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1、PUTONGHUA1. Putonghua is the common language of the Han ethnic group in China.Its standard Chinese language. Its Mandarin and official. Its based onBeijing phonetics and the dialect of the northern China.2. The Chinese language is divided into seven major dialects. Speakers ofdifferent dialects in s
2、ome cases cannot understand each other, but dialectsare unified by the fact that they share a common script. The sevenChinese dialects are Northern dialect, Wu dialect, Xiang dialect, Gandialect, Min dialect, Hakka(spoken in northern Guangdong and otherprovinces) and Cantonese.3. Min, Hakka and Cant
3、onese are widely spoken among overseas Chinesecommunities. In Taiwan a form of Min dialect is used, though the officiallanguage is Mandarin. Mandarin is also widely used in Singapore, whereits known as Huayu. Cantonese is mainly used in Hongkong, Macao andGuangdong province.4. There are two system i
4、n written Chinese. One is simplified, the other istraditional. The simplified is used in Mainland. The traditional is used byH.k. Macao, Taiwan and overseas Chinese communities.How do we learn pinyin well?How do we learn pinyin well?1.Today we will learn pinyin.2.What is pinyin?Pinyin is the mark of
5、 phonetic notation for Chinesecharacters. Its made of three parts: initials, finals and tones.3.For example, pnyn,n ho,xixi,zajan4.After learn three parts, we should be able to pronounce every singleword.5.How do we learn pinyin?We divide our pinyin class into 10 classes.In the first or second class
6、, firstly recognize all (three parts).Secondly, practice group by group. Thirdly, do some exercises.Steps:带读解释方法放弃Mistakes：发音部位发音方法莫名其妙的读法：i First, try to pronounce i, and then your tongue stayshere,gradually purse your lips.Try it yourself.的标调方法：When you see j q x y initial goes with , you can see
7、u.INITIALS AND FINALSINITIALS AND FINALSInitial Sounds:(22)Initial Sounds:(22)These initial letters have the same pronunciationthe same pronunciation as in English:(f,l,m,s,(w),(y)m- (as in man)n- (as in no)l- (as in letter)f- (as in from)s- (as in student)w- (as in woman)The following initial lette
8、rs have slight differencesslight differences as noted below. If the commentcalls for a strong puff of breath, old your open hand several inches from your mouthand make certain that you can actually feel the breath as you pronounce the letter.p- (as in pun or pop) note: use a strong puff of breathk-
9、(as in cop) note: use a strong puff of breatht- (as in top) note: use a strong puff of breathb- (as in bum) note: no puff of breathd- (as in dung) note: no puff of breathg- (as in good) note: no puff of breathh- (as in hot) note: slightly more aspirated than inEnglish The followinginitial letters ar
10、e the more difficult for English speakersinitial letters are the more difficult for English speakers:z-(as in friends)c-(as in -(as in bitsbits)s- -(almost the same as the pronounce of s in English)zh- (as in judge)ch- (as in church, but with a strong puff of breath)sh- (as in shirt)r- (as in run)j-
11、 (as in jeep)q- (like the ch in cheese)x- (like the sh in sheep)Final (Ending) Sounds:(39)Final (Ending) Sounds:(39)The finals connect with the Intitial sounds to create the one syllable words that are thebasis of the Chinese language.Although all Chinese words are one syllable, they are often combi
12、ned to create termsmade from several words.-a (as in father)-a (as in father)-an (like the sounds of John or angry)-ang (like the sound of under or rang )-ai (as in high)-ao (as in how or out)-o (like aw)-o (like aw)-ou (like the ow in low or boat)-ong (like the ung in lung with a slight oo sound)-e
13、 (sounds like uh)-en (like un in open)-eng (like the ung in lung)-ei (like a long a or the ei in eight)-er (like the er in herd)-i (like a long e or the i in machine or see)-i (like a long e or the i in machine or see)-ia ( like ya in yard)-ia ( like ya in yard)-ian (similar to yen)-ian (similar to
