初中英语语法知识点总结

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1、英语语法大全英语语法大全初 中 英 语 语 法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1 1、词类：英语词类分十种：、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感慨词。1、名词名词(n n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orangeboy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词代词(pron.pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .who, she, you, it .3、形容词形容词(adj.adj.)：表

2、示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orangegood, right, white, orange .4、数词数词(numnum.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词动词(v. v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .am, is,are,have,see .6、副词副词(adv.adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等

3、如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词冠词(art.art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.a, an, the.8、介词介词(prep.prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in, on, from, above, behind.in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词连词(conj.conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如 and, but, before .and, but, be

4、fore .10、感慨词感慨词(interj.interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.oh, well, hi, hello.2 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语主语是句子所要说的人或事物,答复是“谁或者“什么。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I Im Miss Green.m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,答复“做(什么)。主要由动词担任。如： Jack cleans the room every day.Jac

5、k cleans the room every day. (杰克每天清扫房间)3、 表语表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,答复是 “什么或者 “怎么样。 通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。 如： My nameMy nameis Ping ping .is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,答复做的是“什么。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面

6、。如：He wrote me a letter .He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。 如： He wrote a letter to me .He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works har

7、d .He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons. / He often helps me do my lessons. (他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all / The teacher wa

8、nted me to learn French allby myselfby myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3 3、构词法：、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playgroundspaceship, headache, basketball, playground 等等。2、派生法：(1)派生

9、名词：动词+er/orer/or 动词 +inging 动词 +(t)ion(t)ion 形容词 +nessness 其他 ,如： inventor,inventor, learner,learner, swimming,swimming,congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledgecongratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词 +y y 名词 +fulful 动词 +ing/eding/ed friendlyfriendly dangerousdangerous C

10、hineseChinese; JapaneseJapanese EnglishEnglish FrenchFrench GermanGerman 国名+(i)an(i)an 如：snowy,snowy, sunny,sunny, hopeful,hopeful,beautiful,beautiful, interesting,interesting, follwing,follwing, dailydaily(每日的),nervous,nervous,deliciousdelicious(3)派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullslowly, angri

11、ly, fullfully, goodfully, goodwell, possiblewell, possiblepossiblypossibly 等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词动词,如：drydry(枯燥的)drydry(弄干), cleanclean(干净的)cleanclean(清扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talklook, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk 等等。(3)名词动词,如：handhand(手)(传递),faceface(脸)(面对)

12、等等。(4)形容词副词,如：earlyearlyearly, fastearly, fastfastfast 等等。(5)副词连词,如：whenwhen(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如：inin(到里)(在里面；在家),onon(在上)(进行,继续),等等。二、名词：1 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1 1、专有名词、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing,Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of ChinaTom, the P

13、eoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,那么必须使用定冠词 thethe。如：the Great Wallthe Great Wall(长城)第 1 页 共 38 页姓氏名如果采用复数形式,那么表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greensthe Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名词普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, c

14、hild, orangebox, child, orange；不可数名词不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .water, news, oil, population, information .2 2、英语可数名词的单复数：、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的根本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加 s s。如：mapmapmaps,boymaps,boyboys,horseboys,horsehorses, tablehorses, tabletables.t

15、ables.s,o,x ,sh,chs,o,x ,sh,ch 结尾的词加 eses.如：classclassclasses, boxclasses, boxboxes, heroboxes, heroheroes, dishheroes, dishdishes, benchdishes, benchbenches.benches. 注注 ：少数以 o o 结尾的词,变复数时只加 s s。如：photophotophotos, pianophotos, pianopianos.pianos.以辅音字母加 y y 结尾的名词,变 y y 为 i i,再加 es。如：familyfamilyfami

16、lies, cityfamilies, citycities, partycities, partyparties.parties.以 f f 或 fe fe 结尾的名词,变 f f 或 fe fe 为 v v,再加 eses。如：shelfshelfshelves, wolfshelves, wolfwolves, lifewolves, lifelives, knifelives, knifeknives.knives.2、 不规那么变化： manmanmen, womanmen, womanwomen, sheepwomen, sheepsheep,toothsheep,toothtee

17、th, fishteeth, fishfish, childfish, childchildren, oxchildren, oxoxen, gooseoxen, goosegeesegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。 如： a bag of ricea bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of papertwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthreethreepieces of paper, a bottle of milkpieces of paper, a bottle of mil

18、kfive bottles of milk.five bottles of milk.3 3、名词所有格：、名词所有格：1、 名词所有格名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns DayChilderns Day(儿童节), , my sisters bookmy sisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以 s s 或 eses 结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：TeacheTeachers Dayrs Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可

19、在词尾加s s. 如：todaystodays newspaper newspaper(今天的报纸), , ten minutesten minutes break break(十分钟的课间休息), ,ChinasChinas population population(中国的人口). .(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词 ofof 短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Partya fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿). .2、 注解注解 ： s s 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aumy au

20、ntsnts(我阿姨家), the doctorsthe doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and BsA and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and LilysLucy and Lilys bedroom bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) “of+of+名词所有格名词所有格/ /名词性物主代词名词性物主代词, ,称为双重所有格称为双重所有格, ,如：如： a friend of mya friend of my fathersfathers(我父亲的一位朋友), , a friend of minea friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4 4、名词或代词作

21、主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、 谓语和谓语根本保持单复数的一致,即： 主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式： 如： The computer wasThe computer wasa great invention.a great invention.(电脑是个了不起的创造)The water in the glass is very cold.The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如 family, class, team, group, row,

22、police, schoolfamily, class, team, group, row, police, school 等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,那么谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,那么谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of ChinaClass Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)3、 Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, pe

23、opleChinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people 等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。 如： There is a sheep in the yard.There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, newsmaths, news 等虽然有 s s 结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.Th

24、e news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, glovesglasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves 等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousersThe trousersareareveryverycheap and I want to take them.cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很廉价,我想买)6、a a lotlot ofof 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A A l

25、otlot ofof studentsstudentsareare playingplayingbaseballbaseballnow.now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was wasted on that work.A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、andand 连接两个名词做主语时 ,谓语原那么上用复数 ,但是两个名词假设构成一个整体事物时 ,谓语那么用单数。如： TheTheteacher and his son are picking apples nowteacher a

26、nd his son are picking apples now .(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chipsFish and chipsis isvery famous foodvery famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种知名的食品)8、 there bethere be 句型中 bebe 的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the roomThere is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothandbothand连

27、接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and IBoth you and Iare required to be here tomorroware required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、 主语中含有 withwith 的短语时,谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物决定。 如： A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the sideA woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the sideof the roadof th

28、e road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheroreitheror或者 neithernorneithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原那么。如：Either you or he is right.Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor / Neither you norI Iamamgoinggoingtherethere.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is

29、not a short timeTwo months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distanceTwo thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)第 2 页 共 38 页13、主语中含有 half of /half of / (three quarters)(three quarters)of / all (of) the .of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定

30、,如：Over three quarters ofOver three quarters ofthe information on the Internet is in English.the information on the Internet is in English. (因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were / A third of the students wereplaying near the lake.playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the

31、water in these rivers has been polluted / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,populationpopulation 一词又有特殊情况： WhatWhats the population of China?s the population of China? (中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters / Three quartersof the population in this city are Arabso

32、f the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5 5、局部名词用法辨析：、局部名词用法辨析：1、sportsport、gamegame、matchmatch、racerace 的区别：sportsport 通常指“户外运动,以锻炼为主,概念较大；gamegame 意思是“运动、比赛,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；matchmatch 意为“竞赛、比赛,多指正式比赛；racerace 主要表示“赛跑、赛马、 赛车。 如： People all around the world enjo

33、y sports.People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2021 Olympic Games will be held / The 2021 Olympic Games will be heldin Beijing.in Beijing.(2021 奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) /

34、 They were strong and won the boat race.They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festivalfestival、holidayholiday、vacationvacation 的区别：festivalfestival“节日,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holidayholiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯 ,复数可以表示一个较长的假期； vacationvacation“假期,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如： TheTheShanghai Televisi

35、on Festival will be held next month.Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month. (上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do / Sunday is a holiday and most people donot work.not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays? / What are you

36、going to do during the summer vacation/holidays? (在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journeyjourney、tourtour、triptrip、traveltravel 的区别：journeyjourney 指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tourtour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；triptrip 通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；traveltravel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up h

37、is mindHe made up his mindto make the journey toto make the journey to DunhuangDunhuang. .(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ / He has gone on a walking tour.has gone on a walking tour. (他步行观光去了) / He took / He tookseveral trips to Shanghai last yeaar.several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to San

38、tiago / Did you go to Santiago (圣地亚哥) during your travels?during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous. / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、 soundsound、noisenoise、voicevoice 的区别：soundsound 指各种声音；noisenoise 主要指“噪音；voicevoice 指人的 “嗓音。如

39、： The noise of the streetThe noise of the streetkept me awake in the night.kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result

40、 of a bad cold / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold .(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、fishfish 的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fishfish,单复数相同；fishesfishes 指许多种类的鱼；fishfish 指“鱼肉时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I pr

41、efer fish to meat/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词：1 1、代词的分类：、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2 2、人称代词：、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第第一一人人 第第 二二 人人第第三三人人称称单单数数第一人第一人称单数称单数称单数称单数阳阳性性阴阴性性中中性性称复数称复数Isheitwe主主you (你)he(我)(他)(她)(它)(我们)格格meheritus宾宾you (你)him(我)(他)(她)(她)(我

42、们)格格they (他们,她们,它们)them (他们,她们,它们)1、主格主格用来作句子的主语、表语主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil? / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？) / Where have they gone? / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？) / Thats/ Thatsit.it.(就那么回事) / Its/ Itshe!he!(是他！)2、

43、宾格宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语宾语。如： Who teaches you English this year?Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / Help me! / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters / We often write lettersto toher.her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词人称代词作表语或者放在比拟状语从句连词 than 或 as 之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：-Who is it?-Who is it?(是谁？)

44、ItsItsI/me.I/me.(是我。)4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我时,按照“youheI的顺序表达。如：Both he and I are working at that computer companyBoth he and I are working at that computer company .(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)Who will go thereWho will go there ?(谁要去那儿？) You and meYou and me.(你和我)5、 人称代词 it it 除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况等含义,

45、此外还可以作“非人称代词使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：- -WhatsWhats thethe weatherweather likelike today?today?(今天天气怎样？)It Its fine.s fine.(天气晴好) / - / -Whats the time?Whats the time?(几点啦？) It Its 12s 12：00.00.(12 点) / It / Its a long ways a long way to go.to go.(那可要走好长的路)/ It took him three days to clean his h

46、ouse./ It took him three days to clean his house.(清扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know / It is very clear that the public want to knowwhen these men can go into space.when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a / We found

47、it very difficult to learn aforeign language wellforeign language well.(我们觉察要学好一门外语是非常困难的)第 3 页 共 38 页第二人第二人称复数称复数you(你们)you(你们)第第三三人人称称复复数数3 3、物主代词：、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第第三三人人称称单单数数第一人第一人第第一一人人 第第 二二 人人第二人第二人第第 三三 人人 称称 复复 数数阳阳性性阴阴性性中中性性称复称复称单数称单数称单数称单数称复数称复数数数yourhisheritsouryour形形 容容myt

48、heir (他们的,她们(他的)(她的)(它的)(我们(你们词性词性(我的)(你的)的,它们的)的)的)Yourshishersitsoursyours名名 词词minetheirs(他们的,她们(我的)(你的)(他的)(她的)(她的)(我们(你们性性的,它们的)的)的)1 1、形容词性物主代词、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Is that your umbrella?Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays. / I often go to see my aunt

49、 on Sundays. (我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are / They aretheir bookstheir books.(是他们的书)2 2、名词性物主代词、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又说明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以千万不可以跟名词。如：ThisThis is is youryour cup,butcup,but wherewhere is is mine?mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？) / /YourYour classroomclassroom is is veryvery big,big, butbut

50、oursours is is ratherrathersmallsmall.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3 3、 “ofof + 名词性物主代词称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterdayA friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指假设干朋友中有一个来看我。) 试比拟试比拟 My friend came to see me yesterdayMy friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(

51、指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4 4、反身代词：、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。三三人人称称单单数数第一人称复第一人称复第二人称复第二人称复第第一一人人 第第 二二 人人第第第第三三人人称称复复数数称单数称单数称单数称单数数数阳阳性性阴阴性性中中性性数数myselfmyselfyourselfyourselfhimselfhimselfherselfherselfitselfitselfourselvesourselvesyourselvesyourselvesthemselvesthemselves( ( 我我 自自( (你自己你自己) )( (他自己他自

52、己) )( (她自己她自己) )( (它自己它自己) )( (我们自己我们自己) )( (你们自己你们自己) )( (他们他们/ /她们她们/ /己己) )它们自己它们自己) )1、反身代词反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如：Dont play with the knife, you might hurtDont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：The story itself is good.

53、The story itself is good. Only he didnt tell it well.Only he didnt tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)6、 指示代词：指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义thisthis(这个)thesethese(这些)指较近的人和物thatthat(那个)thosethose(那些)指较远的人和物suchsuch (这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物samesame (同样的人/物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物it it (这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既

54、可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如：WhatsWhats this? this?(这是什么？) / That model plane is made of plastic. / That model plane is made of plastic. (那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) / Remember never to / Remember never todo such things.do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. / Do the same as

55、the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ -Who is it?/ -Who is it?(是谁？)-ItIts me!s me!(是我！)6 6、关系代词：、关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。1、关系代词 whowho、whichwhich、thatthat、whomwhom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.The student who is drawin

56、g a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)2、关系代词 who / whomwho / whom 指人,如果作从句的宾语,那么有时省略。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hatDo you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗？)3、 关系代词 whichwhich 指物,如果作从句的宾语,那么有时省略。 如： Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?Have

57、 you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到几天前丧失的那本书了吗？)4、关系代词 thatthat 既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,那么有时省略。如：Can you see the man/dogCan you see the man/dog that is running alongthat is running alongthe river bankthe river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗？)7 7、连接代词：用来引导、连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称的连接词称连接代词

58、。英语中连接代词主要有：whatwhat( (什么什么) ),who,who( (谁谁) ),whom,whom( (谁谁) ),which,which( (哪个哪个) ),whose,whose( (谁的谁的) )。详见相应从句。8 8、不定代词：、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。第 4 页 共 38 页单数单数eacheacheither,either,the other,the other, 复合不/ / /oneonesoso(every)(every)neitherneitheranotheranother定代词含义含义不可数不可数somesomenonolit

59、tle,little,muchmuch/ / / /anyanynonenonea littlea little含义含义allall/ / /复数复数few,few,others,others,manymanyonesonesbothbotha fewa fewthe othersthe others含义含义注：复合不定代词复合不定代词有 12 个：somethingsomething(某事), someone, someone(某人), somebody, somebody(某人), anything, anything(任何事), , anyoneanyone(任何人), , anybod

60、yanybody(任何人), , nothingnothing(没事),nobody,nobody(没有人), , nono oneone(没有人), , everythingeverything(一切), ,everyoneeveryone(每个人), everybody, everybody(每个人). .(1)(1)somesome 和 anyany 的用法：somesome 一般用于肯定句中,意思是 “几个、“一些、“某个作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。 如： I have some workI have some workto do today.to do today. (今天我

61、有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day/ They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿)somesome 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定答复。如：Would you like some coffee with sugarWould you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗？)anyany 一般用于疑问句或否认句中,意思是 “任何一些、 “任何一个,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。 如： They didntThey didnthavehaveany friends here

62、.any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗？)anyany 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的。Come here with any friendCome here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。)(2)(2)nono 和 nonenone 的用法：nono 是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是 “没有,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。如： There is no time left. Pleas

63、eThere is no time left. Pleasehurry up.hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) / They had no reading books to lend / They had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)nonenone 只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是 “没有一个人(或事物),表示复数或单数。 如： None of themNone of themis/are in the classroom.is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) / I have

64、 many books, but none is interesting / I have many books, but none is interesting .(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的)(3)(3)allall 和 bothboth 的用法：allall 指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。bothboth 指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。allall 和 bothboth 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：I know all of theI know all of thefourfour BritishBritish

65、studentsstudents inin theirtheir school.school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识) / / -Would-Would youyou likelike thisthis oneone oror thatthat one?one? BothBoth.(你要这个还是那个？两个都要。)allall 和 bothboth 既可以修饰名词(all/both+all/both+(thethe)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the +all/both + of the +名词(复数)的形式,其中的 ofof可以省略。如：All (of

66、) (the) boys are naughtyAll (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都淘气)(4)(4)everyevery 和 eacheach 用法：everyevery 是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个,表示整体概念；eacheach 是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个或者“各个,表示单个概念；each 可以放在名词前,可以后跟 of 短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后或者行为动词之前everyevery 和 eacheach 都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如 he/him

67、/his)也可以用复数的代词(如 they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.Every one of the students in his class studies very hard. (他班上每个学生学习都很用功) / They are very busy. / They are very busy.Each of them has something to do.Each of them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)(5)(5)eit

68、hereither 和 neitherneither 的用法：eithereither 意思是“两个中间的任何一个；neitherneither 是 eithereither 的否认形式,意思是“两个都不。neitherneither 和 eithereither 在句子中可作主语、 宾语和定语等,都用作单数。 如： I dont care much for what to drink.I dont care much for what to drink. Either of the twoEither of the twowill do.will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个

69、都行) / -Will you go there by bus or by car? / -Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. I will go there byNeither. I will go there bytrain.train.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去？一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)(6)(6)otherother、the otherthe other 和 anotheranother 的用法：otherother 意思是“另一、 “另一些,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。anotheranother 意思是“另外、 “

70、又一个,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如：Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talkingSome girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking .(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)/You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?You have

71、had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？)/ /I want another four books.I want another four books.(我还要四本书)anotheranother(另外的,再一,又一)与 thethe otherother(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用 thethe otherother,在原先根底上增加用anotheranother。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?Th

72、is is one of your socks. Where is the other one? (这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢？) / I have eaten 4 / I have eaten 4cakes, but I still want anothercakes, but I still want another.(我已经吃了 4 块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。)othersothers 与 the othersthe others 的主要区别： othersothers 指 “剩余的人/物(指大局部)； the othersthe others 指 “其余的人/物,(指全部)。 如： A

73、 fewA fewstudents are playing soccer while others are watching them.students are playing soccer while others are watching them. (有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看) / Two of the ten / Two of the tenboys are standing and the others are sitting round themboys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有

74、两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。)(7)(7)manymany 和 muchmuch 的用法：manymany 意思是“很多,与可数名词复数连用；muchmuch 意思是“很多,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如：I donI dont havet have many friends here.many friends here.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident. /Many died in the bus accident. (许多人在第 5 页 共 38 页公交车祸中丧失) / We can learn much

75、 with the help of him. / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)manymany 和muchmuch 一般用于否认句,肯定句中通常用 a lot ofa lot of 或者 lots of;lots of;many / muchmany / much 用于肯定句时可以在前面加上 soso、veryvery或 tootoo.如：There are a lot of people on the playground.There are a lot of people on the playground.

