man and a woman sitting behind me. 7. I shall graduate from middle school in
32、one and a half 7. I shall graduate from middle school in one and a half years.years. 8. Dont let him in while Im reading.8. Dont let him in while Im reading. 9. He is a tall and handsome young man.9. He is a tall and handsome young man. 10. When I went into my office, he was talking with a 10. When
33、I went into my office, he was talking with a friend of his.friend of his.1414优讲课堂优讲课堂 11. While I was waiting for our bus, the rain stopped.11. While I was waiting for our bus, the rain stopped. 12. There is only one hospital in the town.12. There is only one hospital in the town. 13. Perhaps that p
34、air of shoes will fit me.13. Perhaps that pair of shoes will fit me. 14. He came in and asked for a cup of coffee.14. He came in and asked for a cup of coffee. 15. Here is your bag.15. Here is your bag. 16. He is standing at the other end of the bridge.16. He is standing at the other end of the brid
35、ge. 17. There are no clean glasses in the kitchen, we have 17. There are no clean glasses in the kitchen, we have used them all.used them all. 18. Could you open the door for us?18. Could you open the door for us? 19. He didnt finish his work until after eight yesterday 19. He didnt finish his work
36、until after eight yesterday evening.evening. 20. Dont worry, well find the answer after all.20. Dont worry, well find the answer after all.1515优讲课堂优讲课堂 1.Thisisthelostandfoundoffice.1.Thisisthelostandfoundoffice. 2.Mytelephonenumberis555-9470.2.Mytelephonenumberis555-9470. 3.Icouldnthelpoverhearingw
37、hatyousaidabout3.Icouldnthelpoverhearingwhatyousaidaboutanorchestra.anorchestra. 4.Iminperfecthealth.4.Iminperfecthealth. 5.Iveaperfectheart.5.Iveaperfectheart. 6.YouwinandIcookdinnerfortheentirefamily.6.YouwinandIcookdinnerfortheentirefamily. 7.Shewasimpressedbytherelaxedandinformal7.Shewasimpresse
38、dbytherelaxedandinformalatmosphere.atmosphere. 8.Imjustheretodosomeresearch.8.Imjustheretodosomeresearch. 9.Doyoueversmokeatmealtimes?9.Doyoueversmokeatmealtimes? 10.Somepatientsseemedalmostnormal.10.Somepatientsseemedalmostnormal.1616优讲课堂优讲课堂11.Butwouldntyouliketogointothevillage11.Butwouldntyoulik
39、etogointothevillagesometimestobuyyourowntobacco?sometimestobuyyourowntobacco?12.Hewasagentleandmild-manneredoldfellow.12.Hewasagentleandmild-manneredoldfellow.13.Dr.Carmichaelwaseasilypersuadedtolethertalk13.Dr.CarmichaelwaseasilypersuadedtolethertalktoMaurice.toMaurice.14.Gillianfeltslightlyuneasya
40、stheporterunlockedthe14.Gillianfeltslightlyuneasyastheporterunlockedthegateandwavedherthrough.gateandwavedherthrough.15.Oh,thankyouverymuch,Ok.15.Oh,thankyouverymuch,Ok.16.IveneverbeenoutthatwaybeforeatalltoAustralia16.IveneverbeenoutthatwaybeforeatalltoAustraliaortheFarEast.ortheFarEast.17.Thefoodw
41、asstrictlyfishandchips.17.Thefoodwasstrictlyfishandchips.18.Inadditiontothis,weweremostunhappywiththe18.Inadditiontothis,weweremostunhappywiththearrangementsforourjourneyhome.arrangementsforourjourneyhome.19.Haveyoueverbeentoanexhibition?19.Haveyoueverbeentoanexhibition?20.TheIndiansarebadandthewhit
42、emanisgoodand20.TheIndiansarebadandthewhitemanisgoodandbrave.brave.1717优讲课堂优讲课堂21.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndia.21.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndia.22.Iremembergoingintothecampandgettingahot22.Iremembergoingintothecampandgettingahotmealandcleanclothes.mealandcleanclothes.23.Youneedtoworkatit.
