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1、欢迎来到英语课堂欢迎来到英语课堂限制性定语从句限制性定语从句一、定一、定语从句的基本知从句的基本知识 作定作定语的从句叫定的从句叫定语从句。定从句。定语从句通常置于它所修从句通常置于它所修饰的名的名词(或代或代词)之后，之后，这种名种名词(或代或代词)被称被称为先行先行词。引引导定定语从句的关从句的关联词被称被称为关系代关系代词或关系副或关系副词。定。定语从句分从句分为限制性和非限制性定限制性和非限制性定语从句，限制性定从句，限制性定语从句从句对所修所修饰的先行的先行词起限制作用，在意起限制作用，在意义上与先行上与先行词密不可分。密不可分。1关系代关系代词 关系关系代代词 指代指代在定在定语从
2、句中所充当的成分从句中所充当的成分人人物物句子句子主主语宾语定定语表表语 whowhomwhichthatwhoseThe man who was here yesterday is a painter.昨天在昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。里的那个人是位画家。(who在从句中作主在从句中作主语)The man who I saw is called Smith.我我见到的那个人叫史密斯。到的那个人叫史密斯。(who在从句中作在从句中作宾语，亦可省略，亦可省略)I know the man whom you mean.我我认识你指的那个人。你指的那个人。(whom在从句中作在从句中作宾语)A le
3、tter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用用铅笔写的信很笔写的信很难读。(that在从句中作主在从句中作主语，指物，指物)Is he the man that sells eggs?他是他是卖鸡蛋的那个人蛋的那个人吗？(that在从句中作主在从句中作主语，指人，指人)This is the book which has been translated into many languages.这就是那本被翻就是那本被翻译成多种成多种语言的言的书。(which在从句中作主在从句中作主语) 考题印证考题印证11(2011新课标全国卷新课
4、标全国卷)The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.A. thatB.whichC.whose D.what解析：解析： 考考查定定语从句。先行从句。先行词the writer 与定与定语从句的主从句的主语 story 之之间为所属关系，因此用关系代所属关系，因此用关系代词whose 引引导定定语从句。从句。选C(1)用用that而不用而不用 which的情况的情况先行先行词为all, much, little, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the o
5、ne等不定代等不定代词时。I mean the one that was bought yesterday.我指的是昨天我指的是昨天买的那个。的那个。先行先行词被形容被形容词最高最高级或被或被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of等修等修饰时。It is the most important task that should be finished soon.这是必是必须马上完成的最重要的任上完成的最重要的任务。先行先行词为数数词或被序数或被序数词(含含last)修修饰时。Look at these flowers. You can see the tw
6、o that you gave me.瞧瞧这些花，你能看到你些花，你能看到你给我的那两我的那两朵。先行先行词中既有人又有物中既有人又有物时。We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.我我们访问过的老的老师和学校和学校给我我们留下了深刻的印象。留下了深刻的印象。先行先行词在主句中作表在主句中作表语，或关系代，或关系代词在从句中作表在从句中作表语时。Its a book that will help you a lot.这是本是本对你很有帮助的你很有帮助的书。My hometown is no
7、longer the place that it used to be.我的故我的故乡现在已不再是在已不再是过去的那个面貌了。去的那个面貌了。 考题印证考题印证22(2010全国卷全国卷)I refuse to accept the blame for something_was someone elses fault.AwhoBthatCas Dwhat解析：解析： 考考查定定语从句。从句。that was someone elses fault是定是定语从句，修从句，修饰先行先行词 something, that在从句中在从句中作主作主语。 选B(2)as引引导限制性定限制性定语从句，从句
8、，as可在定可在定语从句中作主从句中作主语、宾语或表或表语，常用于，常用于the same .as, such .as和和so .as结构中。构中。Such English as is spoken here is not British.像在像在这儿儿说的英的英语并不是英式英并不是英式英语。He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去那么傻。他并不像看上去那么傻。2关系副关系副词关系副关系副词指代指代先行先行词所充当的成分所充当的成分when时间时间名名词状状语where地点地点地点名地点名词状状语why原因原因reason状状语that方式方式way状
9、状语(1)when代替的先行代替的先行词是表示是表示时间的名的名词，在定，在定语从句中从句中作作时间状状语，可用，可用“介介词关系代关系代词which”来代替。来代替。He came at a time when we needed him most.他在我他在我们最需要的最需要的时候来了。候来了。Well never forget the day when/on which the Peoples Republic of China was founded.我我们永永远不会忘不会忘记中中华人民共和国成立的那一天。人民共和国成立的那一天。 考题印证考题印证33(2012浙江高考浙江高考)We
10、live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.Awhy BwhenCto whom Don which解析：解析： 考考查定定语从句。分析句子从句。分析句子结构可知此构可知此处考考查定定语从句，先行从句，先行词是是an age，关系，关系词在定在定语从句中作从句中作时间状状语，所以，所以应该用关系副用关系副词when，故，故选B项。选B(2)where代替的先行代替的先行词是表示地点的名是表示地点的名词，在定，在定语从句中从句中作地点状作地点状语，可用，可用“介介词which”