76、(操场上有许多的人)/ They havent got/ They havent got much work to do.much work to do.(他们没有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room / There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。)(8)(8)fewfew、littlelittle、a fewa few、a littlea little 的用法：fewfew、littlelittle 意思是“很少几个、 “几乎没有,有否认的意思,a a fewfew、a alittl

77、elittle 意思是“有几个、 “有些,有肯定的意思 ；fewfew、a fewa few 与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little little、a littlea little 与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：He is very poor and he has little money.He is very poor and he has little money. (他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。) / Dont worry. There is still/ Dont worry. There is still a little time le

78、ft.a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。) / In that polar region there live few people. / In that polar region there live few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets / You can get a few sweetsfrom himfrom him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)(9)(9)复合不定代词复合不定代词 somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything,

79、everybodysomebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody 等是由 some , any ,no ,every,some , any ,no ,every,加上 body, thingbody, thing构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用。somebody, something, someonesomebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；anythinganything, anybody,anyone anybody,anyone 一般用于疑问句、否认句和条件状语从句中

80、。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人。)/Di/Di(每个人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗？)/He hasHe hasnothing much to do today

81、nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多少事情做)(10)(10)oneone 与 onesones 用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、 形容词、 指示代词、 which 等。 如： Which jacket wouldWhich jacket wouldyou like, this one or that one?you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件？ / I dont like the green/ I dont like the green ones.ones.(我不喜欢绿色的那些)(11)(1

82、1)soso 可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如： I dont thinkI dont think so.so.(我认为不是这样的。) / He lost a book. / He lost a book.So did I.So did I.(他丧失了一本书,我也是。)(12)(12)a lot ofa lot of、lots oflots of、a number of( /large numbers of)a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal ofa great deal of、plenty ofplenty of 的区别：五个“名

83、词+介词短语都表示“大量,许多,a a lotlot ofof(或 lotslots ofof)既可以修饰不可数名词不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为 muchmuch 和 manymany；plenty ofplenty of“足够、大量,既可以修饰不可数名词不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数可数名词的复数形式。 a number of / large numbers ofa number of / large numbers of 只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为 somesome、manymany、a lot ofa

84、 lot of、plenty ofplenty of。 a great deala great dealofof 只可以修饰不可数名词不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为 muchmuch。如：A lot of people think that time is money.A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。) / I dont have to do it in a hurry because I have/ I dont have to do it in a hurry because I have

85、plenty of time.plenty of time.(我用不着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。) / I have a number of letters to write today. / I have a number of letters to write today. (今天我有好多信要写) / I / Ispend a great deal of time/money on shoppingspend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。)(13)(13)nonenone、no oneno one、no

86、bodynobody 的区别：no oneno one 和 nobodynobody 都表示“没有人,仅指人,后面不跟 ofof 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；nonenone 表示 “没有一个人/物,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟 ofof 短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。 如： No one knowsNo one knowshowhow hehe managedmanaged to to getget thethe ticket.ticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的 ) / / NobodyNobody handedhanded inin his/theirhis/their

87、 composition(s)composition(s)yesterday.yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。)9 9、相互代词：、相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。each other ,one anothereach other ,one another 是相互代词相互代词,译成“互相,可以通用。each othereach other 表示两者之间,而 one an

88、therone anther 表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式 each others ,one anotherseach others ,one anothers。如： We must help each otherWe must help each other when we are in trouble.when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other. / They sat there without talking to one ano

89、ther / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)1010、疑问代词：、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。1、whowho、whomwhom、whosewhose、whatwhat、whichwhich、whoeverwhoever、whateverwhatever、whicheverwhichever 主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用 whowho 代替 whomwhom 作宾语,但在介词后那么只能用 whomwhom。如：Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?Who(m) did you invi

90、te to your birthday party? (你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的？) / What does she want to be when / What does she want to be whenshe grows up?she grows up?(她长大了想干什么？)2、whowho 和 whomwhom 只能独立使用,其中 whowho 可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whomwhom 只能作谓语动词的宾语；而 whatwhat、whichwhich、whosewhose 等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如： Who is that

91、man?Who is that man?(那男的是谁？) / / WhatWhat colourcolour areare theirtheir hats?hats?(他们的帽子是什么颜色？) / / WhichWhich carcar waswas mademade inin Germany?Germany?(哪辆车是德国造的？)(被动句)注意这个提问注意这个提问：The man in the car is my father.The man in the car is my father.(车里的男人是我父亲)Which man is your father?Which man is yo

92、ur father?(哪个男人是你的父亲？)3、whichwhich 除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、状况等进行提问。如：People there live a very sad life.People there live a very sad life. (那里的人生活凄惨) Which people live a sad life?Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄惨？)/ -Which hotel/ -Which hotelhave you booked for your holiday?have y

93、ou booked for your holiday?(为了度假你预订了哪家旅馆？)The biggest one in Haikou.The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅馆)4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数；如果修饰名词,那么以名词的单复数为准。如：Who is (are) in that playhouse?Who is (are) in that playhouse? (谁在游戏房里？) / / What is that?What is that? (那是什么？)/ What/ What are those?are

94、those? (那些是什么？) /WhatWhat colours do they have?colours do they have?(它们有哪些颜色？)四、数词：1 1、分类：数词、分类：数词有基数词基数词和序数词序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。第 6 页 共 38 页2 2、基数词：、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词基数词。1 1、 英语中常用的基数词有：1oneone2twotwo20twentytwenty3threethree13thirteenthirteen30thirtythirty23twenty-threetwenty-three4fourfour1

95、4fourteenfourteen40fortyforty5fivefive15fifteenfifteen50fiftyfifty35thirty-fivethirty-five6sixsix16sixteensixteen60sixtysixty7sevenseven17seventeenseventeen70seventyseventy8eighteight18eighteeneighteen80eightyeighty9ninenine19nineteennineteen90ninetyninety10tenten100one(a) hundredone(a) hundred11ele

96、veneleven101one hundred and oneone hundred and one12twelvetwelve1000one(a)1000one(a) thousandthousand,10000,10000 tenten thousand,100000thousand,100000oneone hundredhundred thousandthousand ,1000000,1000000oneone million,10000000tenmillion,10000000tenmillion, 100000000million, 100000000one hundred m

97、illion,one hundred million,108108one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and forty-six, 500one hundred and forty-six, 500five hundred , 1001five hundred , 1001one thousand and one, 1813one thousand and one, 1813one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.one thousand eight hundre

98、d and thirteen.2 2、 注注 ：(1)百位与十位之间要加 andand；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加 andand。(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用 thousandthousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用 millionmillion,倒数第三的逗号之前要用 billionbillion 表示。(3) hundredhundred、thousandthousand、millionmillion 作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上 one, two, one, two, 等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成上,

99、后面必须要有 ofof,前面可以加上 some,many,severalsome,many,several 等词。如：five hundredfive hundred(五百), hundreds ofhundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousandten thousand(一万), thousands ofthousands of(成千上万的), millions ofmillions of(成百万的)3 3、序数词：、序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词序数词。1 1、 英语的序数词根本变法：(1) 一般在基数词后加 thth,(2)-ve-ve 结尾的改为-fth-fth,(3)

100、-ty-ty 结尾的改为-tieth-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。2121st sttwenty-firsttwenty-firstththndnd2020twentiethtwentieth2222twenty-secondtwenty-secondththrdrdthirteenththirteenth3030thirtieththirtieth2323twenty-thirdtwenty-thirdththfourteenthfourteenth4040fortiethfortiethththththfifteenthfifteenth5050fiftiethfiftieth3535t

101、hirty-fifththirty-fifthththsixteenthsixteenth6060sixtiethsixtiethththseventeentseventeent7070seventiethseventiethththh h8080eightietheightiethththeighteentheighteenth9090ninetiethninetiethththnineteenthnineteenth100100oneonest stundredthundredth101101one hundred and firstone hundred and first1000100

102、0ththone thousandth,one thousandth,10000001000000ththone millionth.,one millionth., 第第 703703the seven hundred and third,the seven hundred and third,第第 54805480the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.3 3、注：(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数局部用序数词,其余局部仍用基数词。如：thirty-six

103、ththirty-sixth,(2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词 the.the. 如：I Im inm in the third gradethe third grade.(3) 序数词作 “几分之几讲时,有复数形式。 如： 1/51/5one fifth ; 2/3one fifth ; 2/3two thirds ; 4/7two thirds ; 4/7four sevenths ; 1/2four sevenths ; 1/2a half ;a half ;1/41/4a quarter ; 3/4a quarter ; 3/4three quarters ; 50%three qua

104、rters ; 50%fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).4 4、数词的用法：、数词的用法：1、表示年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.2、表示日期： 12 月 1 日: 或 the first of Decemberthe first of December；2002 年 11 月

105、8 日: Nov. 8th, 2002.Nov. 8th, 2002.3、表示时刻： 5 5：1515five fifteenfive fifteen 或 a quarter past five ; 8a quarter past five ; 8：3030eight thirtyeight thirty 或 half past eight ; 10half past eight ; 10：4545ten forty-fiveten forty-five 或 a aquarter to eleven.quarter to eleven.4、表示编号：Room 105Room 105Teleph

106、one Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nineTelephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5、小数的读法：5.7 five point sevenfive point seven,0.16 zero point one sixzero point one six.6、 “半的表达： 1/2halfhalf, 半小时half an hourhalf an hour 小时one and a half hoursone and a half hours 或 one hour and a halfon

107、e hour and a half.7、序数词前面加 the 时,表示顺序,加 a/an 时表示“再一、又一。如：The third lesson is rather difficultThe third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ ShallShallwe read the text a third time?we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？)1313thth1414thth1515thth1616thth1717thth1818thth1919thth第 7 页 共 38 页2 2、序数词

108、、序数词如下：1 1st stfirstfirstndnd2 2secondsecond3 3rdrdthirdthird4 4ththfourthfourth5 5ththfifthfifth6 6ththsixthsixth7 7ththseventhseventh8 8ththeightheighth9 9ththninthninth1010ththtenthtenth1111ththeleventheleventh1212ththtwelfthtwelfth五、冠词1 1、冠词分类及读法：、冠词分类及读法：英语中冠词有不定冠词不定冠词和定冠词定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的

109、意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词 thethe 读法：单独念时读Ti: i:,在句子中常发Ti i (元音之前)或者T(辅音之前)；不定冠词 a/ana/an 的读法：单独念时读 ei /An ；在句子中常发 /n。2 2、不定冠词、不定冠词 a / ana / an 的用法：的用法：不定冠词 a / ana / an 用在单数名词的前面,a a 用在辅音开头的词前面; anan 用在元音开头的词的前面。不定冠词的根本用法：(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the groundThere is a dog lying on

110、the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)(2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)(4) 表示“一这个数量。如： There is a table and four chairs in that dining

111、-roomThere is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bita bit(一点), a littlea little(一点), a fewa few(几个), a lota lot (许多), a kind ofa kind of(一种), a pair ofa pair of(一副、一双), a anumber ofnumber of(大量的), a piece ofa piece of (一张、一片), half an hourhalf an hour(半小时

112、), have a good timehave a good time(玩得开心), have a coldhave a cold(感冒), makemakea noisea noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (resthave/take a (rest等等) )(休息)一会儿,等等。3 3、定冠词、定冠词 thethe 的用法：的用法：定冠词 thethe 用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的根本用法：定冠词的根本用法：(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.The man with

113、 a flower in his hand is Jack.(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)(3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert. (树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。)(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：Th

114、e earth turns around the sun.The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。 如： There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze RiverThere will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。 )(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?Who is the first one to go?(

115、谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest tothe earth.the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the

116、 Himalaya MountainsI have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of AmericaHe is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next monthThe Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(

117、下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)(11)samesame 之前一般用 the。如：Lucy and Lily lookLucy and Lily look the samethe same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same timeat the same time (与此同时),make the bedmake the bed(铺床),in the endin the end(最后),all the timeall the time(一直),by the wayby the way(顺便说一下),on the wayon the way(在路上)等等。4

118、 4、一些不用冠词的情况：、一些不用冠词的情况：(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。 如： China is a very large country.China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs / Man needsair and waterair and water.(人类需要空气和水)(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.My pen is much more expensive than yours. (

119、我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在 1995 年二月十八日,星期一)/ They usually plant trees on the hills in spring./ They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than

120、monkeysMen are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5) 三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at schoolWe have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如：OnOn Childrens DayChildrens Day the boys often get presents from their parents the boys often get presents from their pa

121、rents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoonsThe children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now atThey are now at Peoples CinemaPeoples Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)(9)一些习惯用语中不用。 如： at / to / from / out of / after / fo

122、r school;at / to / from / out of / after / for school; in / to / for / after classin / to / for / after class; in / to / out of / intoin / to / out of / intobed;bed; after / at/ from / out of / to work;after / at/ from / out of / to work; at / to sea;at / to sea; in / from / down / to town;in / from

123、 / down / to town; at / from home;at / from home; at / for /at / for /to to breakfast/lunch/supper;breakfast/lunch/supper; at at night/noon/midnight;night/noon/midnight; onon foot;foot; gogo to to school/bed;school/bed; onon top of;top of; in frontin front of;of; onon show/display/duty/watch;show/di

124、splay/duty/watch; inin / / outout ofof hospital;hospital; at at all;all; on/inon/in time;time; at at first/last/once;first/last/once; ininChinese/English,etc.;Chinese/English,etc.; take care oftake care of六、形容词、副词：1 1、形容词：、形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。第 8 页 共 38 页1、形容词形容词的句法作用句法作用：作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。

125、2、形容词在句子中的位置位置：作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheela big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The price sounds reasonableThe price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment cleanWe must try our best to keep our environment c

126、lean .(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)后置的情况：修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如：Something serious has happened to himSomething serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离的词连用时形容词后置。如：Hes 1.8 metresHes 1.8 metrestalltall.(他身高 1.8 米。)The moonThe moonis about 380,000 kilometres away from the earthis about 380,000 kilometre

127、s away from the earth.(月球离地 38 万公里)3、有关形容词的用法辨析有关形容词的用法辨析： wholewhole 与 allall：记住两个词序： the wholethe whole + 名词； all (of) theall (of) the + 名词。如：He was busy the whole morning.He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns / He can remember all the words he learns.(

128、他能记住学过的所有单词) talltall 与 highhigh, shortshort 与 lowlow：指人的个子时用 talltall 与 shortshort；指其他事物时一般用 highhigh 与 lowlow。如：Hes veryHes verytall/short.tall/short.(他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue. / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people

129、 live on / A few people live onhighhighmountainsmountains.(少量的人住在高山上) realreal 与 truetrue：realreal 一般指东西的真假,译为“真的；而truetrue 那么指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的。如：This isThis isa real diamond(a real diamond(钻石钻石) ) and its very expensive.and its very expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵) / -Is that true? / -Is that true? Yes. I

130、 heard it with my ownYes. I heard it with my ownearsears.(那真实吗？ 是的,我亲耳所听) interestedinterested 与 interestinginteresting 的区别：interestinginteresting 指人或东西“有趣的,作定语或表语,而 interestedinterested 那么表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的,只能作表语。 如： The man is very interesting and all the children like him.The man is very interesting a

131、nd all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ /ThisThis bookbook is is interestinginteresting andand youyou cancan reallyreally enjoyenjoy yourself.yourself.(这本书很有趣 ,你会真正获得享受 ) / / I I amam interestedinterested ininsciencescience.(我对自然科学感兴趣) suchsuch 用法： such + asuch + a(n n) + 名词(单数)(+thatthat 从句