43、23.Youneedtoworkatit.24.Imadeenoughforanarmy.24.Imadeenoughforanarmy.25.Illmakeyoutwofriedegg.25.Illmakeyoutwofriedegg.26.ThesameshiftonTuesday.26.ThesameshiftonTuesday.27.Herlastquestionisaboutherotherinterest.27.Herlastquestionisaboutherotherinterest.28.Ihopeyourfriendsendsinanapplication.28.Ihope
44、yourfriendsendsinanapplication.29.Theyhavetheirownspecialcharacteristics.29.Theyhavetheirownspecialcharacteristics.30.TheotherwaiterhidthebottleIdopenedwrongly.30.TheotherwaiterhidthebottleIdopenedwrongly.1818优讲课堂优讲课堂31.Thisgaswillputanyonetosleepforexactlythreeminutes.31.Thisgaswillputanyonetosleep
45、forexactlythreeminutes.32.Youregoingtogoroundtothemanagersdeskandstealall32.Youregoingtogoroundtothemanagersdeskandstealallthemoney.themoney.33.Ithinkitsrisky.33.Ithinkitsrisky.34.Ifyouwalkoutwith50,000poundsunderyourarm,34.Ifyouwalkoutwith50,000poundsunderyourarm,somebodywillsurelynoticeyou.somebod
46、ywillsurelynoticeyou.35.Yougointothebankwithamotor-cyclehelmeton,anda35.Yougointothebankwithamotor-cyclehelmeton,andablackrubbishbaginyourpocket.blackrubbishbaginyourpocket.36.Whenyougetthere,radioGingerandtellhimtocome.36.Whenyougetthere,radioGingerandtellhimtocome.37.Sportballoonflightsarebestearl
47、yinthemorningorlatein37.Sportballoonflightsarebestearlyinthemorningorlateintheafternoonwhenthewindislight.theafternoonwhenthewindislight.38.TheflightrecorderoftheDC10airlinerwhichcrashedinthe38.TheflightrecorderoftheDC10airlinerwhichcrashedintheAntarticafortnightago.Antarticafortnightago.39.Fifteenp
48、eoplearetoappearincourtinManchester.39.FifteenpeoplearetoappearincourtinManchester.40.Thetroublebeganwhengroupsofrivalsupporterswhose40.ThetroublebeganwhengroupsofrivalsupporterswhoseteamshadbothbeenplayingLondonclubsbegantoinsultteamshadbothbeenplayingLondonclubsbegantoinsulteachother.eachother.191
49、9优讲课堂优讲课堂41. Would you like a weekend in Las Vagas?41. Would you like a weekend in Las Vagas?42. Mary stopped outside a shoe shop and looked in 42. Mary stopped outside a shoe shop and looked in the window.the window.43. When an atom is divided, heat appears.43. When an atom is divided, heat appears
50、.44. Talk of a quick election was pure speculation.44. Talk of a quick election was pure speculation.45. He hoped it would lead to a basis for negotiation.45. He hoped it would lead to a basis for negotiation.46. How did you find it at first being stared at all day?46. How did you find it at first b
51、eing stared at all day?47. People werent aware in a scientific way of the role 47. People werent aware in a scientific way of the role of different micro-organisms and enzymes in of different micro-organisms and enzymes in producing different types of cheese.producing different types of cheese.48. C
52、heese started being made on a large scale in 48. Cheese started being made on a large scale in factories.factories.49. They might not become great artist or composers.49. They might not become great artist or composers.50. It suddenly struck us that somebody must have 50. It suddenly struck us that
53、somebody must have taken this money.taken this money.2020优讲课堂优讲课堂 51. The point is that his university life might not have 51. The point is that his university life might not have been so difficult if his ability has been recognized been so difficult if his ability has been recognized sooner.sooner.
54、 52. I knew its sudden, but this is an important 52. I knew its sudden, but this is an important opportunity.opportunity. 53. Well,I wasnt clear about my future.53. Well,I wasnt clear about my future. 54. Its rather cold out here on the deck.54. Its rather cold out here on the deck. 55. Mike and I h
55、ad a hamburger this afternoon and we 55. Mike and I had a hamburger this afternoon and we talk.talk. 56. You couldnt pick a finer medical school than 56. You couldnt pick a finer medical school than Michigan.Michigan. 57.The small producer working from his farm dairy 57.The small producer working from his farm dairy continued to exist and still exist today.continued to exist and still exist today.2121优讲课堂优讲课堂