11、代替。代替。 This is the room where/in which he put up for the night. 这就是他就是他过夜的那所房子。夜的那所房子。 What is the name of the village where/in which we stayed yesterday? 我我们昨天待昨天待过的那个村子叫什么名字？的那个村子叫什么名字？ 考题印证考题印证44(2010江西高考江西高考)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister_she would
12、 stay for an hour.AwhereBwhoCwhich Dwhat解析：解析： 考考查关系关系词的用法。由空后句子中的的用法。由空后句子中的stay可知，先行可知，先行词应为表示地点的表示地点的the training centre；同；同样由由stay可知，先行可知，先行词在定在定语从句中作状从句中作状语，故用关系副，故用关系副词where引引导限制性定限制性定语从句。从句。选A(3)why代替的先行代替的先行词是表示理由的名是表示理由的名词(通常是通常是reason)，在定在定语从句中作原因状从句中作原因状语，可以用，可以用for which代替。代替。You can nev
13、er understand the reason why he did it. 你永你永远也不会明白他做也不会明白他做这件事的原因。件事的原因。 Can you give the reason for which you are always late? 你能你能给出你出你总是是迟到的原因到的原因吗？(4)that可以在定可以在定语从句中作方式状从句中作方式状语，先行，先行词通常是通常是way，这时that可用可用in which代替，也可省略代替，也可省略that。 I dont like the way that he treats children. 我不喜我不喜欢他他对待孩子待孩子们的
14、方式。的方式。 The way that/in which he walks is funny. 他走路的方式很滑稽。他走路的方式很滑稽。二、二、“介介词关系代关系代词”引引导的限制性定的限制性定语从句从句1关系代关系代词的的选定定 如果先行如果先行词指事指事(物物)，关系代，关系代词就用就用which，指人，指人则 用用whom。 This is the classroom in which we studied last year. 这就是我就是我们去年学去年学习用的教室。用的教室。 There are sixty students in our class, twenty of whom
15、 are girls. 我我们班有班有60名学生，其中名学生，其中20名是女生。名是女生。2介介词的的选定定(1)根据先行根据先行词来来选用介用介词。 The reason for which I came here is that I want to get your help. 我来我来这儿的原因是我想得到你的帮助。儿的原因是我想得到你的帮助。 The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look. 我曾我曾经工作工作过的的农场呈呈现出一派新景象。出一派新景象。(2)根据定根据定语从句中的从句中的谓语动词或形容或形容词来来选用介用介
16、词。 The person to whom I spoke just now is my English teacher. 我我刚才与之才与之讲话的那个人是我的英的那个人是我的英语老老师。 China is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud. 中国是个美中国是个美丽的国家，我的国家，我们为之感到非常之感到非常骄傲。傲。点津点津有些有些“动词介介词”习语不可把介不可把介词置于关系置于关系代代词前。如果介前。如果介词提前，将会失去提前，将会失去动词习语原来的意原来的意义。This is the right tape which I
17、m looking for.()This is the right tape for which Im looking.() 这就是我正要的那就是我正要的那盘磁磁带。(3)根据句子的意思确定介根据句子的意思确定介词。This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera. 这个就是我个就是我给他他买照相机的照相机的飞行行员。 考题印证考题印证55(2012湖南高考湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.Awh
18、at Bin whatCwhich Din which 解析：解析：选D考考查定定语从句。句意：心灵的呵从句。句意：心灵的呵护是一个是一个渐进的的过程，在程，在这一一过程中，即使是生活中最程中，即使是生活中最细小的小的细节也也应该考考虑在内。在内。_ even the smallest details of life should be considered是定是定语从句部分，从句部分，该部分主干完部分主干完整，所以整，所以选关系副关系副词；先行；先行词是是process，表抽象地点，表抽象地点，所以所以选in which，相当于，相当于where。.用适当的关系用适当的关系词填空填空1I s
19、till remember the night I first came to the house.2I will never forget the days I spent with your family.3He lives in the room window faces to the south.4Winter is the time of year the days are short and nights are long.whenthat/whichwhosewhen5Have you been to the factory I worked?6The man about I t
20、alked at the meeting is from Beijing University.7The goal for he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.8Look out！Dont get too close to the house roof is under repair.in which/wherewhomwhichwhose9.The reason he was late for school was that he got up late.10.Women drink more than t
