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1、1存在句存在句（ExistentialSentence）&IT-句型句型（IT-Structure）一、存在句:There be句型结构特征：There+be+NP+LocativeExpression(+TemporalExpression)即：Therebe+真实主语+地点状语(+时间状语)there只起引导作用，并无实际意义，句子的真正主语是谓语动词be后面的名词。 2There be句型的主谓一致nbe 动词在数上必须与主语保持一致，在有多个主语的情况下采取就近原则，即与靠近be的主语保持一致。There_manybooksontheshelf.There_apenandtworule
2、rsinthebox.There_twoboysandateacherattheschoolgate.Howmanypeople_thereinthecity?3isareareareThere be句型的时态nTherebe句型中，be动词有各种变化：现在有thereis/are过去有therewas/were将来有therewillbe；thereis/aregoingtobe.现在已经有therehas/havebeen4There be与情态动词连用 nTherebe句型中的谓语动词be可与各种情态动词连用，表示“一定有”、“可能有”、“应该有”等含义。1.一定是出了点问题。There
3、mustbesomethingwrong2.不应该有这么多的人。Thereoughtnottobesomanypeople.3.可能还有点希望。Theremightbesomehope.5There be与含有情态意义的动词或短语连用 能用于therebe句型中的这类词语主要有这些短语中的动词形式仍然与后面的主语保持一致，并有时态的变化(usedto除外）。6happen to（碰巧）appear toseem to（似乎）be going to（将会）used to（曾经）have to（必须）be likely to（很可能）There +bePractice:在那个俱乐部碰巧有我的一个老
4、朋友。 战前这里曾有一个电影院。 今晚有舞会吗？ 好像没有太大希望。可能会有很多人。TherehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheclubThereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewarIstheregoingtobeadancingpartytonight？Theredoesntseemtobemuchhope.Therearelikelytobemanypeople.7主语后的动词形式Thereisapurselyingontheground.Therearefiveminutesleftnow.Thereisalotofworkto
5、do.Thereisnotimetolose.在therebe句型中，主语后的动词形式只能是非谓语形式doing,done,或者todo。主语后接不定式时常用主动形式表示被动意义。主语之后还可以出现其他动词吗？Thereissomeoneoutsidewaitstoseeyou.Thereissomeoneoutsidewaitingtoseeyou.8“有”：there be与have的比较therebe表示某个时间或地方“存在”某人或某物，而have表示主语“拥有”某人或某物，作宾语的某人或某物属主语所有。Therearesomechildreninthegarden.Shehasthre
6、ecars.(汽车是属于她的)若是部分与整体关系时，有时用两种表达方式都可以。如：Aweekhassevendays.=Therearesevendaysinaweek.9 There be的非谓语形式及用法（存在句的非限定性用法） ntheretobe和therebeing。1.作介词宾语,介词为for用tobe,其余介词用being.Theteacherwaswaitingfortheretobecompletesilence.Johnwasrelyingontherebeinganotheropportunity.102.作动词宾语时常用tobe，常见动词有：expect,mean,in
7、tend,want,prefer等。Membersliketheretobeplentyofchoice.Peopledontwanttheretobeanotherwar.3.作主语和状语时用being.Therebeingabusstopsoneartothehouseisagreatadvantage.Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.11专四真题：专四真题：1.There _ nothing more for discussion, themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.A.tobeB.tohavebeen
8、C.beingD.be2.Whats the chance of _ a generalelectionthisyear?A.therebeingB.theretobeC.therebeD.theregoingtobe123.It is not uncommon for there _problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.A.beingB.wouldbeC.beD.tobe13Exercise: fill each gap with there to be or there being1.Theresnowsomehopeof_aset
9、tlementofthedispute.2.Theyaskedfor_anothermeeting.3. John asked about _ anothermeeting.4. John intended _ a meetingafterwards.5. Its essential for _ more housesbuiltnextyear.6. _ no further business, theChairmanclosedthemeeting.7.Peoplehate_queueseverywhere.14there beingthere beingThere being there
10、to bethere to bethere to bethere to beThere be结构的常用句型Thereisnosenseindoingsth.Thereisnodifficultyindoingsth.Thereisnousedoingsth.Thereisnoneedtodosth.Thereisnosenseinarguingwithhim.Therewasnodifficultyincarryingouttheplan.Therewasnoneedtogivehimsomuchmoney.15there 与其它动词连用在在therebe句型中的句型中的be还可以换成其他动词