132、)。如：I have never seen such a foolishI have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy. boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it .(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记) goodgood 与 wellwell：表示“好时,作定语或表语用 goodgood,作状语用 w

133、ellwell；表示“(身体)好时用 wellwell.如：Doing sports is goodDoing sports is goodfor us.for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study well and make progress every day. / Study well and make progress every day. (好好学习,天天向上) / -How are you? / -How are you?I am veryI am verywell.well.(你好吗？我很好。) nicenice 与 finefine： 的区别： nicenice 表示令

134、人愉快的,可以指东西、 人物外表等； finefine 一般指身体或天气好。 如： LetLets go and shares go and share(分享) the nice cake. the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl. / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day! / What a fine day!(多好的天气！ )/Hes/Hesfine recentlyfine recently(最近). . (近来他身体不错) too muchtoo much 与 muc

135、h toomuch too： too muchtoo much 表示 “太多的,修饰事物数量；much toomuch too 表示“太过,过分,修饰形容词或副词。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.I am full because I have had too much rice. (我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear / That coat is much too dear .(那件大衣太贵了) quickquick、fastfast 与 soonsoon：quickquick 与

136、 fastfast 根本同义,quickquick 往往指反响速度快,fastfast 往往指运动速度快,而 soonsoon 那么表示时间上很快即将发生。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus. / A train is much

137、 faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very / His father will be back to China verysoonsoon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)lonelylonely 与 alonealone：lonelylonely 是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是： “孤独的,寂寞的,作定语或表语；alonealone 的意思是： “单独的,单独的,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的 alonealone 可作状语)。如：He lives aloneHe lives alone but

138、 he doesnt feelbut he doesnt feel lonely. lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him .(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易) otherother 与 elseelse 的区别： 两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,otherother 放在名词名词前； elseelse 修饰不定代词、不定

139、代词、 疑问词、疑问词、 littlelittle、 muchmuch,后置,另外,or elseor else 表示 “否那么,是连词。 如： The other students are on the playground.The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) / Who else can / Who else canwork out this maths problem?work out this maths problem? (还有谁能解出着道数学题？) / This is nobody else / This is n

140、obody else s money. Its mine.s money. Its mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself? / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗？ specialspecial 与 especialespecial 的区别：表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但 specialspecial 较为常用。另外,specialspecial 还可以表示特别的目的。如： SheShe p

141、ayspays (e)special(e)special attentionattention to to clothes.clothes.(她非常注重着装) / / TheseThese areare specialspecial chairschairs forfor smallsmallchildren.children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子) gonegone、lostlost、missingmissing 的区别：gonegone 表示“丢了,没了,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语；lostlost 表示“丧失,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或

142、宾补；missingmissing 表示“失踪了,不见了,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、 表语或宾补。 如： My feverMy fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents / The parentsfound the lost child at last.found the lost child at last. (家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing / My dictiona

143、ry is missing .Who.Whos taken it away?s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了？) / For more detailed information / For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站) livingliving、alivealive、livelive、lively

144、lively 的区别：四个词都来源于动词 livelive“生活、居住。第 9 页 共 38 页livingliving 读liviN有三个意思： “活着的、现存的,作表语或定语, “一模一样的、逼真的,相当于 livelylively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的；livelive 读laiv,指东西“活的,可以替换为 livingliving；alivealive 读laiv作表语,指人“活着的,如果作定语,那么放在名词的后面；livelylively 读laivli有三个意思：有生气的、活泼的、快活的,(色彩)鲜艳的,生动的、真实的。例如：A living language should be

145、 learned orallyA living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) / We have a living hope thatWe have a living hope thatyouyou willwill succeed.succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) / / Is Is sheshe stillstill alive?alive?(她还活着吗？) / / TheyThey areare thethe happiesthappiest childrenchildrenalive.ali

146、ve.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子) / This is a live fish. / This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) / A live wireA live wire(电线) is dangerous.is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) / She is as lively as a kitten / She is as lively as a kitten (小猫). .(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave a lively description of the football match. / He gave a lively descripti

147、on of the football match. (他生动地描述了那场足球赛) sicksick 与 illill 区别：sicksick 和 illill 都表示“生病的,但是,sicksick 可以做定语、表语,而 illill 只能做表语。如：He has been ill/sick forHe has been ill/sick fora long time and he is very weak now.a long time and he is very weak now. (他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) / Vets help treat sick / Vets help tre

148、at sick pets and most of the pets owners likepets and most of the pets owners likethem.them.(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱) the poorthe poor(穷人们) / the richthe rich(富人们)等用法： “thethe+形容词这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如：We must try ourWe must try ourbest to help the poor.best to help the poor. (我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich ne

149、ver know how the poor are living / The rich never know how the poor are living .(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)2 2、副词、副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。1、副词的分类副词的分类：(见下表)时时 间间 副副 词词频度副词频度副词 地点地点/ /方位副词方位副词程度副词程度副词方式副词方式副词 疑问疑问/ /连接副词连接副词其他副词其他副词today, tomorrow,today, tomorrow,once,once,yesterday, now,yes

150、terday, now,twice,twice,here, there,here, there,home, below,home, below,very, too,very, too,well,well,hard,hard,alone,alone,fast,fast,how,how,where,where,when,when,why,why,too, also,too, also,nor, so,nor, so,as, on,off,as, on,off,either,either,yes, no,yes, no,not, neithernot, neithermaybe,maybe,perh

151、aps,perhaps,certainly,certainly,enough,enough,rather,rather,then, early, late,then, early, late,always,always,anywhere,anywhere,quite,quite,once, soon, just,once, soon, just,usually,usually,above, outside,above, outside, how, so,how, so,tonight, long,tonight, long,often,often,already,already,yet,yet

152、, sometimesometimebefore,before,s, s,ago,ago,later,later,everevernever,never,sincesinceafter, wheneverafter, wheneverfirst, someday,first, someday,in, inside, out,in, inside, out, much, just, much, just,together,together,whetherwhetherback,back,up,up,nearly, onlynearly, only suddenly,suddenly, howev

153、er, etc.however, etc.down,down,almost,almost,away, off, far,away, off, far,-ly-ly 结尾结尾关系副词关系副词hardly,hardly,asaslonglongasas(seldom),(seldom), near, nearby,near, nearby,的副词的副词where,where,等等, ,ever,ever,whereverwhereversometime, last,sometime, last,everywhere,everywhere,when,when,2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用、副词在句

154、子中的位置以及作用：作状语作状语： 时间副词时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,earlyearly、latelate、beforebefore、laterlater、yetyet 等一般放在句尾,alreadyalready、justjust 一般放在动词的前面。如：We will visit the Great WallWe will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have / They have already been to the UKalready been to the UKtwice.twi

155、ce.(他们去过英王国两次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路) 频度副词频度副词： 一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimessometimes、oftenoften等还可以放在句首或句尾,usuallyusually可放在句首,onceonce 可放在句尾,twicetwice、three timesthree times 等一般放在句尾。 如： Sometimes I get up early

156、.Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)/ The/ Theworkers usually have lunch at the factory.workers usually have lunch at the factory. (工人们通常在厂里吃午饭) / Take this medicine twice a day / Take this medicine twice a day .(这种药一天吃两次) 方式副词方式副词：一般放在行为动之后,suddenlysuddenly 可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如：OldOld peoplepeople cancan

157、 hardlyhardly walkwalk asasquicklyquickly asas youngyoung people.people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快) / / SuddenlySuddenly hehe sawsaw a a lightlight inin thethe darkdark cavecave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光) 地点副词地点副词：一般放在句尾,但 herehere、therethere 还可放在句首。如：There you can see thousands of bikes running in allThere

158、 you can see thousands of bikes running in alldirections(directions(方向方向). ).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动) / The frightened wolf ran away. / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回) 程度副词程度副词：修饰动词时,放

159、在动词之前；修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enoughenough 总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；onlyonly 位置比拟灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如：I nearly forgot all about it ifI nearly forgot all about it ifhe did not tell me again.he did not tell me again. (如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe / It was so strange that

160、 I could hardly believemy ears.my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车) 疑问副词疑问副词： 用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。 如： When and where were you born?When and where were you born?(你何时何地出生？

161、)/ /Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上？)/ How do you do?/ How do you do? (你好！)第 10 页 共 38 页a little, a bita little, a biteven, all,even, all,why, howwhy, how 连接副词连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。HowHow I I amam goinggoing to to killkill thethe

162、 catcat is is stillstill a aquestion.question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger./ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事) 关系副词关系副词：用来引导定语从句,在从句中

163、作状语。如：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived. (这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well .(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法) 其它副词其它副词：tootoo“也,用在句尾；alsoalso 放在动词前；either

164、either “也不,放在句尾；nornor“也不,放在句首；soso“如此,这样,放在形容词、 副词前； on/offon/off “开/关放在动词之后； notnot 放在 be 之后、 助动词之后、 不定式或动名词之前； maybe/perhapsmaybe/perhaps放在句首；certainlycertainly 放在句首或动词之前。如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了) / Maybe

165、your ticket is in your inside pocket. / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket. (也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里) / - / -Tom doesnt have a computer.Tom doesnt have a computer. Nor do I.Nor do I.(汤姆没有电脑,我也没有。)(2)作表语：作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语,放在 bebe 等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如：Im very sorry he isntIm very sorry he isnt in at thein

166、 at themoment.moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years./ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近 20 年了) / Jim is over there. / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那边)(3)作定语：作定语：时间副词(如 now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如：People now often havePeople now of

167、ten havetheir festival dinners at restaurants.their festival dinners at restaurants. (现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life / Women there were living a terrible lifein the 1920sin the 1920s.(在二十世纪 20 年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)(4)作宾语补足语： 地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。 如： Put your dirty socks away, Jim! T

168、hey are giving out bad smell!Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开！ 它们在散发着臭气。 ) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)注意 “动词+副词的宾语如果是代词,那么该副词应该放在代词之后。如：HeHe wrotewrote downdown thethe word.word.(他写下了那个词

169、。)He wrote itHe wrote it down.down.(他把它写了下来。)3、有关副词的重要注释：有关副词的重要注释： asasasas常构成一些词组：as soon asas soon as(一旦就), as well asas well as(同样), asas+形容词/副词+as possibleas possible(尽可能地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/ Miss Gao

170、 hurried to the school gate as/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate asquickly as possible.quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。) 注释注释 “as long / much asas long / much as + 名词可以表示“长达/多达的含义。如：The house costs as much as five hundredThe house costs as much as five hundredthousand yuan.thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费

171、高达 50 万元。)/ They stayed in the cave/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeksas long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。) laterlater、afterafter、agoago、beforebefore 的用法：“一段时间+later/agolater/ago分别表示“(多久)以后/以前,主要用于过去时态。“after/beforeafter/before+某个时刻分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前,此时两个词是介词。agoago 与 beforebefore：agoago 只能用

172、于过去时,beforebefore 用于完成时。如：He had an accident a week ago.He had an accident a week ago. (一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a/ Some years later, the boy became averyvery famousfamous singer.singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ / HaveHave youyou beenbeen therethere before?before?(你从前到过那儿吗？)/ / AfterAft

173、er a afew years he gave up smoking.few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。) aboveabove、belowbelow、overover、underunder 的用法： 在上下方用 aboveabove 和 belowbelow,在上下处用 overover 和 underunder.如： The stars are high aboveThe stars are high abovein the sky.in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane flew over quickly / A plan

174、e flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)当 aboveabove、belowbelow、overover、underunder 是介词性质时,意义相似。 tootoo、alsoalso、eithereither、nornor 的用法：tootoo(“也)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；alsoalso(“也)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前； eithereither(“也)用于否认句末尾 ,也用逗号隔开； nornor(“也不 )用于倒装句句首；如： AreAre youyouAmerican,too?American,too?(你也是美国人吗？)/ He is n

175、ot happy and I am not happy, either./ He is not happy and I am not happy, either. (他不愉快,我也不。) / He didnt watch/ He didnt watchthe football game. Nor did I.the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)/ You can also find the market is very good/ You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以觉察那个市场很好。

176、) enoughenough、tootoo、soso、veryvery、quitequite、very muchvery much 的用法： enoughenough (“足够,十分)放在形容词或副词之后；tootoo(“太)、veryvery(“非常)、quitequite(“相当)、soso(“如此地)等放在形容词或副词之前,very muchvery much(“非常)放在动词之后。如：ItsIts too/so/very/quite expensive. too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)/ I dont like sweets

177、/ I dont like sweets very much.very much.(我不很喜欢糖果) 注意注意 very very 与 muchmuch 的区别： veryvery 修饰形容词、 副词的原级和现在分词形容词,muchmuch 修饰形容词和副词的比拟级； muchmuch还可以修饰疑问句和否认句中的动词,veryvery 不可以。如：HeHe is is veryvery stupid.stupid.(他很笨)/ / TheThe filmfilm waswas veryvery movingmoving andandeveryone swept.everyone swept.(

178、电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school./ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/ I dont like him/ I dont like him muchmuch.(我不太喜欢他) sometimessometimes、sometimesometime、some timessome times、some timesome ti

179、me 的用法：sometimessometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometimesometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some timessome times(数次)表示次数、some timesome time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如：Sometimes they go hiking in theSometimes they go hiking in themountains.mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time./ I will stay here some time. (我会在这儿呆些时候的。)/

180、I will meet your father/ I will meet your fathersometime.sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。) howhow、whatwhat 用于感慨句的用法：对句子中的形容词或副词感慨时用 howhow,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感慨用 what.what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好！) / How difficult (the problem is) / How difficult (the problem i

181、s)!(问题)真难呀！) alreadyalready、yetyet 的用法：在完成时中 ,alreadyalready 一般用于肯定句,yetyet 一般用于否认句和疑问句。如： HaveHave youyou donedone it italready?already?(你已经做好了？) / I have not had my breakfast yet. / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。) hardhard 与 hardlyhardly 的用法：hardhard 作为副词意思是： “努力地,猛烈地,hardlyhardly 是否认词

182、,意思是： “几乎不,一般与情态动第 11 页 共 38 页词 can/couldcan/could 连用。 如： They study English very hard.They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public/ You can hardly see a person spit in a publicplace.place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰) like.very muchlike.very much、like.better(=prefer

183、)like.better(=prefer)、like.bestlike.best 的用法：三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢、 “更喜欢、 “最喜欢。如：I like baseball very much.I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best. / They like hamburgers best.“quite/what+a+quite/what+a+

184、形容词+名词的用法：记住：quite/such/what.+aquite/such/what.+a+形容词+名词;too/so/howtoo/so/how+形容词+a+名词;rather+arather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rathera+ rather+形容词+名词。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙家伙). ).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk / It is quite a nice day

185、for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子) howhow 的几个短语：how oftenhow often“多常,每隔多久,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问； how soonhow soon“多久以后,用于将来时态； how longhow long“多久,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态； how many timeshow many times“多少次,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问； how muchhow much“多么,多少,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如： HowHowlong have you been like this?long hav

186、e you been like this?(你这样已经多久了？)/ How often does he wash his face/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次脸？) muchmuch、moremore 与 mosmost 的用法：这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程度副词,muchmuch 表示“很,修饰原级形/副,moremore 表示“更用来构成多音节形/副的比拟级,mostmost 表示“最用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much 也可以修饰比拟级形/副。如：This park is much more beauti

187、ful than that one.This park is much more beautiful than that one. (这个公园比那个漂亮多了)/ It is the most/ It is the mostinstructive film I have ever seeninstructive film I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最有教育意义的电影) no moreno more、no longerno longer、not.any morenot.any more、no.any longerno.any longer 的用法： 表示时间,可以用 no l

188、ongerno longer、not.ny morenot.ny more、no.any longerno.any longer,而且 no longerno longer 只能放在谓语动词之前；表示程度,可以用 no moreno more、not.any morenot.any more.如：He no longer lived there.He no longer lived there. (他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes. / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He did / He didn tn t s

189、moke any more/longer. smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽烟) 被动语态中,方式副词方式副词一般放在 be 与谓语动词之间。如： The runner was badly hurt.The runner was badly hurt.(赛跑运发动受了重伤) / English / Englishis widely spoken in the world todayis widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英语说得很广泛) too.to.too.to.与 so.that.so.that.的问题：副词 too/sot

190、oo/so 后面跟形容词或副词,to to 后面跟动词,thatthat 后面跟从句。Too.to.Too.to. (“太.以致不)是否认的结构,用于简单句；so.that.so.that.(“如此以致)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如：The child is tooThe child is tooyoung to join the army.young to join the army.(这孩子年龄太小还不能参军)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy

191、 box .(他这么强壮,搬得动那个重箱子。) 既是形容词也是副词的单词有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high,early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high,low, straightlow, straight 等等。如：It was a long holiday.It was a long holiday.