21、wo cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who dont.whywho.单项填空填空1The days are gone_ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.AwhenBthatCwhere Dwhich解析：解析： 考考查定定语从句。句意：体力是从句。句意：体力是谋生所需的生所需的一切的日子已消逝了。根据句意可知此一切的日子已消逝了。根据句意可知此处是是when引引导的定的定语从句，修从句，修饰先行
22、先行词the days，且，且when在从句中作在从句中作时间状状语，故，故选A项。选A2Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet_ life has developed gradually.Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhose解析：解析： 考考查定定语从句。句意：史蒂芬从句。句意：史蒂芬霍金霍金认为地地球不可能是唯一有生命逐球不可能是唯一有生命逐渐形成的行星。形成的行星。where引引导的的定定语从句在此从句在此处修修饰先行先行词planet，并在从句中作地点，并在从句中作
23、地点状状语。that和和 which在定在定语从句中通常作主从句中通常作主语或或宾语；whose在定在定语从句中只能作定从句中只能作定语。故。故选B项。选B3Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school_ I met in the English speech contest last year.Awho BwhereCwhen Dwhich解析：解析： 考考查定定语从句。句意：我和去年在英从句。句意：我和去年在英语演演讲比比赛中遇到的我校的几个同学成了好朋友。中遇到的我校的几个同学成了好朋友。题干中干中se
24、veral of the students是先行是先行词，I met in the English speech contest last year是定是定语从句，从句中的从句，从句中的谓语动词met是一是一个及物个及物动词，缺少，缺少宾语，所以只有，所以只有A项符合符合题意。意。选A4Thats the new machine_ parts are too small to be seen.Athat BwhichCwhose Dwhat解析：解析： 考考查定定语从句。句意：那就是那台零部件从句。句意：那就是那台零部件小到看不小到看不见的新机器。先行的新机器。先行词是是machine，定，定
25、语从句中从句中的主的主语parts前缺少限定前缺少限定词。whose 引引导定定语从句从句时，在从句中作定在从句中作定语；that 和和which 在定在定语从句中通常作主从句中通常作主语或者或者宾语，不作定，不作定语；what不能引不能引导定定语从句，故从句，故C项正确。正确。选C5Because of the financial crisis, days are gone_local 5star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.Aif BwhenCwhich Dsince解析：解析： 句意：由于金融危机，当地五星句意：由于金融危机，当地五星级
26、酒店一酒店一晚上收晚上收费6千元的日子一去不复返了。千元的日子一去不复返了。when引引导定定语从从句，修句，修饰名名词days，在定，在定语从句中作从句中作时间状状语。which 在所引在所引导的定的定语从句中可作主从句中可作主语或或宾语。if和和since引引导状状语从句。从句。选B6Wind power is an ancient source of energy_ we may return in the near future.Aon which Bby whichCto which Dfrom which解析：解析： return to 为固定搭配，意固定搭配，意为“回到。恢复回到
27、。恢复到到”，to which we may return in the near future引引导定定语从句，修从句，修饰先行先行词energy。选C7The media today can draw public attention to situations_ help is actually needed.Awhy BwhileCwhere Dwhose解析：解析： in this situation “在在这种形种形势/情况情况下下”。where(in which) 引引导定定语从句，修从句，修饰situations。选C8Is this the girl_ whom I can
28、turn for help？Is she good at this subject?Ato BwithCin Dat解析：解析： turn to sb.for help为固定搭配，所以用固定搭配，所以用“介介词towhom”引引导定定语从句，修从句，修饰先行先行词the girl。选A9Luckily, wed brought a road map without_ we would have lost our way.Ait BthatCthis Dwhich解析：解析： 句意：幸运的是，我句意：幸运的是，我们带了一了一张行行车图，没有它我没有它我们就迷路了。先行就迷路了。先行词是物，是物，
29、紧跟在介跟在介词后面后面的关系代的关系代词只能用只能用which。选D10Could it be in the bookstore_ you bought the dictionary yesterday_ you left behind your wallet?Awhich; that Bthat; whichCwhere; that Dthat; where解析：解析： where 引引导的是一个定的是一个定语从句，修从句，修饰bookstore；that是是强强调结构中的一部分。构中的一部分。选C正反对比类议论文正反对比类议论文 现在越来越多的人喜在越来越多的人喜欢网网购。请根据表格提示
30、的信息，根据表格提示的信息，以以“The advantages and disadvantages of online shopping”为题写一篇短文，写一篇短文，说明网明网购的的优点和缺点，并点和缺点，并发表自己的表自己的观点。点。100词左右。左右。优点点缺点缺点1.不用出不用出门就可以逛商店；就可以逛商店；2.买到当地没有的商品；到当地没有的商品；3.价格低价格低1.有有时候候实物和物和图片相差很大；片相差很大；2.衣服不能衣服不能试穿；穿；3.退退货不方便不方便你的你的观点点 The advantages and disadvantages of online shopping No