11、，还可以换成其他动词，一般为不及物动词，如一般为不及物动词，如:live,stand,exist,remain,lie表示状态表示状态come,go,appear,enter,follow,occur描写某事的发生或某人的到达。描写某事的发生或某人的到达。Onceuponatime,therelivedarichman.Therecomesthebus!Therefollowedaterriblenoise.Suddenlythereenteredastrangeman.Atthetopofthehilltherestandsanoldtemple.16Exercise: translate
12、the following sentences1.IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?2.Do you know there is an important article intodaysnewspaper?3.Therearealotofpeopleboatingintheparknearourinstitute.4.Thereusedtobeplentyofwaterinthisriver.5.Therehappenedtobenobodynearbyatthattime.6.Theremustbemanypeoplewhoareinterestedinthispla
13、n.17 IT-句型 （IT- Structure）18IT- StructurenIt“虚义”1）天气、温度、时间、距离等2）句型：itlooksasifitseemsthat（似乎、看来）nIt“先行”形式主语or形式宾语n分裂句1920分裂句（强调句）Itis/was+被强调部分+引导词强调主语:强调宾语:强调状语/补语:that人人: who/ that物物: that人人: whom/ that物物: that结构：结构：n(1)强调主语强调主语nItwashethatsawMr.WangonTVyesterday.是他在电视上看到了王先生。n(2)强调宾语强调宾语nItwasMr.
14、WangthathesawonTVyesterday.他昨天在电视上看到的是王先生。n(3)强调补语强调补语nItisgreenthathehaspainedthedoor.他把门漆成绿色了。n(4)强调状语（时间、地点、方式）强调状语（时间、地点、方式）22引导词：引导词：被被强强调调部部分分除除指指人人时时均均可可用用that/who外外，其其他他均均可可用用that，即即使使强强调调的的是是时时间间，地地点点或或原原因因状状语语时时，也也不不可可用用when, where或或why。23Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo last week.ItwasNancy
15、whosawyoursisterinTokyolastweek.It was your sister whom Nancy saw inTokyolastweek.ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursisterlastweek.ItwaslastweekthatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.Itisyourfatherwhoiswrongthistime.ItishisparentswhohavecometoChina.主主谓谓一一致致：被被强强调调部部分分作作主主语语时时，其其形形式式与与谓谓语语动动词词在人称和数上保持一致。在人称和数上保持一致。
16、主语主语谓语谓语一致一致ItisMarywhooften_(help/helps)mewithmyEnglish.ItisIthat_(be)againstyou.ItistheboystudentsofClassTwowho_playingfootballontheplayground.helpsamare人称照应：强调主语用主格， 强调宾语用宾格。ItisIwhoamwrong.ItwasherwhomIsawinthestreetjustnow.主语主语主格主格宾语宾语宾格宾格这次得冠军的是她。这次得冠军的是她。Itwasthatwonthechampionshipthistime.你明
17、天要去采访的是他。你明天要去采访的是他。sheIt is him whom you will interviewtomorrow.28否定句的强调结构nHedoesntstudyFrench.Itisnothethat/whostudiesFrench.ItisnotFrenchthathestudies.nIdidntdoallthisformyself.ItwasntformyselfthatIdidallthis.29not.until的强调句型 nItis(was)notuntilthatnHedidntcomeuntilhiswifeleft.It was not until his
18、 wife left that hecame.nTheydidntstartuntiltherainstopped.Itwasnotuntiltherainstoppedthattheystarted.30Exercise：The sports meet will not be held until nextweek.The students did not stop talking until theteachercamein.Key:Itisnotuntilnextweekthatthesportsmeetwillbeheld.Itwasnotuntiltheteachercameinth
19、atthestudentsstoppedtalking.31强调句的疑问形式 nItwasJimthattoldusthenews.WasitJimthattoldusthenews?(强调句型的一般疑问句形式)一般问句：一般问句：Is/Wasit+被强调部分被强调部分+that+？Whowasitthattoldusthenews?(强调句型的特殊疑问句形式)特殊问句：特殊问句：疑问词疑问词+is/was+it+that+？32Itwasyesterdaythathearrived.Wasityesterdaythathearrived?Whenwasitthathearrived?33n“
20、Howwas_theydiscoveredtheentrancetotheundergroundpalace?”“Totallybychance.”A.itthatB.hethatC.itwhenD.hewhichItwastotallybychancethattheydiscoveredtheentrancetotheundergroundpalace.34Whatisit_hisdaughterneedsmost?A.whatB.whichC.thatD.ifnItislovethathisdaughterneedsmost.35Practice: Emphasize the italic