192、 (那是个长假)/ He stayed there very long./ He stayed there very long. (他在那儿呆了好久)/ Think hard/ Think hardthen you will find a way.then you will find a way.(好好想你就会找到方法)/ He is a very hard/ He is a very hard(难对付的) person person.(他是个难玩的家伙) fartherfarther 与 furtherfurther 的用法区别：表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、 较远,但是

193、furtherfurther 还表示“更多、进一步、额外等意思,此时不能换为 fartherfarther. 如：They decided to go farther/further the next day.They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他们决定第二天走得再远些)/ / ThisThis problemproblem willwill bebe furtherfurther discussed.discussed.(这个问题还要进一步讨论)/ / EveryEvery oneone ofof themthem hadhad

194、theirtheir furtherfurtherstudies after they left collegestudies after they left college.(他们每个人大学毕业后继续进修) ratherrather 与 quitequite 的用法区别：同 veryvery 一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quitequite 表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好,ratherrather 比 quitequite 更接近 veryvery 的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见以下列图对“nicenice程度的描绘：not nicenot nice(fairly) nice(f

195、airly) nicequite nicequite nicerather nicerather nicevery nicevery nice如：ItsItsquite a nice filmquite a nice film.(这是部好片子)。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影) / ItsItsrather a nice filmrather a nice film.(这是部很不错的电影。)(意味着比大多数电影都好) 注意注意 注意 quite 与 rather 后面的次序词序。 maybemaybe、possiblypossibly、perhapsperhaps 的区别：maybemaybe

196、“可能、也许,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大；possiblypossibly“可能地、或者、也许,可能性较大,在否认句和疑问句中表示“无论如何；perhapsperhaps“可能,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。 如： You could put it over there,maybe.You could put it over there,maybe.(也许你可以把它放在那边) / I couldnt/ I couldnt possibly have finished suchpossibly have finished sucha long book in such a sho

197、rt time.a long book in such a short time. (我不可能在这么短的时间内完成这么长的一本书)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter/ I thought perhaps it was the letteryou have been expecting.you have been expecting.(我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件)(21) mostmost、mostlymostly 的区别：mostmost 作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大局部的,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很；mostlymostly 仅为副词,

198、意思为“主要地、多半地、大局部地。如：I was at home most of the time when I was free.I was at home most of the time when I was free. (我有空时大局部时间都在家)Most children are naughty.Most children are naughty.(大局部的孩子都淘气)/ This is the most exciting part of the film./ This is the most exciting part of the film. (这是电影中最令人兴奋的局部)/Sh

199、e is mostly/She is mostly out on Sundaysout on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)(22) (be) worth (be) worth、(be) worthy of(be) worthy of 的区别： worthworth 一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词 wellwell 修饰； worthy ofworthy of 表示 “值得的、 配得上的,后面跟动名词的被动形式。 如： What is worth doing at all is worth doingWhat is worth doing at

200、 all is worth doingwellwell(但凡值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth The house is worth￥300,000.300,000.(房子价值30万元)/ This book is well worth reading/ This book is well worth readingseveral times.several times.(这本书值得好好读几遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being seen./ It is a thing worthy of being seen.(这是一个值得看的

201、东西)(23) almostalmost、nearlynearly 的区别：两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近,大多数情况下可以互换,与否认词连用时用 almostalmost 不用 nearlynearly. almost noalmost no 相当于 hardly anyhardly any(几乎没有)。 如：He had done almost nothing today.He had done almost nothing today.(他今天几乎没有干什么) / We / Weare almost/nearly there.are almost/nearly there.(我们几乎

202、就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words .(几乎没有人懂他的话)(24) a bita bit 与 a littlea little 的区别： 这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比拟级,可以互换,语气比 ratherrather弱。如：This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.This digital camera is a bit(a li

203、ttle) expensive.(这台数码相机有点贵)/ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday./ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今第 12 页 共 38 页天比昨天冷了点)另外,a littlea little 可以直接加不可数名词,a bita bit 那么采用“a bit + ofa bit + of +名词(不可数或可数名词复数)的形式。如：I have gotI have gota bit of a cold.a bit of a cold.(我有点感冒)/ Go and g

204、et a little water for me, please./ Go and get a little water for me, please.(请你去给我搞点水来) 注意注意 not a bitnot a bit(=not at allnot at all)意为“根本不,而 not a littlenot a little 那么意为“非常,不是一点。3 3、形容词、形容词、 副词的原级、比拟级和最高级副词的原级、比拟级和最高级1 1、分类、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比拟级原级、比拟级和最高级最高级三级。原级变为比拟级和最高级有规那么变化和不规那么变化两种。2 2、规那么变化、规那么变

205、化: :(1)单音节和局部双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上 er,ester,est 构成比拟级和最高级。a)直接加 er,ester,est：b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加 er,ester,est：c)以辅音字母+y+y 结尾的,先把 y y 改为 i i 再加上 er,ester,est：(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加 more / most.more / most.3 3、不规那么变化、不规那么变化: :原级原级goodgood 好的wellwell 好；(身体)好的,bad,badlybad,badly 糟糕的,糟糕地illill(身体)不舒服

206、的manymany 许多的(可数)muchmuch 许多的(不可数)；非常littlelittle 少的farfar 远的；远地比拟级比拟级betterbetter 更好的最高级最高级bestbest 最好的worseworse 更糟糕的,更糟糕地； (身 worstworst 最糟糕的,最糟糕地； (身体)更不舒服的moremore 更多的；更lessless 更少的fartherfarther 更远的；更远地furtherfurther 进一步的(地)体)最不舒服的mostmost 最多的；最leastleast 最少的farthestfarthest 最远的；最远地furthestfur

207、thest 最深刻的(地)4 4、形容词和副词的原级、比拟级和最高级的用法：、形容词和副词的原级、比拟级和最高级的用法：(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。根本句型是：主语主语(sb./sth) +(sb./sth) + 谓语动词谓语动词 + + (very/too/so/quite/rather)(very/too/so/quite/rather) + + 形容词形容词/ /副词原级副词原级 + +.如： He is very old now.He is very old now.(他现在很老了) / They ran quite fast. / They ran quite fast.

208、(它们跑得相当快) / The weather looks rather bad. / The weather looks rather bad.(天气看上去相当糟) / I am so happy! / I am so happy!(我是如此的快乐)表示两者之间没有差异时,使用句型：主语主语( (第一个人物第一个人物) +) + 谓语动词谓语动词 + as + as + 形容词形容词/ /副词原级副词原级 + as + as + 第二个人物第二个人物 + +.如：He is as excited as his younger sister.He is as excited as his yo

209、unger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋)/ Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady/ Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady .(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢)/ They picked as many apples as the farmers (did)They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多)表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型：主语主语( (第一个人物第一个人物) +) + 谓语动词谓语动词( (否认式否认

210、式) +) +as / so +as / so + 形容词形容词/ /副词原级副词原级 + as + as + 第二个人物第二个人物+ +.如：He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他没他妹妹那么兴奋) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as anold ladyold lady. (莉莉

211、骑车不像老太太那样慢) / They didnt pick so / asThey didnt pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did)many apples as the farmers (did). (他们摘的苹果不如农民多)(2) 讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比拟级。根本句型：主语主语( (AA)+)+谓语动词谓语动词+(much/a little/even/still)+(much/a little/even/still)+形容词形容词/ /副词比拟级副词比拟级+than+than+第二个人物第二个人物( (BB) )

212、+.+.如：A A modernmodern traintrain is is muchmuch fasterfaster thanthan a a car.car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了) / / ThisThis bookbook didntdidnt costcost meme moremore thanthan thatthatoneone.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比拟级。句型是：主语主语( (AA) +) + 谓语动词谓语动词 + less+ (+ less+ (多音节形多音节形/ /副副) )比拟级比拟级 + than + th

213、an + 第二个人物第二个人物( (BB) ) +.+.如：I I thinkthink EnglishEnglish is is lessless difficultdifficult thanthan maths.maths.(我认为英语不比数学难)/ / DoDo youyou thinkthink it it lessless importantimportant to to learnlearn a aforeign language?foreign language?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗？)(3)讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是：主语主语(sb./sth

214、) +(sb./sth) + 谓语动词谓语动词 +(the) +(the) +形容词形容词/ /副词最高级副词最高级 +in / of+in / of .如：TheThe ChangjiangChangjiang RiverRiver is is thethe longestlongest inin China.China.(长江是中国最长的河流) / / HeHe jumpedjumped (the)(the) highesthighest ofof thethe threethree(boys)(boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高)4 4、关于比拟等级的重要注释：、关于比拟等级的重要注释：

215、1、以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物及物或不及物动词不及物动词,那么后面用副词副词；如果后面是连系动词连系动词,那么后面用形容词形容词。如：This carThis caris the fastest of the four.is the fastest of the four.( (形容词形容词) )(这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four./ This car runs (the) fastest of the four. ( (副词副词) )(这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的)第 13 页 共 38 页2、 “比拟级比拟级+

216、 +andand+ +比拟级比拟级表示“越来越。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)3、 “thethe+ +比拟级比拟级,thethe+ +比拟级比拟级表示“越就越。如：The more trees we plant,the better it will be.The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)/ The harder you try,the greate

217、r your progress is/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,进步就越大)4、 一般的形容词或副词的比拟级前面可以加 much/a little/even/stillmuch/a little/even/still,而表示数量的 more 之前还可以加 some/ any/ no/ one/ two/some/ any/ no/ one/ two/many/many/ several/several/ a a lotlot 等词。如：It It is is muchmuch coldercolder tod

218、aytoday thanthan yesterday.yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/ / WouldWould youyou likelike somesome moremorecoffee?coffee?(你还要些咖啡吗？)/He did not eat any more/He did not eat any more.(他没有再吃)5、 more than / less thanmore than / less than 分别可以理解为 “多于/少于,相当于副词,more than=over; less than=undermore than=over; less than=u

219、nder.如： I lived in New York forI lived in New York formore than four monthsmore than four months.(我在纽约生活了四个多月)6、 “one of theone of the +最高级+名词(复数)整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt inOne of the oldest houses has been burnt ina firea fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了)7、 “Which / WhoW

220、hich / Who+动词+形/副,or?句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比拟级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如：WhoWhohas more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林涛和韩梅谁的书最多？)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(猪、马、象哪个最重？)8、上下文中含有 both/either/neither/two/tw

221、insboth/either/neither/two/twins 等表示两个事物的词时,用比拟级,而且往往还要加 thethe；含有 all/none/noall/none/no one/one/everyevery 等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用最高级。如： -Do you like the smaller one?Do you like the smaller one?Neither.Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗？一个都不喜欢)/ -Which do you like best?/ -Which do you like best? All of them!All of them!

222、(你最喜欢哪个？全部。)七、介词：1 1、介词的主要用法：、介词的主要用法：介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语 ,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out ofout of(从中出来), because of, because of (因为), away from, away from(距离), on top of, on top of(在顶上), ever since, ever since(自从), next to, next to(在隔壁), according to, according

223、to(根据), in front of, in front of(在前方)等。2 2、介词的分类表：、介词的分类表： (见下表)地点地点( (位置、位置、 范围范围) )介词：介词： above 在前, about 在附近, across 在对面, after 在后面, against 倚着., along 在近旁, among在中间, around 在周围, round 在.周围,at 在处, before 在.前, behind 在.后, below 低于., beside 在.旁边, between在.之间, by在.旁, down在.下面, from来自., in在.里面, insid

224、e在.里面, near 靠近., of在.之中, on在.上面, out of在.之外, outside在.外面, over在.上方, under在.下方, up在.上面,on top of在.顶部,in front of在.前,close to靠近.,in the middle of 在.的中间, at the end of 在.的末端,等等。方向方向( (目标趋向目标趋向) )介词：介词：across 横越., against 对抗., along 沿着., around 绕着., round 环绕., at 朝着., behind 向后面,etweenand从到.,by路过/通过., d

225、own向下, for向., from从/离., in进入., into进入., inside到.里面, near接近.,off脱离/除., on 向.上, out of向.外, outside 向.外, over 跨过., past 经过/超过., through 穿过., to 向/朝., towards 朝着.,on to 到.上面, onto 到.上面, up 向.上, away from 远离.时间介词：时间介词：about 大约., after 在以后, at 在 (时刻), before 在以前, by 到为止, during 在期间, for 有(之久), from从(时)起,

226、in 在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on 在(某日), past 过了(时), since 自从(至今), through 贯穿(期间), till 直到时, until 直到时, to 到(下一时刻), ever since 从那时起至今,at the beginning of 在.开始时 ,at the end of 在.末 , in themiddle of 在.当中 ,at the time of 在.时方式介词：方式介词：as 作为/当作., by 用/由/乘坐/被., in 用(语言),like 与一样, on 骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over 通过(收音

227、机), through 通过., with 用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without 没有涉及介词涉及介词: : about关于., except除了, besides除了还. for对于/就而言, in在(方面), of的,有关., on关于/有关., to对而言, towards 针对., with 就而言其它介词其它介词: :【目的介词】 for 为了.,from 防止,to 为了【原因介词】 for 因为.,with 由于,because of 因为.【比拟介词】 as 与一样,like 象一样,than 比.,to 与相比, unlike 与不同【伴随/状态介词】 agai

228、nst 和一起(比赛),at 在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in 穿着(衣服/颜色),into 变成.,on 在(值日),with 与一起,有/带着/长着., without 没有/无/不与一起3 3、介词短语的句法作用：、介词短语的句法作用：介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如：TheThe manman camecame downstairs.(状)(那个人走下楼来)/The woman is from the countrysideThe woman is from the countryside .(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/The teacher

229、is now withThe teacher is now withthe pupilsthe pupils.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)4 4、介词短语介词短语在句子中的位置：在句子中的位置：介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比拟,一般放在句尾；介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如：He wanted to find a good jobHe wanted to find a good job ininShanghaiShanghaithe next year.the next

230、year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the roomThey searched the room for the thieffor the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷)/ The letters areThe letters are for youfor you.(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legsHave you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs ?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿

231、的猫了吗？)第 14 页 共 38 页5 5、重要注释：、重要注释： this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / eachthis / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用不用任何介词。如：Every year travellersEvery year travellersfrom abroad come to visit Pingyao.from abroad come to visit Pingyao. (每年都有国外的游客来

232、游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week/ He had a bad cold that week .(那个星期他患重感冒) forfor 有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成 “对于而言。 如： Its too hardIts too hard for me to finish the work in only onefor me to finish the work in only onehour.hour.(让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太难了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in/ The

233、house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子够大的可以容10 个人住) ofof 有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。 如： Its very nice/kindIts very nice/kind of you to do soof you to do so.(你这么做真是太好了) 介词有时会与它的宾语别离,而且宾语前置。 当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking aboutWho are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁？) 宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother

234、 who he must take good care of.He has a younger brother who he must take good care of. (他有一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗？)动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。 I finally found a chair to sit on.I

235、finally found a chair to sit on.(我最终找到了一张椅子坐。 )(5)(5) 记住一些固定词组：arrive at/inarrive at/in(到达),on foot,on foot(步行), ,notat allnotat all(根本不),to the north ofto the north of(在以北),in the east ofin the east of(在的东部),in the nightin the night(在夜间),at nightat night(在晚上),be afraid ofbe afraid of(害怕),be full of

236、be full of(充满/ 装满.),be filled withbe filled with(充满/ 装满.),bebegood/badgood/bad forfor(对有益/有害),bebe mademade ofof(由做成),bebe mademade fromfrom(由制造),playplay withwith(玩耍),looklook outout ofof(朝外面看),at at thethe endend ofof(在末梢/结束时),byby thethe endend ofof(不迟于/到末为止),withwith thethe helphelp ofof 或 withw

237、ith onesones helphelp(在的帮助下),look afterlook after(照料),look forlook for(寻找),on a bike(=by bike)on a bike(=by bike) 骑车, help sb. with help sb. with (帮某人做),get on (well) withget on (well) with (与某人相处融洽),等等。6 6、某些介词的用法辨析：、某些介词的用法辨析： 时间或地点介词 inin、onon、at at 的用法区别： 表示时间时, inin 表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中那么表示在一段时间之后)

238、, onon表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at at 表示在某个时刻或者瞬间； 表示地点时, inin 表示在某个范围之内, onon 表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at at 那么表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如：He was born on the morning of May 10thHe was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) /

239、 His glasses are right on His glasses are right onhis nose.his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院) afterafter 与 inin 表示时间的用法区别： “afterafter+(具体时刻/从句)表示“在时刻之后常用于一般时态； “inin+(一段时间)表示“在(多久)之后,常用于将来时态。如：He said that he would be here after

240、6He said that he would be here after 6：00.00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My/ Myfather is coming back from England in about a monthfather is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来) sincesince 与 forfor 表示时间的用法区别： “sincesince+(具体时刻/that-从句)表示“自从起一直到现在,“forfor +(一段斶间)表示“总共有之久,都常用于完成时态；如：Uncle Li

241、 has worked in this factory since 1970.Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从 1970 年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了 30 多年) byby、inin 与 withwith 表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段,但是 byby 主要表示“

242、乘坐某个交通工具或“以方式,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者；inin 表示“使用某种语言/文字,withwith 表示“使用某个具体的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.We see with our eyes and walk with our feet. (我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article/ Please write that article(文章) in English. in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Lets go to the zoo/ Lets

243、 go to the zoo by taxi.by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) aboutabout 与 onon 的用法区别：都可以表示“有关,但是 aboutabout 的意义比拟广,而 onon 主要表示“有关(专题/课程)。如：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America. (汤姆要作一

244、个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about/ They are very excited talking aboutthe coming field trip.the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游) throughthrough 与 acrossacross、overover 的用法区别： throughthrough 指“穿过(门洞/人群/树林)； acrossacross 和 overover 可以指“跨越(街道/河流),可互换,但是表示 “翻过时只能用 over. 如： Just then

245、a ratJust then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ /There is a bridge across/over the river.There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time./ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time. (