31、wadays, online shopping has become increasingly popular. People who like it say that it is more convenient to do online shopping. First, people can shop without leaving their home. Second, the Internet can help people get the goods not available in the place where they live. Besides, online prices a
32、re usually lower. However, some people have opposite opinions. First, the goods people get sometimes differ a lot from the pictures on the Internet. Second, people cant try on the clothes. In addition, the goods cant be exchanged easily. In my opinion, though online shopping has weaknesses, it will
33、play an important part in shopping.,第一段：用一句第一段：用一句话引出要引出要讨论的的话题online shopping。第二段：第二段：陈述网述网购的的优点。点。第三段：第三段：陈述网述网购的缺点。的缺点。第四段：表达自己的看法。第四段：表达自己的看法。句中运用了句中运用了first, second, besides, in addition等等过渡性渡性词语，使行文非常，使行文非常连贯。句中用了句中用了without leaving ., not available, lower等亮点等亮点词汇对网网购的的优点点进行了行了陈述。述。句运用了定句运用了定语
34、从句、从句、宾语从句高从句高级句式。句式。句运用句运用though online shopping has weaknesses这一一让步状步状语从句，表示从句，表示对网网购的肯定的肯定态度。度。 议论文是文是对某个某个问题或某件事或某件事进行分析、行分析、评论，表明，表明自己的自己的观点、立点、立场、态度、看法和主度、看法和主张的一种文体。正反的一种文体。正反对比比类议论文是从正反两方面文是从正反两方面辩证地地说明某个明某个观点。以下点。以下将主要将主要说明一下明一下这一一类议论文的写法。文的写法。 1此此类文章的文章的结构一般构一般为：引：引语正方正方观点点反反方方观点点结论。 2文章要做
35、到要点完整、条理清晰。各段之文章要做到要点完整、条理清晰。各段之间层次次清楚，以使文章清楚，以使文章显得有条理。从段落内部的得有条理。从段落内部的层次上次上讲，每，每一段一般又分一段一般又分为三部分：主三部分：主题句、句、扩展句和展句和总结句。句。 3正确定位正确定位时态：常用一般：常用一般现在在时。 4套用常用套用常用词汇与与结构：准确使用常用构：准确使用常用词汇与与结构构会使你的作文更地道。会使你的作文更地道。 黄金表达黄金表达 1开头用语开头用语We have a discussion about .Recently, we had a heated discussion on .Acc
36、ording to a recent survey .When it comes to 2论证用用语Opinions are divided on the question.Others have different opinions.Some students are for the idea, while others think otherwise.On the one hand .On the other hand .First/Second/Third/Whats more/Besides/In addition .3比比较用用语in comparison, likewise, si
37、milarly, in the same manner .on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with 4结束用束用语To sum up/In a word/In conclusion/In short/Above all/In general/Generally speaking .I still hold the view that .Therefore, it is easy to draw the conc
38、lusion that . 根据下面根据下面图表所示内容用英表所示内容用英语写一篇短文，先写一篇短文，先阐述乘述乘飞机或火机或火车从青从青岛到广州旅行的利弊，然后得出到广州旅行的利弊，然后得出结论。交通工具交通工具飞机机火火车价格价格1 250元元266元元旅行旅行时间3小小时28小小时优点点省省时、舒适、便于休息、舒适、便于休息省省钱、可以、可以观光光缺点缺点昂昂贵拥挤、慢、容易使人、慢、容易使人疲倦疲倦注意：注意：1.短文短文应包括包括图表中的内容，可适当表中的内容，可适当发挥； 2.词数数120150。参考范文参考范文 Air travel has two advantages over
39、 train travel. First, it can save much time. We can fly from Qingdao to Guangzhou in just 3 hours, but by train, we have to spend 28 hours. Second, air travel is more comfortable, because the plane flies so smoothly that we can rest well during the trip, while the train is crowded sometimes and we h
40、ave to sit a long time, which makes us tired. But train travel also has its own advantages. For example, traveling by train costs only 266 yuan, while traveling by air will take us 1,250 yuan. Besides, we can enjoy the views of many big cities, such as Jinan, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha, etc. through the windows of a train. So I think different people like different ways of traveling.