21、ized part.1.Wehavebeentalkingaboutyou.2.Lao Zhangoughttoberesponsibleforwhathashappened.3.Sheconsentedtotheirrequestonlyout of courtesy.4.TheWuhanBridgewascompletedin 1957,notin1958.5.Hechosethecoursebecause of his strong interest in literature.6.When she was about to go to bed,thetelephonerang.It i
22、s you that /whom we have been talking about.It is Lao Zhang who ought to be responsible for.It was only out of courtesy that she consented to It was in 1957, not in 1958 that the Wuhan Bridge was completed.It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. It was because of his strong i
23、nterest in literature that he chose the course. 36Translation:1.我是在家人和朋友们的支持下取得这项成就的.(withthesupportof)2.这个历史性的(historic)会议是在北京开的.3.是小杨提出这个建议的.4.该受批评的是你,不是小李.5.我们坚决反对的正是这种思想.(oppose)6.他们这样做不是为了个人利益(personalinterest).It is with the support of my family and friends that I have made this achievement.It
24、 was in Beijing that this historic meeting was held.It was Xiaoyang who made this suggestion.It is you, not Xiaoli that should be blamed.It is this kind of thought that we strongly oppose.It was not for personal interest that they did that in this way.1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar_hedied?A.thatB.wh
25、ileC.inwhichD.then2.Itwas_hesaid_disappointedme.A.what;thatB.that;thatC.what;whatD.that;what373.Itwasabout600yearsago_thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.A.thatB.untilC.beforeD.when4._isnopossibility_Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.There;whetherD.It;whether385.Itwasonl
26、ywhenIrereadhispoemsrecently_Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty.A.untilB.thatC.thenD.so6.Itwasatthegate_hetoldmethenews.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.when7._wasin1997_Igraduatedfromtheuniversity.A.That,thatB.It,thatC.That,whenD.It,when8.Wasitin1969_theAmericanastronautsucceeded_landingonthemoon?A.when,onB.that,on
27、C.when,inD.that,in其他表示强调的方法：n一、用助动词用助动词do,diddoes强调谓语。强调谓语。n用助动词do,diddoes放在一般现在时和一般过去时的句子中动词原形前，以强调谓语。例如：nHedidtellallthathadhappenedtohim.他确实把发生的事情都说了。nShedoesgetupearly.她的确常起得很早。nDobecarefulnexttime.下次务必要小心。二用形容词用形容词very，only，single，such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气：nThisistheverythingImafter.这正是我
28、要找的东西。nYouaretheonlypersonherewhocanhelpus.你是这儿唯一能帮我们的人。nNotasinglemistakedidhemakeintheexam.他在考试中没出一个错。nHowdareyoubuysuchexpensivejewels？你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢？三. 用用ever, never, just等副词和等副词和badly, highly, really,等带等带-ly的副词来进行强调的副词来进行强调：Whyeverdidyoudoso?你究竟为什么要这么做。Heneversaidawordthewholeday.一整天，他一句话也没说。This
29、isjustwhatIwanted.这正是我所要的。Hewasbadlywounded.他伤得很严重。Ireallydontknowwhattodonext.我的确不知道下一步该怎么做。四用用intheworld，onearth，atall等介词短语可以表达更强的语气等介词短语可以表达更强的语气（常用于疑问句）：nWhatintheworldareyoudoinginmycar?你究竟在我的车里做什么？nHowonearthdidshemanagethat?她究竟怎么办到的呢？nAreyouatallworriedabouttheforecast?对这项预报你不担点儿心吗？nDoyouknow
30、atall？你到底知不知道？五、用倒装句来强调以加强语气。用倒装句来强调以加强语气。nNeverhaveIseensuchawonderfulfilm.我从来没看过如此精彩的电影。nSoharddidhestudythathecouldeasilypasstheexamination.他那么努力才能轻易通过考试。nOnlyinthiswaycanwesolvethisproblem.只有这样，我们才能解决这个问题。六、 用用if来表示强调来表示强调:nIfhecantdoit，Idontknowwhocan要是他做不了这件事，我不知道还有谁能做。（强调只有他能做）nIfJimisacoward，everybodyis要是吉姆是个胆小鬼，那么人人都是胆小鬼。