246、他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)(7)asas 与 likelike 的区别： 两个词都表示 “像,但是 asas 译为 “作为,表示的是职业、 职务、 作用等事实,而 likelike 译为 “像一样,表示外表,不是事实。如：Let me speak to you as a fatherLet me speak to you as a

247、father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / LetLetme speak to you like a fatherme speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)(8)at the end ofat the end of、by the end ofby the end of、to the endto the end、in the endin the end 的用法区别：at that the end ofe end of既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在末；在尽头,常与过去时连用；by the en

248、d ofby the end of只能表示时间,译为“在前；到为止,常用于过去完成时； in thein theendend 与 at lastat last 根本等义,表示“终于、最后,通常用于过去时；to the endto the end 译为“到的终点为止,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如：By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16 个单元)/ At

249、 the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows./ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows. (在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week./ They left for Beijing at the end of last week. (上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succe

250、eded in the final/ In the end he succeeded in the finalexams.exams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ / WeWe shouldshould gogo onon withwith thethe workwork to to thethe end.end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ / FollowFollow thisthisroad to the end and you will see a post office.road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就

251、能看见一家邮电局)(9)for a momentfor a moment、for the momentfor the moment、in a momentin a moment、at the momentat the moment 的区别：for a momentfor a moment“一会儿、片刻(=for a whilefor a while),常与持续性动词连用； for the momentfor the moment “暂时、 目前,常用于现在时； in a momentin a moment “一会儿、 立即、 马上(=soonsoon; in a few minutes in

252、a few minutes),一般用于将来时； at the momentat the moment “此刻,眼下(=nownow),用于现在进行时。 如： Please wait for a moment.Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Lets leave/ Lets leave第 15 页 共 38 页things as they are for the moment.things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧！ ) / Ill come backIll come back in a moment.in a mo

253、ment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the/ I am very busy at themoment.moment.(眼下我很忙)(10)butbut 的问题： 用介词 butbut 引出另一个动词时,要注意： 如果前面有 dodo,后面就用原形动词,前面没有 dodo 时,后面的动词要加 to to。如：I could do nothing but wait.I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice / They had no choice(选择) but to fightbut

254、to fight.(他们没有选择只有战斗)(11)in front ofin front of 与 in the front ofin the front of： in front ofin front of “在的前面, 与 in the front ofin the front of“在的前部。如：A car was parking in frontA car was parking in frontof the hall.of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk/ In the front of

255、 the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)(12)exceptexcept 与 besidesbesides 的区别：exceptexcept“除了,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而 besidesbesides“除了那么表示包含,即“不仅又。如：EveryoneEveryone wentwent to to thethe PalacePalace MuseumMuseum exceptexcept TomTom.(除了 TomTom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(TomTom没有去故宫)/Besides Chinese he also studied many

256、other subjects.Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉语也是他学的功课之一)八、动词1 1、动词的分类：、动词的分类：类类别别意意义义例例句句含有实在的意义 ,表示动作或状态 ,在句子中 She has some bananas.She has some bananas. 她吃吃些香蕉。能独立作谓语。They eat a lot of potatoes.They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃吃土豆。实义动词实义动词ImIm reading an E

257、nglish book now.reading an English book now.我现在正看看一本英文书。本身有一定的词义 ,但不能独立作谓语 ,必须 His father is a teacher.His father is a teacher.他父亲是是教师。Twins usually look the same.Twins usually look the same.和表语一起构成谓语。双胞胎通常看起来看起来一样。连系动词连系动词The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。本身没有词义 ,不能独立作谓语 ,只能和主要 He doesHe doesn

258、t speak Englisnt speak English.h. 他不说英语。动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否认、 疑问、 We are playing basketball.We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。助动词助动词时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人 Do you have a brother?Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？称、单复数和时态的变化。本身有一定的意义 ,不能独立作谓语 ,只能和 You can keep the books for two weeks.You can keep the books for

259、two weeks.这些书你可以可以借两个星期。主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语情态动词情态动词气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变May I smoke here?May I smoke here? 我可以可以在这儿抽烟吗？We must go now.We must go now.我们现在得得走了。化,有些情态动词有过去式。重要注解：重要注解：(1)(1) 关于实义动词：关于实义动词： 英语的实义动词实义动词又可分为及物动词及物动词和不及物动词不及物动词两大类：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go

260、,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hallgo,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall 等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buysay, raise, lay, find, buy 等。 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, singstudy, sing 等。 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, washknow, wash 等。 有些动词常和介词 、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen,rep

261、ly,wait,looklisten,reply,wait,look.(2)(2) 关于连系动词：关于连系动词：连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。常见的连系动词有：bebe、becomebecome、looklook、feelfeel、soundsound、smellsmell、tastetaste、seemseem、turnturn、growgrow、getget、gogo、fallfall、sitsit、standstand、lielie 等。有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：looklook(看看起来)、feelfeel(感觉、摸感到)、smellsmell(

262、闻、嗅闻起来)、tastetaste(尝尝起来)、turnturn(翻转、转动变得)、growgrow(生长变得)、getget(得到、到达变得)、gogo(去变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。 注释注释 becomebecome、getget、gogo、bebe、growgrow、turnturn 的用法区别的用法区别：becomebecome 表示“变成,比拟正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。getget 也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。gogo 表示“变得,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词 badbad、blindblind、h

263、ungryhungry 等。bebe 表示“是、成为、当,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。growgrow 表示“变得,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、 岁数的增长。 turnturn表示 “变得,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。 如： I was caughtI was caughtin the rain and I became ill.in the rain and I became ill. (我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich./ He has got rich.(他变富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future./ He wi

264、ll be a scientist in the future. (将来他将成为第 16 页 共 38 页科学家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year./ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)/ The sandwich has/ The sandwich hasgone bad.gone bad.(那块三明治已经变坏)/ Her face turned red after her mother cri

265、ticized/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized (批评) her her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了)(3)(3) 关于助动词关于助动词：常见的助动词助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的 be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成时的 have(has,had,having) ;have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的 shall (should) ; will (would)

266、shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的 do(does,did) .do(does,did) .助动词助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致 ,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式 ,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.shall, will, should, would.(4)(4) 关于情态动词：关于情态动词：常见的情态动词情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , needcan (

267、could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have tohave to、hadhadbetterbetter 也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。cancan 表示体力、 脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中, 在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用 “cancan代替 “maymay。情态动词“cancan的过去式是“couldcould,否认式是“cannotcannot通常缩写成“cantcant,“couldcould的否认式是“could notcoul

268、d not,通常缩写成“couldntcouldnt。如：Can I help you?Can I help you?(要帮助吗？)/ He can swim./ He can swim.(他会游泳)/ That/ That cancant be Mr Lit be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生) maymay 表示允许、 请求或可能性,用maymay 提问时,肯定答复一般用 CertainlyCertainly或Yes,you mayYes,you may.;否认答复一般用cantcant或mustntmustnt.如：May I ask you a question?May I ask

269、you a question? Certainly.Certainly.(可以问你一个问题吗？当然可以)/ You may go now./ You may go now.(现在你可以走了)/ It may/ It maybe in your pocketbe in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里) mustmust 表示“必须、 “一定的意思。表示“必须时否认形式是 mustnt；表示“一定时,否认形式是“cant 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.We must be very careful when we c

270、ross the road. (我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack/ It must be Jack .(那准是杰克)/ I haventI haventseen Kate today.seen Kate today. She cant be here.She cant be here.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里) 注意注意 用 mustmust(必须)进行提问时,肯定答复用 mustmust,否认答复用 needntneednt；用 mustmust(一定)进行提问时,肯定答复仍用 mustmust,但是否认答复用 cant.cant.如： Must

271、we clean the room before we leave?Must we clean the room before we leave? Yes,you must.Yes,you must.或 No,youNo,you needntneednt. .(我们走之前必须要清扫房间吗？是的,必须清扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? / Must she be in the romm? Yes,she must.Yes,she must.或 No,sheNo,she cant.cant.(她一定在房间里吗？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。) “have

272、 tohave to表示“不得不、 “必须。WellWellhave to leave now for it is very late at nighthave to leave now for it is very late at night.have tohave to 的疑问形式是：助动词+have tohave to,否认形式是：助动词+not+have to+not+have to 或者用 needntneednt.如：Do you have to stay untilDo you have to stay until8 oclock?8 oclock?(你得呆到 8 点钟吗？)/

273、You/ Youdont have todont have to do so.(=You do so.(=Youneedntneednt do so.)do so.)(你不用这么做) shallshall 在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令、 “警告、“允许等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?Shall we go to the zoo this weekend? (我们这个周末去动物园好吗？)/ He shall bring his own book next/ He shall bring h

274、is own book nexttimetime.(他下次必须带自己的书来) shouldshould 可表示“劝告、 “建议、 “惊奇等意思。We should speak to old people politelyWe should speak to old people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话) willwill 表示“意愿、 “决心等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please close the door for me?Will you please close the door for me?(请你替我把门关上好吗？)/ I will tea

275、ch you a lesson/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教训你一顿)wouldwould 表示过去的“意愿、 “决心等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned homeHe would sit near the fire every time he returned home .(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)wouldwould 也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“willwill婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要通常用“I would like toI would like

276、 to或“I should(Id) like toI should(Id) like to来表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the momentWould you like to have a rest at the moment?(你现在想要休息一下吗？)wouldwould 还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save hisEvery year parents would tell their children

277、 about the boy who would save hispeople.people.(每一年父母们总是总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事) needneed 表示“需要,用于疑问句或否认句。 “needneed作实义动词时,在肯定、否认、疑问句中都可以用。如：HeHe needntneednt do doit it in suchin such a a hurry.hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ / HeHe needsneeds somesome help.help.(他需要一些帮助)/ / HeHe doesntdoesnt needneed to to

278、 bringbring hishisfootball socks thenfootball socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了) daredare 是“敢的意思,用法几乎与“needneed完全相同,即在疑问句和否认句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to to的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to to。How dare you say I am a fool?How dare you say I am a fool? (你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？)/ HeHe didnt daredidnt dare to touch the red button to

279、touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮) dd betterbetter (do)(do)(“最好是)一般也当作情态动词使用,否认式是：dd betterbetter notnot (do).(do). 如：YouYoudd betterbetter sitsit herehere andand saysaynothing.nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ You/ Youd better notd better not speak because he is sleeping.speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因

280、为他正在睡觉)2 2、动词词形变化一览表：、动词词形变化一览表：(1)(1)规那么动词变化表：规那么动词变化表：原形动词结尾情况原形动词结尾情况规规一般情况那那s,x,ch,sh,os,x,ch,sh,o 结尾么么辅音字母+y 结尾第 17 页 共 38 页现在时单三人称现在时单三人称+s+s+es+esy yi,+esi,+es现现 在在 分分 词词+ing+ing+ing+ing+ing+ing过去式和过去分词过去式和过去分词+ed+ed+ed+edy yi,+edi,+ed变变重读闭音节一元一辅结+s+s双写辅音字母,+inging双写辅音字母,+ed+ed尾化化不发音的 e e 结尾+

281、s+s+d+d去掉 e,+inge,+ing+s+s+d+die ie 结尾ie iey,+ingy,+ing不不规规那那么么havehavehashas；bebeis is(无)(见不规那么动词变变变化化化表)注意：在加 inging 或 ed 时动词如果以“r r结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r r应双写。s/ess/es 的读音规那么：在清辅音后读s s；在浊辅音后和元音后读z z；在 s s 、 F F、z z、t tF F、d dV V后读iz iz.eded 的读音规那么：在清辅音后读t t；在浊辅音后和元音后读d d；在t t、d d后读idid.(2)(2)不规那么动词变化表：不

282、规那么动词变化表：( ( 原形原形 过去式过去式 过去分词过去分词) )be(am,is)be(am,is)be(are)be(are)beatbeatbecomebecomebeginbeginblowblowbreakbreakbringbringbuildbuildbuybuycancancatchcatchchoosechoosecomecomecostcostcutcutdigdigdododrawdrawdrinkdrinkdrivedriveeateatfallfallfeelfeelfindfindflyflyforgetforgetfreezefreezegetgetgive

283、givegogogrowgrowhanghanghave(has)have(has)hearhear第 18 页 共 38 页waswaswerewerebeatbeatbecamebecamebeganbeganblewblewbrokebrokebroughtbroughtbuiltbuiltboughtboughtcouldcouldcaughtcaughtchosechosecamecamecostcostcutcutdugdugdiddiddrewdrewdrankdrankdrovedroveateatefellfellfeltfeltfoundfoundflewflewforgo

284、tforgotfrozefrozegotgotgavegavewentwentgrewgrewhung/hangedhung/hangedhadhadheardheardbeenbeenbeenbeenbeatenbeatenbecomebecomebegunbegunblownblownbrokenbrokenbroughtbroughtbuiltbuiltboughtboughtloselosemakemakemaymaymeanmeanmeetmeetmistakemistakemustmustpaypayputputreadreadriderideringringriseriserun

285、runsaysayseeseesellsellsendsendsetsetshallshallshineshineshowshowshutshutsingsingsinksinksitsitsleepsleepsmellsmellspeakspeakspendspendspillspillspoilspoilstandstandsweepsweepswimswimlostlostmademademightmightmeantmeantmetmetmistookmistookmustmustpaidpaidputputreadreadroderoderangrangroseroseranrans

286、aidsaidsawsawsoldsoldsentsentsetsetshouldshouldshoneshoneshowedshowedshutshutsangsangsank/sunksank/sunksetsetsleptsleptsmeltsmeltspokespokespentspentspiltspiltspoiltspoiltstoodstoodsweptsweptswamswamlostlostmademademeantmeantmetmetmistakenmistakenpaidpaidputputReadReadriddenriddenrungrungrisenrisenr

287、unrunsaidsaidseenseensoldsoldsentsentsetsetcaughtcaughtchosenchosencomecomecostcostcutcutdugdugdonedonedrawndrawndrunkdrunkdrivendriveneateneatenfallenfallenfeltfeltfoundfoundflownflownforgot/forgottenforgot/forgottenfrozenfrozengotgotgivengivengonegonegrowngrownhung/hangedhung/hangedhadhadheardhear

288、dshoneshoneshownshownshutshutsungsungsunk/sunkensunk/sunkensetsetsleptsleptsmeltsmeltspokenspokenspentspentspiltspiltspoiltspoiltstoodstoodsweptsweptswumswumhidehidehithitholdholdhurthurtkeepkeepknowknowlaylaylearnlearnleaveleavelendlendletletlieliehidhidhithitheldheldhurthurtkeptkeptknewknewlaidlai

289、dlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedleftleftlentlentletletlaylayhiddenhiddenhithitheldheldhurthurtkeptkeptknownknownlaidlaidlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedleftleftlentlentletletlainlaintaketaketeachteachtelltellthinkthinkthrowthrowunderstandunderstandwakewakewearwearwillwillwinwinwritewritetooktooktaughttaugh

290、ttoldtoldthoughtthoughtthrewthrewunderstoodunderstoodwoke/wakedwoke/wakedworeworewouldwouldwonwonwrotewrotetakentakentaughttaughttoldtoldthoughtthoughtthrownthrownunderstoodunderstoodwoken/wakedwoken/wakedwornwornwonwonwittenwitten3 3、be(be(“是“是/ /存在存在) )动词的各种时态变化：动词的各种时态变化：一一 般般 现现 在在 时时I am.I am.Y

291、ou are.You are.He/She/It is.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.We/You/They are.一一 般般 过过 去去 时时I was.I was.You were.You were.He/She/It was.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.We/You/They were.一一 般般 将将 来来 时时(I I 等各人称) will bewill be.I amI amHe/She/It isHe/She/It isg going to beoing to beWe/You/They areWe/You/They

292、 are过过 去去 将将 来来 时时(I I 等各人称) would be would be.I wasI wasHe/She/It wasHe/She/It wasgoing togoing to bebeWe/You/They wereWe/You/They were现现 在在 完完 成成 时时I have been.I have been.You have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.We/You/They have been.过过 去去 完完 成成 时时I

293、had been.I had been.You had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.We/You/They had been.注意：句型变化时,否认句在 am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /wouldam /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would后面加 not,而且 not 都可以缩写为 nt (am 后面 not 不可以缩写)；疑问句将 am /is /ar

294、e /will /have /has /was /were /had /wouldam /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4 4、其它、其它谓语动词动词( (主动语态主动语态) )的时态变化一览表：的时态变化一览表：现在现在时态时态一一 般般 现现 在在 时时现现 在在 进进 行行 时时一一 般般 将将 来来 时时willwill + 动词原形amamis is+going to+going to+动词原形areare过过 去去 将将 来来 时时wouldwould + 动词原形waswas+going to+goin

295、g to+动词原形werewere现现 在在 完完 成成 时时havehave +过去分词hashas动词用原形 (单三加 amamis is+动词-inging谓语动谓语动 s / ess / es)词构成词构成 (问句和否认句借用 areare助词 do / doesdo / does)过去过去一一 般般 过过 去去 时时过过 去去 进进 行行 时时时态时态waswas动词用过去式谓语动谓语动(问句和否认句借用+动词-ingingwerewere词构成词构成助词 diddid)过过 去去 完完 成成 时时hadhad +过去分词5 5、八种时态的具体用法：、八种时态的具体用法：(1)(1)

296、 一般现在时一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语：often,usually,sometimes,always,everyoften,usually,sometimes,always,every (dayday 等),once/twice,aonce/twice,a (weekweek 等), onon第 19 页 共 38 页(SundaySunday 等),never,in thenever,in the (morningmorning 等)。 如： They go to the Palace Museum once a