14、yen)-iang(-i followed by ang)-iang(-i followed by ang)-iao (like yow in yowl)-iao (like yow in yowl)-ie (like ye in yes)-ie (like ye in yes)-in (as in bin)-ing (like sing)-iong (i merged with ong)-iu (like yo in yoga)-u (like the oo in loop)-u (like the oo in loop)-ua (u followed by a)-ua (u followe
15、d by a)-uai (like wi in wild)-uai (like wi in wild)-uan (u followed by an)-uan (u followed by an)-uang (like wang in twang)-uang (like wang in twang)-uang (u followed by eng, which exists only with zero initial as weng)-ui (similar to way)-un (as in fun)-uo (as in war)- (First, try to pronounce i, a
16、nd then your tongue stays here, gradually (First, try to pronounce i, and then your tongue stays here, graduallypurse your lips. Try it yourself)purse your lips. Try it yourself)-uan ( followed by an, only with initials j,q,x)-ue/e ()-un ( with n, like French une)Rules of spellingRules of spelling1
17、1. The finals of zhi chi shi ri zi ci si are i.2. 2. As for finals beginning with i without initials:If there is no other vowel, just add y to the beginning: y, yn，yng.If there is another vowel or other vowels, remove iand add y to thebeginning: ya(-ia); ye(-ie); yao(-iao); you(-iou); yang(-iang); y
18、ong(-iong)3 3. AS for finals beginning with u without initials:If there is no other vowel, just add w to the beginning: wuIf there is another vowel or other vowels, remove u and w to thebeginning: wa(-ua); wo(-uo); wan(-uan); wang(-uang); weng(-ueng);wai(-uai); wei(-uei); wen(-uen).4. 4. When you se
19、e j q x y initial goes with ，you can see u. For example,Ju; quan; xue; yu; yue; yuan; yun.5. Tone marks are marked on the vowels a o e i u according to theorder. For example, ki zho. When the tone mark is on an i, the dot onthe i should be omitted. For example, jn, t, zh.AS for finals iu and ui, we
20、always put the tone marks on the latter. Forexample,di nihu TONESTONES1. DefinitionChinese is tone language. By tone language I mean the language in whichevery word has its specific tone or tones.2. ImportanceTones can distinguish meanings. Different tones have different meanings.For example, the tw
21、o pinyin have the same initial and final. They aredifferent only in tones. For example, mi and mi,m and m.mi is the third tone and means to buy.mi is the fourth tone and means to sell.3. A vivid illustration of Chinese tones. (pitch graph of the 4 tones)The tone marks:motherYes?(not found)Yes！ What！
22、In order to give you a better understanding, I will share you a pitch graphso that you will know what is tone like vividly.55555443322111The bigger the number, the higher the pitch. The first tone is number 5.The second tone is from number 3 to number 5. The third tone is fromnumber 2 to 1 and then
23、goes from number 1 to number 2 to 4. The fourthtone is from number 5 to number 1.4. Where to place tone marks?Generally, put it on the major vowel of the final. Then whats the major vowels? Itsthat one that appears ahead according to the order a o e i u .Eg.mikizhoxidu5. The neutral tone/ light tone
24、/ tonelessSome words have unstressed syllables which one toneless and therefore they are notgiven tone marks. Eg. .6. How do we know a word is the neutral tone?Structural words like particles are also often unstressed and similarly unmarked. Eg.de(的 le了ma(吗) When we address others, sometimes the sam
25、e two Chinese characters are readtogether. Thesecond one is often toneless. Eg. mmajijieother casesconventional/customaryEg. WmenxixietiyangynjingTONAL ADJUSTMENT1. Adjustment of the third tone In speech,when a third tone precedes another third one, it changes to a second tone.Eg. nhoTone3+tone(1,2,
26、4.neutral)-its rising part is omitted, like half tone3Eg. WmiWmen2. Adjustment of 不(bu) and 一(yiWhen y precedes tone1, tone2 and tone3, it changes to the fourth tone.When y precedes the fourth tone, it changes to the second tone.Eg.ytiny;yniny;ywny;ykuaiySimilarly, 不buis fourth tone but changes to second tone b.bgo/ bnn/bhob(remain the same tone); bmnbmn