297、year.They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They/ Theyoften discuss business in the evening.often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：The earth turns round the sun.The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound/ Lig

298、ht travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午 8 点开车) 在时间状语从句中(以 when, after, before, while, until, as soon aswhen, after, before, while, unt

299、il, as soon as 等引导)和条件状语从句中(以 if,unlessif,unless 引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home. / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如

300、果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家) 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以 come, gocome, go 为主。 如： Here comes the bus.Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There / Theregoes the bell.goes the bell.(铃响了)。 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的

301、心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有： like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish,like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish,hope, thinkhope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see,understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如： I think it is going to snow.I think it is

302、going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here./ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)(2)(2)一般过去时一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, whenat (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minu

303、tes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如：I got up at 6I got up at 6：00 this morning.00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half/ Little Tom broke the window at halfpastpast ninenine thisthis morning.morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ / WhenWhen hehe wentwent intointo thethe room,heroom,he sawsaw a a

304、 strangerstrangertalking with his fathertalking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday,yesterday, lastlast (yearyear 等), inin (19981998 等)。如：HeHecame to our city in the year 2000came to our city in the year 2000.(他 2000 年来到我们市)表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有： last,last,

305、 in,in, fromto,fromto, for(10for(10 years),often,usually,years),often,usually,sometimes, always, neversometimes, always, never 等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day heMr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day hewent to the rich

306、man and borrowed books from himwent to the rich man and borrowed books from him.讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened toI happened tomeet Rose in the street.meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)(3)(3) 一般将来时一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),on

307、e day,now,soon,tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,someday,sometime, in the future, whensomeday,sometime, in the future, when 引导的从句等。用 willwill 构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。 “shallshall用于第一人称,“willwill用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon.I will graduate from this school soon.(我很

308、快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after/ You will stay alone afterI leaveI leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)“am/is/are going toam/is/are going to+动词原形表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are toam/is/are to +动词原形表示安排或方案中的动作。如： A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special babyA man told them tha

309、t the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ It Its going tos going to rain soon. rain soon.(天快要下雨了)表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用 willwill 表达。如：I will go to the lab to get someI will go to the lab to get somechemicalschemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return. So please wait

310、until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头)现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)shallshall 和 willwill 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall 一般与第一人称连用,will 与第二人称连用。如：ShallShallwe go to the zoo next Saturday?we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗？)/ Will you please open the door for me?/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我

311、把门翻开好吗？)“be tobe to +动词原形表示按照方案将要发生的事情。 如： An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.(4)(4)现在进行时现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。现在进行时由“助动词 be (am is are )be (am is are ) +现在分词构成。现在进行时的时间状语有： now, this ,

312、these等,但经常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说)表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。 常见的动词有： come, go, stay, leave, spend, docome, go, stay, leave, spend, do 等。 如： I Im comingm co

313、mingnow.now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon./ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与 alwaysalways 等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：HeHe is isalways borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time lateralways borrowing money

314、from me and forgetting all about it some time later .(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)(5)(5)过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。过去进行时由“waswas(第一、三人称单数)或 werewere(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词构成。过去进行时的时间状语有： then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) agothen, at that time, this time y

315、esterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由第 20 页 共 38 页whenwhen 引出的时间状语从句。 如： He was cooking supper this time yesterday.He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ The little/ The littlegirl was playing with her toy when I saw hergirl was playing with her toy when I saw

316、 her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.She was it happen when she was walking past. (她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were/ They sang a lot of songs while they werewalking in the dark forest.walking in the

317、dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与 always 等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、 不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived hereHe was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)(6)(6)现在完成时现在完成时现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、 对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。在完成时由“

318、助动词 have (has)have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, beforealready, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I I havehave nevernever seenseen suchsuch finefine picturespictures before.before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画 )/ / HeHe

319、hashas justjust gonegone to toEngland.England.(他刚去英国)表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有：for (two years),since 1990, since (twofor (two years),since 1990, since (twoweeks ago)weeks ago)和 sincesince 引导的状语从句。 如： I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.I have been away from my hometown for t

320、hirty years.(我离开家乡有 30 年了)/ /Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it openedUncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)口语中 have gothave got 往往表示 havehave(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their libraryThey have got thousands of books in their library.(他们

321、图书馆有上万本书)have been tohave been to 与 have gone tohave gone to 的区别：have gone tohave gone to(“已经去了)表示人不在这里,have been tohave been to(“去过)表示人在这里。 如： -Where is Mr Li?-Where is Mr Li? He has gone to the UK.He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英国。 )/ -Do you know something about/ -Do you know something aboutBei

322、jing?Beijing? Yes,I have been to Beijing three times.Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗？是的,我去过那里三次。)在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表：瞬间性动词的完成时瞬间性动词的完成时havehavehashas(had)(had)(already)(already)gone togone tocome tocome toleftleftarrivedarriveddieddiedb

323、egunbegunendedendedbought.bought.borrowedborrowedjoinedjoinedhavehavehashas(had)(had)延续性动词或状态动词的完成时延续性动词或状态动词的完成时been in / at been in / at been herebeen herebeen away frombeen away frombeen inbeen inbeen deadbeen deadbeen onbeen onbeen overbeen overhadhadkeptkeptbeen in been in for (two years)for (t

324、wo years)since (1990)since (1990)或者使用下面这个句型：It Itis / has beenis / has been+ + (多久)+ since + since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+过去时间状语 注意注意 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是：瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如：How long may IHow long may Ikeep the book?keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句子中 keepkeep 取代了 borrowborrow)(7)(7) 过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某

325、一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之 , 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去。过去完成时由“助动词 hadhad+动词的过去分词构成。过去完成时时间状语有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由 when,beforewhen,before 等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有 already, just, once, ever, neveralready, just, once, ever, never 等词语,也会有 forfor 或 sinces

326、ince构成的时间状语。 如： They had already finishedThey had already finishedcleaning the classroom when their teacher came.cleaning the classroom when their teacher came. (当老师来的时候他们已经清扫完了教室)/ The woman had left before/ The woman had left beforehe realized she was a cheathe realized she was a cheat.(在他觉察那个妇女是个

327、骗子时她已经走掉了)过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、 afterafter 引导的从句中,或者从句是 beforebefore 引导的主句中。 如： After I had put on my shoesAfter I had put on my shoesand hat,I walked into the darkness.and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo/ He said that he had never seen a kangaro

328、obefore.before.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)(8)(8) 过去将来时过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。第 21 页 共 38 页过去将来时由“助动词 shouldshould(第一人称)或 wouldwould(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“wouldwould + +动词原形。过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有：later, soon, the next (day)later, soon, the next (day).在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如：He p

329、romised that he wouldHe promised that he wouldpay me a lot if I helped him with the project.pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他容许付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个工程)/ Every time when he was/ Every time when he wasfree,he would sit down and read some books.free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他

330、有空他就会坐下来看看书)表示纯粹的将来时用 wouldwould 或 shouldshould,表示打算或主观认为的事情用 was/were going towas/were going to (+动词原形)。 如： She told meShe told meshe would be 18 the next month.she would be 18 the next month.(她告诉我她下个月就 18 岁了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her/ She told me that she was going t

331、o have a walk with herpet dog.pet dog.(她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步)过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如：WhenWhen it it rainedrained inin thethe day,day, hehe wouldwould bringbring anan umbrellaumbrella withwithhimhim.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞)(9)(9)现在完成进行时现在完成进行时： 现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是：“have/has +

332、been +have/has + been +动词的现在分词。 如： I have been swimming in the cold water for aboutI have been swimming in the cold water for abouttwo hours.two hours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/ How long have you been waiting here?/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在这里一直等了多久？)6 6、被动语态：、被动语态：(1)(1)被动语态定义被动语态定义： 被动语态是动

333、词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。 如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。(2)(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词英语中被动语态由“助动词 bebe + +动词的过去分词构成动词的过去分词构成。助动词 bebe 有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的 by 短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：现在时态现在时态一般现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在进行时一一 般般 将将 来来 时时现在完成时现在完成时

334、amamamamwill + be+p.p.will + be+p.p.have(has)have(has)谓语动词构谓语动词构 is is+p.p.+p.p.is is+being+p.p.+being+p.p.amam+been+p.p.+been+p.p.areareareareis is+going to+ be + p.p.+going to+ be + p.p.成成areare过去时态过去时态一般过去时一般过去时过过 去去 进进 行行 时时过过 去去 将将 来来 时时过去完成时过去完成时waswas+p.p.+p.p.waswaswould +be+p.p.would +be+p.

335、p.had +been+p.p.had +been+p.p.谓语动词构谓语动词构werewere+being+p.p.being+p.p.waswas+going to+be+p.p.+going to+be+p.p.成成werewerewerewere 注注 p.p.p.p.表示过去分词。(1)(1) 被动语态的用法： 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略 by 短语。如：A man was killed in the accident.A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken y

336、esterday/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略 by 短语。如：RiceRice is is alsoalso growngrown inin thisthis place.place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ / A Arailroad will be built here in three yearsrailroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)强调动作的承受者,句尾加 by 短语。如：It was written

337、 by Lu Xun.It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its/ A pet dog is never killed by itsownerowner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)(2)(2) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态：主动句：主语主语(人/物)+谓语谓语(及物动词) +宾语宾语(人/物)+其他+ 状语(动作的执行者)(各种时态形式)(动作的承受者)被动句： 主语主语(人/物)+谓语谓语(及物动词) +by+人人 / / 物物+ 其他+ 状语(动作的承受者)(be +过去分词)(动作的执行者)

338、(3)(3) 注意点：“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.His teacher gave him a dictionary.He was given a dictionary by his teacherHe was given a dictionary by his teacher .(老师给他一本字典他得到老师一本字第 22 页 共 38 页典)也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用 to 或者 for 引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dicti

339、onary.His teacher gave him a dictionary.A dictionary was given toA dictionary was given to him by his teacher. him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a/His father made him a kite.kite.A kite was made forA kite was made for him by his fatherhim by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝一个风筝由他的

340、父亲做给了他) “动词+宾语+动词原形改为被动时,动词原形前要加 to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.TheThepoor man was made topoor man was made to work 12 hours a day work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作 12小时这个可怜人被迫一天工作 12小时) “动词+介词改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good

341、care ofThe girl takes good care of her little brother. her little brother.TheThe girls littlegirls little brother is taken good care ofbrother is taken good care of by her by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着) “be+过去分词未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：He is pleased / worried / tired /He is pleased / worried / tired /.(系表)(

342、他快乐/焦虑/疲劳)HeHe was hit / knocked down / told / shot /was hit / knocked down / told / shot / .(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/照顾/射中)7 7、动词的非谓语形式：动词不做谓语时的固定形式。、动词的非谓语形式：动词不做谓语时的固定形式。(1)(1)动词的非谓语形式动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。(2)(2)动词不定式：动词不定式： 形式：动词不定式根本形式根本形式由“不定式记号 to to+动词原形构成。它的否认形式否

343、认形式只要在“to to 前面加上“notnot。它的疑问形式疑问形式是： “wh-wh-疑问词+to to+动词原形。*它的被动形式： “to beto be +过去分词。*它的完成形式： “to haveto have +过去分词。 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征 ,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保存动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it it作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用

344、for sb.for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。 如： To help animals is helping people.To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well./ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.(对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me/ It took mehalf an hour to work out this problem.ha

345、lf an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间) 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。AA 及物动词及物动词+ +不定式一般形式：不定式一般形式：谓语动词谓语动词( (vt.vt.) )+ +不定式不定式( (作宾语作宾语) )(无) 说说明明 wantwant(想) / / trytry(试图 ) / / decidedecide(决定 ) / / wouldwouldlikelike(想要) / hope/ hope(希望) / love/ love(喜爱) / learn/ learn(学会)/ affordafford(

346、提供) / agreeagree(同意) / failfail(失败、未能) /meanmean(意味着) / preferprefer(宁愿) / wish wish(希望)+ to (do)+ to (do)helphelp(帮助)beginbegin(开始)/ start/ start(开始)/hatehate(憎恨)forgetforget(忘记) / remember / remember(记得)/ like/ like(总爱)to to 可以省略也可跟动名词,意义变化不大也可跟动名词,意义变化较大如：I would like to have a rest at the moment

347、.I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief./ They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house./ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house. (他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you/ Whe

348、n did youlearn to speak English?learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的？)/ Dont forget/ Dont forget to close the door when you leave.to close the door when you leave. (你离开时别忘了关门 比拟比拟 HeHe forgotforgot to to turnturn offoff thethe light.light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ HeHe forgotforgot turningturning offoff thethe

349、light.light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / PleasePleaseremember to ring me up.remember to ring me up. (记得给我打.)(还没打) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot. (我记得昨天给你打了,但是你忘记了.)(打过)BB 及物动词及物动词+ +疑问词疑问词+ +不定式：不定式：谓语动词谓语动词( (vt.vt.) )+wh-+wh-疑问词疑问词+ +不定式不定式 (

350、(作宾语作宾语) )whatwhattelltell (告诉) / showshow (显示) / knowknow (知道) /askask (问) / find outfind out (发现) / understandunderstand (明wherewhere白) / wonderwonder(疑 惑) / learnlearn(学会) /+ +howhow+ to (do)+ to (do)第 23 页 共 38 页 说明说明 不定 式疑 问形式 还可 以作句 子的 主whowho语、表语等。whichwhich如： He does not know which one to ta

351、ke.He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)/ Tell me how to get to the station./ Tell me how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ /SheShe askedasked meme whatwhat to to dodo forfor todaystodays homeworkhomework. .(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/ CanCan youyou teachteach meme howhow to to searchsearch thetheinter

352、netinternet?(你能教我怎样上网吗？)CC 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用 it 代替作形式宾语,而不定式那么后置。 如：I found it not very easyI found it not very easyto learn to ride a biketo learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)forgetforget(忘记) / rememberremember(记得) / teachteachsb.sb.(教某人) / discussdiscuss(商讨) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。AA 记住下面的一些

353、结构：被修饰局部被修饰局部+ +不定式不定式( (作后置定语作后置定语) )汉汉 语语 意意 思思a keya keyto lock the doorto lock the door锁门的钥匙a boxa boxto hold these thingsto hold these things装这些东西的箱子give her a bookgive her a bookto readto read给她一本书读to (do)?to (do)?Is there anyIs there any (+名词/代词)有要(做的)吗?ItsItstimetimeto go.to go.是走的时间了。/ 该走了。

354、Do you have any workDo you have any workto do?to do?你有工作要做吗?Id like somethingId like somethingto eat.to eat.我要点儿吃的。I have nothingI have nothingto say.to say.我没有话要说。Would you like somethingWould you like somethingto drink?to drink?你要点儿喝的吗？BB 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词不及物动词,那么后面必须加介词介词。如：They could not find

355、 a place to live in.They could not find a place to live in. (他们找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on./ Please give me a chair to sit on. (请给我一张椅子坐坐)/ /He has got a writing brush to write withHe has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了写字的毛笔) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有以下几种情况：AA 放在不及物动词不及物动词(come, go, s

356、top, finish, waitcome, go, stop, finish, wait 等词)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterdayHe came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest. I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)BB 放在完整的谓语完整的谓语之后(即 “谓语+宾语、 “谓语+宾语+补语、 “动词+表语之后)。 如： We cleaned the room to letWe cleaned the roo

357、m to lethim play in it.him play in it.(我们清扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly/ I opened the window to see more clearly . .(我翻开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)CC 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usualTo arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usua

358、l .(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的) 注意注意 stop to dostop to do 与 stop doingstop doing 的不同。如：They stopped to have a lookThey stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来的目的状语)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcherThey stopped looking out of the window and began to list

359、en to the teahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止的内容) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如：My job is to keep the goalMy job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球门) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。+ + 宾语宾语+ +不定式不定式谓谓语语动动词词(vt.)(vt.)( (人人 / / 物物) )( (作宾语补足语作宾语补足语) )askask(请) / / telltell(照顾) / / teachteach(教) / / wantwant(

360、想要) / /would likewould like(想要) / / getget(让) / help / help(帮) / invite/ invite(邀+sb. / sth.sb. / sth.+to (do)to (do)请) / like/ like(喜欢) / warn/ warn(警告) /makemake(使得) / letlet(让) / / hearhear(听) / / seesee(看) / /feelfeel(感觉) / watch/ watch(观看)/ havehave(使得) / help/ help(帮+sb. / sth.sb. / sth.+ (do)

361、do)助)如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. (妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/ I would like you to see my parents./ I would like you to see my parents. (我想要你见见我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day./ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老

362、板常让工人们一天工作 14 小时)/ Now let me/ Now let mehear you play the violinhear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) 注意注意 help help 之后做宾补的不定式符号 to to 可以省略； hear / see / feel / watchhear / see / feel / watch 之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词局部)。试比拟：I heard her crying when I walked past.I heard her crying when I

363、walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)(3)(3)动名词动名词 动名词由动词原形动词原形加词尾“inging构成。动名词动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。 动名词可以作主语主语。 一般可用it it作形式主语而将动名词

364、短语后移。 如： Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自第 24 页 共 38 页学好英语不那么容易)( (=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.) .) 动名词可以作宾语宾语。AA want / needwant / need 之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Your

365、car needs reparing badlyYour car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hairMy hairneeds cuttingneeds cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)BB remember / forge / stop / finishremember / forge / stop / finish 之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to himI forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) / I I

366、forgotforgot writingwriting a a letterletter to to himhim.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) / TheyThey stoppedstopped to to looklookbackback.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)CC enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ goenjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如：Do you

367、 mind my closing the door?Do you mind my closing the door? (把门关上你介意吗？)/ / SheShe hateshates travellingtravelling byby air.air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ TheyThey wentwent swimmingswimming everyevery afternoonafternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the townI enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)DD like / l

368、ove / start / begin / learn like / love / start / begin / learn 后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。 如： We began to study English when weWe began to study English when wewerewere at at primaryprimary school.school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了) / / WeWe beganbegan studyingstudying EnglishEnglish whenwhen wewe werewere at at prim

369、aryprimaryschoolschool. (我们在小学时就开始学英语了) 动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如：My job is putting these partsMy job is putting these partstogethertogether.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) / I am putting these parts together I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) 动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词那么主要表示进行着的动作。如： Eating

370、Eatingtoo muchtoo much is not good for your healthis not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) / SeeingSeeing is is believingbelieving.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / HeHeran after a moving bus and got onto itran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His father saw him sitting on some eggsHis father saw hi

371、m sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)(4)(4)分词：分词： 包含现在分词和过去分词。包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点) 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。AA 作定语： 分词作定语分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,那么要放在所修饰的名词之后。如： I haveI havegot a running nosegot a running nose.(我流流鼻涕) / The woman runnin

372、g after the thief shouted very loudly,The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!Stop the thief!(跟着小偷跟着小偷追的追的妇女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black. (昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)/ He/ Heonly gave me a broken glass,so I was very ang

373、ry with himonly gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)BB 现在分词现在分词可以作以下动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)谓语动词谓语动词( (vt.vt.) )宾语宾语宾语补足语宾语补足语keepkeep(保持) / seesee(看到) /hearhear(听到) / watchwatch(注意到) /sb./sthsb./sth.(dodo)ingingfeelfeel(感觉到)如：Mum kept me working all the week.Mum

374、kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating abig pear.big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的

375、东西在我的脚上移动)CC 现在分词现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test./ I am very busy these days getting ready for the co

376、ming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)DD 过去分词过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆“主系表主要表示状态,而被动语态那么表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有：be worriedbe worried (焦虑) / be pleasedbe pleased (快乐) / be tiredbe tired (疲劳) / get dressedget dressed (打扮好) / get lost get lost (迷路) / get caughtget caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated beome f

377、rustrated (沮丧) / become intereted inbecome intereted in (对感兴趣)等等。例略。EE 过去分词过去分词可以作宾语补足语。 如： I had my hairI had my hair cutcut this morningthis morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意： have sth. donehave sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而 have done sthhave done sth.那么为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)8 8、动词用法辨析：、动词用法辨析：(1)“Why notWhy not+动词原

378、形+?(干嘛不?)是简略句,完全形式是：Why dont youWhy dont you +动词原形+?如：Why not go and haveWhy not go and havea look?a look?(干嘛不去看看？)/ Why not try it once again?/ Why not try it once again?(为什么不再试试？)(2) seemseem(好象)的用法：记住几个结构：sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容词+；sb.sb./sth. + seem + like +/sth. +

379、seem + like +；sb/sth + seemsb/sth + seem+ to (do)+ to (do)；It seems thatIt seems that + 从句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster.He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing

380、 except Jim/ It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim . (除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来)(3) be afraidbe afraid(害怕)的用法： 记住几个结构： be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing);be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); be afraid to (do);be afraid to (do); be afraid that+be afraid that+从句。如：She

381、is a little afraid of snakes.She is a little afraid of snakes. (她有点怕蛇)/ Dont/ Dont be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.be so afraid to stay at home alone at night. (别害怕晚上一个人在家)/ I/ Im afraid thatm afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakessomebody will take his

382、place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误)(4) be sorrybe sorry(抱歉)的用法：记住几个结构：be sorry for (sth)be sorry for (sth); be sorry for (doing sth)be sorry for (doing sth); be sorry to (do)be sorry to (do); be sorry thatbe sorry that+第 25 页 共 38 页从句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiti

383、ng so long.I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long. (不好意思让你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.I am sorry to trouble you.(对不起,麻烦你了)/ I am sorry/ I am sorry (that) he isnt here at the moment(that) he isnt here at the moment.(恐怕他现在不在)(5) be sure be sure (确信)的用法：记住几个结构： be sure of (sth)be sure of (st

384、h); be sure to(do)be sure to(do); be sure that+be sure that+从句。如：She told me manyShe told me manytimes that she was sure to come.times that she was sure to come.(她给我讲过屡次她一定会来的) / Are you sure of / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe its wrong.your answer?Maybe its wrong.(你对你的答案有把握吗？也许是错的。)/ I am sure

385、that Dad will help me with the job/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的)(6) makemake 与 dodo 的用法：一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用 dodo,表示创造建构某事物用 make.make. 如：I dont know what toI dont know what todo.do.(我不知道该干什么)/ Im not going to/ Im not going to do any work.do any work.(我不准备做什么)/ My fath

386、er and I once made a boat./ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)此外还要记住一些固定说法：do good / harm / business / ones best / a favourdo good / harm / business / ones best / a favourmake a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,.make a decision / an

387、 effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,.(7)put onput on、wearwear、haveonhaveon、be inbe in、try ontry on、dressdress 的用法：put onput on 强调“穿、戴这个动作过程,wearwear 那么表示“穿着、戴着这一状态,have+衣物+on 主要表示状态,be in(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dressdress(+人)表示“给人穿衣。如：Please put on your new shoes.Ple

388、ase put on your new shoes.(请穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes./ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服)/ Today/ Todayshe has an overcoat on.she has an overcoat on. (今天她穿着一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black? / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的女人吗？)/

389、 Dad is dressing Tom now/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣) 注意注意 dressdress 与 wearwear 或 put onput on 的区别： wearwear 或 put onput on 常用衣物作宾语,而 dressdress 常用人作宾语。 表示给自己穿衣时常用 “getgetdresseddressed或“dress oneselfdress oneself表达。be dressed inbe dressed in 与 wearwear 根本同义。dress updress up 意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮。如：

390、CouldCouldyou dress the baby for me?you dress the baby for me?(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗？)/ He is eight but cant/ He is eight but cant dress himself.dress himself.(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服)/ She/ Shewas dressed in a red coat.was dressed in a red coat.(她穿着一件红上衣)/ Do I have to dress up/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jims party?

391、to go to Jims party?(我得穿上好衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗？)(8)likelike、lovelove 与 enjoyenjoy 的用法：三个词都含有“喜欢的意思,但是,likelike 和 enjoyenjoy 后面跟动名词,lovelove 后面一般跟动词不定式。likelike 后面有时跟动词不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好(往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。 enjoyenjoy 后面还可以加名词、 反身代词,表示 “享受乐趣； 玩得开心。 如： Do you like shopping?Do you like shopping?(你喜欢购物吗？)/ He likes to ha

392、ve a swim when he gets home/ He likes to have a swim when he gets homeevery afternoon.every afternoon.(每天下午放学后他总爱游个泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs./ They love to sing foreign songs. (他们喜爱唱外国歌曲)/ Did you enjoy/ Did you enjoyyourself at the party?yourself at the party?(在聚会上你玩得开心吗？)/ He enjoys livi

393、ng in China./ He enjoys living in China.(他喜欢在中国生活)(9)studystudy、learnlearn 的用法： studystudy 主要表示“学习、研究,指过程；而 learnlearn 主要表示“学会,指结果。表示“学时可以互换。 如： How many subjects do you study?How many subjects do you study?(你学多少门课程？) / Have you learned it yet? / Have you learned it yet?(这个你学过了吗？)/ How long/ How lon

394、ghave you studied/learned English?have you studied/learned English?(你学英语多久了？)learnlearn 还可以表示“听说,如：He learned the musician himself was in townHe learned the musician himself was in town.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)(10)thinkthink、wantwant、would likewould like 的用法： 三个词都含有 “想的意思,但 thinkthink 指 “思考、 考虑,wantwant 指 “想要

395、、 愿望、 企图,wouldwouldlikelike 指“想要,think 后面一般跟介词短语或从句,wantwant 和 would likewould like 后面跟名词或动词不定式。如：Do you think thatDo you think thatChina will become a developed country in 40 years?China will become a developed country in 40 years?(你认为中国会在 40 年后成为兴旺国家吗？)/ I am thinking of the/ I am thinking of them

396、oneymoney I I onceonce lentlent to to LiLi Min.Min.(我正在想着以前借给黎敏的钱)/ / WhatWhat dodo youyou reallyreally wantwant to to say?say?(你到底想干什么？)/ /Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(这些饼子中你想吃哪些？)(11)look forlook for、searchforsearchfor、findfind、find o

397、utfind out 的用法：前面两个词语表示动作过程,后面两个表示结果,look forlook for 指“寻找不见的或丧失的东西,但还没有找到；searchforsearchfor指“为找而搜寻；findfind 指“找到了东西；findfind outout 主要指“查明一个事实真相。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard? (嘿,猴儿！你在厨子里面找什么呢？)/ /Have you found the lo

398、st key to your car?Have you found the lost key to your car? (你找着丧失的车钥匙了吗？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spywhenwhen theythey heardheard a a loudloud noise.noise.(士兵们正在房间里面搜寻间谍突然间他们听到了衣声巨响)/ / LetsLets trytry to to findfind outout who

399、whobroke the windowbroke the window.(让我们查查谁把窗子打破了) 注解注解 findfind 的几个结构：find sb. sthfind sb. sth“为某人找到,find sth./sb. + adj./n.find sth./sb. + adj./n.“觉察某人是,find it +adj.find it +adj. + to do+ to do(或+宾语从句)“发现(做)如何。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.His mother found her daughter a ver

400、y clever girl.(他的母亲发现她的女儿是个聪明的女孩)(名词作补语补足语) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food./ You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就会发现吃冷食对你的身体是不利的)(12)listen tolisten to、hearhear 的用法：两个词与听觉有关,listen tolisten to 指“听这一过程,hearhear 指“听到这一结果。如：Are you

401、listeningAre you listeningto me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your wordsto me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在听我说吗？是的,你的话我全听见了)(13)looklook、seesee、watchwatch、readread 的用法：四个词均与眼睛有关,looklook 指放眼去“看(不管是否看得到),指“看的过程；seesee 指“看见这一结果,有时 seesee 还引申为“明白,表示“看时后面加“电影等词；watchwatch 指专注的看,含有“注视、监视之义,后面常跟“电视、比赛等词

402、；readread 限制为看书面材料,译为“看、阅读,后面跟“书、报纸、杂志等词。如：What are you looking at?What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard./ Please look at the blackboard. (请看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum,/ Let me go to see the film, mum,will you?will you? (妈妈,让我去看电影吧,好吗？)/ He wont feel well until he

403、finis/ He wont feel well until he finishes watching the football match.hes watching the football match. (要看完了足球赛他才会感觉好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge./ Reading gives us knowledge.(阅读给我们知识)(14)hearhear、hear ofhear of、hear fromhear from、learnlearn 的用法： hearhear“听说,后面可以跟名词、代词、从句表示听见的内容,hear ofhear of“听说

404、,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面；hear fromhear from“收到的来信,后面加人；learnlearn“听说、得知,后面跟从句,含义与 hearhear 相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight.I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我听说格林先生今晚要来看望我们)/ Have you ever/ Have you everheard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains?heard of the man

405、 who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否听说过那个去过喜马拉雅山的人？)/ How often do/ How often doyou hear from your father?you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父亲的信？)/ / He learned the musician himself was in townHe learned the musician himself was in town .(他听说音乐家第 26 页 共 38 页本人就在城里)(15)speakspeak、talktalk、

406、saysay、telltell 的用法： 四个词与 “说有关。 speakspeak “讲话、 发言、 演说,是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词 to to,speakspeak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称；talktalk“谈话、闲谈,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词 withwith、to to 等,涉及事情时后面跟介词 aboutabout 等；saysay 是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容；telltell 是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如：Do you speak English?Do you speak English? (你讲英语吗？)/ Who

407、 spoke at the meeting?/ Who spoke at the meeting? (谁在会上发了言？)/ Our/ Ourteacher is talking toteacher is talking to Lin Taos parent.Lin Taos parent. (我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话)/ Can you say it in English?/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英语说出它吗？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object./ Please

408、tell me something about the strange flying object. (请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情吧)(16)be able to(do)be able to(do)、cancan 的用法： cancan 是情态动词,有许多含义,表示 “可能、 可以、 会等意思,只有现在式 cancan 和过去式 couldcould两种形式；be able tobe able to 表示能力上“会,有多种时态形式,to to 后面跟动词原形,有时可以与 can/couldcan/could 互换。如：Can youCan youspeak English?speak E

409、nglish? (你会说英语吗？)/ He couldnt(wasnt able to) swim when he was 12./ He couldnt(wasnt able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二岁时不会游泳)(17)there bethere be、havehave 的用法：两个词都可以译为 “有,但是,havehave 表示的是“拥有,主语必须是人或者物；there bethere be 表示“存在的概念,主语在 there bethere be 之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have?How m

410、any brothers and sisters do you have?I have only one brother.I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一个兄弟。 )/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none./ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他们教室里有多少张桌椅？一张也没有。) 注解注解 there be sb./sth doingthe

411、re be sb./sth doing 与 there be sb./sth to dothere be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用 doingdoing 表示一个正在发生的事情,而用 to doto do 那么表示一个滞后或迟于 there bethere be 的动作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing forLook! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is

412、nothing foryou to do tonight.you to do tonight.(18)borrowborrow、lendlend、keepkeep 的用法：表示“借的三个词,borrowborrow“借进、lendlend“出借都是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用；keepkeep“保存用来表示借一段时间。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can II have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can Ido?do? (我丢掉了

413、从老师那里借来的书)/ /How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months!How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？两个多月了！)(19)bringbring、taketake、carrycarry、sendsend、liftlift 的用法：bring 指从远处“拿来；take 指从面前“拿走；carry 指一般的搬运,不涉及方向；send 主要指“送、派遣、寄；lift 指把东西由低向高“提起

414、、拎起。例略。(20)hopehope、wishwish 的用法：两个词都表示“希望,但是,hopehope 表达有把握或信心实现的事情,后面直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾语补足语的不定式；wishwish 表达实现的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名词、宾语从句(用过去时)或者作宾语补足语的不定式。如：WeWe allall hopehope to to seesee himhim veryvery soon.soon. (我们全都希望尽快见到他)/ / I I hopehope it it willwill bebe finefinetomorrow so that we ca

415、n go out.tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,这样我们就能出去了。 )/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事实上天正在下雨)(21)taketake、spendspend、paypay、costcost 的用法：spendspend 的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth.

416、on sth / (in) doing sth. ；taketake的主语通常是事情,句型： sth./It + (take)+sb.sth./It + (take)+sb.+时间+to+to dodo 。 (如果是动作那么常用it it作形式主语将动词不定式后移)；costcost 的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. ；paypay 的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(paysb.+(pay)+金钱+forfor+事物.如：She spent the whole night reading the novel

417、.She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take/ This job will take me two days.=It will takeme two days to do the job.me two days to do the job. (做这件事情要花我两天的时间)/ How much does a house like this cost?/ How much does a house like this cost? (

418、像这样的房子要花多少钱？)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book./ I paid him twenty dollars for the book. (我花了 20 元从他那儿买了书)(22)beginbegin、startstart 的用法：beginbegin 在大多数情况下可以替代 startstart,(反义词是 endend),后面接不定式或动名词时区别不大,但是 startstart还可以表示 “开始、 出发、 启动,反义词是 stopstop； 某事停止后再重新开始一般用 startstart.如： When did you begin/

419、start to learnWhen did you begin/start to learnEnglish?English? (你什么时候开始学英语的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped./ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他们开始收割庄稼)/ This time he could not start his car/ This time he could not start his car. (这次他没法启动他的汽车

420、)(23)arrive in/atarrive in/at、reachreach、get toget to 的用法：arrivearrive 是不及物动词,到达具体地点时后面加介词 at at,到达一个大的地方(国家、城市)时后面加介词 inin,arrivearrive 后面可以直接跟地点副词 here/there/homehere/there/home 等；getget 表示“到达时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时后面加 to to,getget 后面可以直接跟地点副词 herehere 等；reachreach 是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如：He arrived in SanH

421、e arrived in SanFrancisco last Sunday.Francisco last Sunday. (上个星期天他抵达旧金山)/ How did you get there in the night?/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎样在夜间到达那里的？)/ /We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train leftWe hurried all the way and reached the station

422、just five minutes before the train left . (我们一路狂奔在火车启动前 5 分钟到达车站)(24)be made ofbe made of、be made frombe made from、be made intobe made into、be made inbe made in、be made bybe made by、be made forbe made for 的区别：be made ofbe made of 指从制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made frombe made from那么指从制成品中看不出原材料,口语中都可以换成be made

423、 out ofbe made out of。be made intobe made into表示 “被制成,bebe mademade inin 表达被制造的地点,bebe mademade byby 表达制造的人,bebe mademade forfor 表达被制造的目的。如：ThisThis kindkind ofofpaper is made from bamboo.paper is made from bamboo. (这种纸是由竹子生产的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal./ The desk is made of wood and metal

424、. (桌子是铁和木头打的)/ A lot/ A lotof paper has been made into paper birds.of paper has been made into paper birds. (许多纸被折叠成了小鸟)/ Computers are made in these cities./ Computers are made in these cities. (电脑是在这几个城市制造的)/ / ThisThis kitekite waswas mademade byby UncleUncle Wang.Wang. (这个风筝是王叔叔做的)/ / A A bigbig

425、 bagbag waswas mademade forfor meme to to holdhold mymy wastewastethingsthings.(一只大包做好了让我装废物)(25)be used forbe used for、be used tobe used to、used toused to、get used toget used to 的区别：be used forbe used for + 名词名词/ /代词或动名词代词或动名词, be used to be used to + 动词原形动词原形,表示两个第 27 页 共 38 页短语意思相近,表示 “用于。 used t

426、oused to + 动词原形动词原形,表示 “过去常常,否认式可以是 “didnt use todidnt use to也可以是 “usedntusedntto to；get/be used toget/be used to + 动名词动名词,表示“习惯于.。如： A knife can be used for cutting things.A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用来割东西)/ A knife/ A knifecan be used to cut things.can be used to cut things.(刀可以用来割东

427、西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school./ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上学时常常在图书馆借书)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他习惯早起)(26)beat,winbeat,win 与 loselose： beatbeat (打败),后

428、面跟“人,而 winwin(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛等。如：Who won at last?Who won at last? (最后谁赢了？)/ Class Three beat us 5-0./ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以 50 打败了我们)/ I am sure to win the match./ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能赢得比赛)而 loselose 那么表示“输了,常用句型：lose sth. to sb.lose sth. to sb. 如：Unluckily we lost the match to Cl

429、ass ThreeUnluckily we lost the match to Class Three . (不幸的是我们比赛输给了三班)(27)growgrow、plantplant、keepkeep 的区别：plantplant 着重讲“栽、种植这个动作,growgrow 那么指种植以后的“栽培、 “管理,而 keepkeep那么主要指“喂养、 “赡养一个人或者动物。如 ：He grew vegetables in his garden.He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在园子里种菜)/ I planted ten/ I planted tentree

430、s last year,but four of them died.trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了 10 棵树,但是死了 4 棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill thetimetime. (老年的妇女喜欢养猫养狗打发时间)(28)fallfall、dropdrop 的区别：fallfall 指东西由高处向下坠落,不及物动词；也可以作连系动词,意思是“变得,进入某种状态。dro

431、pdrop表示物体由高处往低处落下,不及物动词；或让物体落向低处,及物动词。如： The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself.The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself.(那个人从拖拉机上摔下来跌伤了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they/ Soon after they touched the pillows theyfellfell (系动词) fast asleep.fast asleep. (他们头挨枕头不久就睡着了)/ He felt as

432、if he had to drop maths/ He felt as if he had to drop maths .(他觉得似乎要放弃数学)/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box./ He dropped a letter into the mail-box. (他向邮箱里丢了一封信)(29)joinjoin、join injoin in、take part intake part in 的区别：joinjoin 多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示和某人一起参加某项活动；joinjoininin 指参加某项游戏或活动；take part i

433、ntake part in 多指参加群众性的活动、运动、 会议等。如： He joined the army in 2001.He joined the army in 2001.(他 2001年参军)/ They joined me in congratulating you./ They joined me in congratulating you. (他们和我一起向你祝贺)/ Do join us in the game./ Do join us in the game. (千万参加我们的比赛) /He took an active part in the studentsHe too

434、k an active part in the students movement movement in the 1940sin the 1940s.(在二十世纪 40 年代他积极参加学生运动)(30)beatbeat、hithit、strikestrike 的用法区别：beatbeat 指“连续不断地打击；(心脏的)跳动；hithit 指“一次性地撞击、命中；strikestrike 与hithit 根本同义,还可以理解为“划(火柴)、 给深刻的印象。如： The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly.The man lo

435、oks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly.(那个人看上去死了可心脏还在微弱地跳动) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的劲太大球飞过他们的头顶落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match / He we

436、nt into the room and struck a match (火柴). (他走进房间划着了一根火柴)(31)carry oncarry on、carry outcarry out 的区别：carry oncarry on 表示“进行、继续；carry outcarry out 表示“进行、贯彻、实现。如：I will carry onI will carry onthe work.the work. (我会继续工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders./ I have some difficulties in

437、carrying out his orders. (对于执行他的命令我有问题)(32)be amazedbe amazed 与 be surprisedbe surprised 的区别：be amazedbe amazed“感到惊讶,指人对某个不可能发生却实际发生了的事情感到极其的讶异；be surprisedbe surprised“感到吃惊指人对突发的事件感到惊讶。如：When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at theWhen he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at thecolour

438、scolours ofof allall thethe beautifulbeautiful coralcoral reefs.reefs. (他深潜到海中时被所有美丽的珊瑚礁惊呆了) / / HeHe waswas veryvery surprisedsurprised whenwhen heheheard a loud noise from inside the roomheard a loud noise from inside the room. (听到房间里传出一个很大的声音他非常地吃惊)(33)warnwarn 的用法： “warn sb. of/about sthwarn sb.

439、 of/about sth意思是“针对而警告某人； “warn sb (not) to do sthwarn sb (not) to do sth意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事； “warn sb. + thatwarn sb. + that 从句意思是“警告某人说。如：They warned the passengers of thieves.They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心窃贼) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so laz

440、y. / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你：如果你还这么懒在即将来到的考试中你会不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)(34)think ofthink of 与 think aboutthink about 等短语的区别：think ofthink of 表示“考虑、思

441、念、认为、想起、建议等； “think aboutthink about表示“看待、认为； “think much /highly /a lot ofthink much /highly /a lot of表示“高度评价； “think overthink over表示“仔细考虑； “think outthink out表示“想出。 如： The headmaster thought highly of this boy.The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校长高度地评价了这个男孩) / Were/ Were thinking of goin

442、g to France for thinking of going to France forour holiday.our holiday. (我们在考虑去法国度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔细考虑就有方法) / I cannot think / I cannot thinkof his name. I forgot itof his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) /What do you think abo

443、ut his composition?What do you think about his composition?Very good!Very good! (他的作文你觉得怎么样？很好。)(35)agree with/ agree to / agree onagree with/ agree to / agree on 等词语用法： “agree toagree to+动词表示 “同意做某事“, agree with + sbagree with + sb./观点表示 “赞同的观点/ agree aboutagree about 表示“对话题有相同看法/“agree toagree to

444、+建议表示“同意某人的建议,“agree onagree on + 决定表示“赞成某人的决定。例略。(36)deservedeserve(应该,应得)的用法：deservedeserve 后面可以加不定式,也可以加名词。如：They had tried their best and they deserved toThey had tried their best and they deserved towin.win. (他们尽力了该赢。 ) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. / The li

445、ttle boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩总是处处惹麻烦活该被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise./ The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事应该受到表扬)九、连接词1 1、连词的含义、连词的含义：连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。2 2、连词的分类：连词、连词的分类：连词分为并列连接词并列连接词和附属连接词附属连接词两种。1、 并列连接词并列连接词连接并列的词、 短语

446、、 从句或句子。 常见的并列连接词有： andand(和),butbut(但是),oror(或者,否那么),nornor(也不), soso(所以), howeverhowever(然而,无论如何),forfor(因为),stillstill(可是),asas wellwell asas(也),both.and.both.and.(.和.), notnot only .butonly .but also.also.(不但而且),either oreither or(或或),neither norneither nor(既不也不)等。2、附属连接词附属连接词用于引导从句,常见的附属连接词有：wh

447、enwhen(当时候), whilewhile(正当时候), afterafter(在之后), beforebefore(在之前), sincesince(自从), untiluntil(直到), although/thoughalthough/though(虽然),第 28 页 共 38 页if if(假设), as( as(如一样；由于), as asas as(和一样), as far asas far as(就而言), as long asas long as(只要), as soon asas soon as(一就), even ifeven if(即使), becausebecau

448、se(因为), unlessunless (除非), thanthan(比), whetherwhether (是否), inin orderorder thatthat(为了), sothatsothat(如此以致), sosothatthat(以便), nownow thatthat(现在既然), byby thethe timetime(到时候), everyevery timetime(每当), asas ifif(仿佛),nono mattermatter whenwhen(或wheneverwhenever)(无论何时),no matter whereno matter where

449、(或 whereverwherever)(无论在哪里)等。辨析辨析(1) because because、asas、sincesince、forfor 的用法：becausebecause(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面；另外,答复 whywhy 的问句只能用 becausebecause.asas(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比 becausebecause 弱,说明比拟明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。sincesince(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。forfor(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或

450、提供一种解释。如：He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.He is not at school today because he is seriously ill. 他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害/ As/ As all of you have got here, now, lets go to the zoo.all of you have got here, now, lets go to the zoo.既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧/ I will ask/ I will askLin Tao to go with

451、me since you are very busy.Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧/ We must be off now for the match/ We must be off now for the matchstarts at 7starts at 7：00.00.我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始(2)if if、whetherwhether 的区别：表示“是否时 ,if if 和 whetherwhether 同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whetherwhether 还可以引导主语从句、表语从

452、句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句；而 if 还可以表示“如果,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原那么)。如：I dont knowI dont know if/whether he will arrive on time.if/whether he will arrive on time.我不知道他是不是会按时到达/ I will ring you up if he/ I will ring you up if hearrives on timearrives on time.如果他按时到达我会给你打的 注意注意 以下情况只能用不能用 if if：引导主语从句,引导

453、表语从句,引导从句作介词宾语,引导不定式短语,whetherwhether 引导让步状语从句,在动词 discussdiscuss 之后,在 wonder / not surewonder / not sure 之后,在 if if 与 whetherwhether 含义易混时。 如： Whether it isWhether it isa fine day next Sunday is still a question.a fine day next Sunday is still a question. 下个星期天是不是个好天还是个问题 (引导主语从句) / Please ask him

454、whether / Please ask him whetherto go there with a raincoat or not.to go there with a raincoat or not. 请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿(作动词的宾语) / Hainan is the place to be, / Hainan is the place to be, whether itswhether itssummer or winter.summer or winter.海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏(引导让步状语从句)/ Please let me know whether you need m

455、y help/ Please let me know whether you need my help .请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助(引导宾语从句)(如果换成 if if 那么还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知)(3)whilewhile、whenwhen、asas 的用法区别：whilewhile 常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的；whenwhen 可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生；asas 与上两词同义,可替换 whilewhile 和 whenwhen, 表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为 “一

456、边一边。 如： Please do not trouble me whilePlease do not trouble me whileI am writing my homework.I am writing my homework.我写作业时请不要打搅我/ Ill g/ Ill go home when I have finished my job.o home when I have finished my job. 我干完了活儿就回去/ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a tr

457、uck coming./ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming. 他们正快速地穿过马路突然听到了卡车开来的声音/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly .当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话(4)till/untiltill/unti

458、l 与 nottill/untilnottill/until 的区别： 前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。 如： I will stay here and watchI will stay here and watchthe baby until you return.the baby until you return. 我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来(stay 这个动作一直进行到你 return) / They wont go on/ They wont go onworking until they get what they think is reasonablewor

459、king until they get what they think is reasonable.他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的另外tilltill与untiluntil根本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用untiluntil,不能用tilltill. 如： Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟 / Not until he had finished his work did he g

460、o home/ Not until he had finished his work did he go home. 直到做完工作他才回家 倒装句(5)thoughthough 与 althoughalthough 的区别：两个词都表示“虽然,均不可以与 butbut 同时使用,但在句中可加 stillstill 或 yetyet 连用。althoughalthough“尽管、虽然仅作连词,比拟正式,一般可以换为 thoughthough； thoughthough“虽然、尽管、即使,还可以与 eveneven 连用(=even ifeven if),表示“即使、纵然,作副词时意思是“然而、不

461、过,不能放在句首。如：He passed the exams although illness preventedHe passed the exams although illness preventedhim from going to classes.him from going to classes. 尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试/ she wont leave the TV set,/ she wont leave the TV set, even though hereven though herhusband is waiting for her for the su

462、pperhusband is waiting for her for the supper 她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭./ It was a quiet party. I had a good time,/ It was a quiet party. I had a good time,thoughthough.这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心(6)prefer torather thanprefer torather than与 prefertopreferto的区别：prefer torather thanprefer torather than后面都是用动词原形,pre

463、fertopreferto都是用动名词或名词。 如： I prefer English to Japanese.I prefer English to Japanese. 与日语相比我更喜欢英语 / I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese./ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese.与日语相比我更喜欢学英语十、简单句1 1、简单句的特点：、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。2 2、简单句的种类：、简单句

464、的种类：简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感慨句陈述句、疑问句、感慨句和祈使句祈使句四种。3 3、陈述句：、陈述句：用来说明一个事实的句子说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否认式两种形式。陈述句的肯定式：陈述句的肯定式： He is a middle school student.He is a middle school student.他是个中学生 / I have a hammer in my hand./ I have a hammer in my hand.我手上有把锤子 / She/ Sheteaches us geography.teaches us geography.她教我

465、们地理/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it./ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it. 新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢陈述句的否认式：陈述句的否认式：1)谓语动词如果是 to beto be、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“notnot。如：My brother is not a teacher.My brother is not a teacher.我的弟弟不是教师/ He does not have a cousin./ He does not ha

466、ve a cousin.他没有堂兄弟/ I will not go there tomorrow./ I will not go there tomorrow.明天我不去那儿/ My mother is/ My mother isnot cooking a meal in the kitchen.not cooking a meal in the kitchen.我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭/ You must not make such mistakes again./ You must not make such mistakes again.你不该再犯类似错误了 / We/ Wehavent

467、 discussedhavent discussed the question yet the question yet我们还没有讨论那个问题呢. .2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加 do not(dont)do not(dont).如： I I dont kdont know anything about it.now anything about it.(此事我第 29 页 共 38 页一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside. / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the

468、 countryside.李明不在农村养猪/ We/ Wedidnt expectdidnt expect to meet her right here. to meet her right here.我们没指望着在这里见到她/ We Wedidnt havedidnt have a meeting yesterday afternoon. a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)3)如果 “havehave作“有讲,也可以在它后面加 notnot 构成否认式,其形式与 have gothave got 的否认式相同。 如：I I havent (g

469、ot)havent (got) any anybrothers or sisters.brothers or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹 注意注意 句子中如果有 allall、bothboth、very much/wellvery much/well 等词时,用 notnot 一般构成局部否认,如果要完全否认,那么通常使用 nonenone、neitherneither、notat allnotat all 等；All of them went there.All of them went there.None of them went thereNone of them went the

470、re.他们全都去了那里他们全都没去那里句子中含有 littlelittle、fewfew、tootoo(太)、hardlyhardly、nevernever、neitherneither、nornor、seldomseldom 等词时, 那么视为否认句。如：Few people liveFew people livethere because life there is very hardthere because life there is very hard.几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问 ,表示惊讶或明知故问。如： Thats

471、Thats youryour boss?boss?那就是你的老板？！ 陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即：主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句。所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用 “主语+谓语+其他的顺序。 如： The old man told me that he wouldThe old man told me that he wouldlive here for ten more years before he returns home.live here for ten more years before he returns home. 老人告诉我说他还要在

472、这儿住几年然后回家/ Could you tell me/ Could you tell mewho you saw at the party last night?who you saw at the party last night?能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗？4 4、疑问句：、疑问句：一般疑问句：一般疑问句： 用“yesyes或“nono来答复的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1)一般疑问句构成一般疑问句构成： 句中谓语动词是 to beto be、助动词、 情态动词时,那么将它们(提前)放到主语前面。 如： Is heIs hean engineer?an engineer?他是工程师吗？/

473、 Have/ Have you got todays newspaper?you got todays newspaper? 你有今天的报纸吗？/ Shall we go to see a film this evening?/ Shall we go to see a film this evening?我们今晚去看电影好吗？/ Can you explain it ?/ Can you explain it ?你能解释它吗？/ Is there any fish for supper?/ Is there any fish for supper?晚饭有鱼吗？/ Would you like

474、 to go out for a walk?/ Would you like to go out for a walk?你想出去散步吗？谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,那么在主语前面加助动词 do / does / did,do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形。如：Do you get up at six every morning?Do you get up at six every morning?你天天早晨六点起身吗？/ Does she study hard?/ Does she study hard?她学习努力吗？ / Did you go/ Did yo

475、u gothere yesterday?there yesterday?昨天你去那儿了吗？2)一般疑问句的答复一般疑问句的答复：一般疑问句通常用简略形式来答复。如：Will you join us in playing basketball?Will you join us in playing basketball? 你参加我们打篮球好吗？Yes, we will.Yes, we will.是的我们会。 / /No,No, we wont.we wont.不我们不会。 Have you got todays newspaper?Have you got todays newspaper?你有

476、今天的报纸吗？Yes, I have .Yes, I have .是的有。 / /No, I havenNo, I havent.t.不没有。 答复时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。注意注意 答复 must 或者 may 开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。3)一般疑问句的否认结构一般疑问句的否认结构(即否认形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将“notnot置于主语之后或者将“notnot放到主语之前与 be, havebe, have 等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如：Will he not come?Will he not come?他难道不来吗？/ / I

477、sntIsnt your sister a Party member? your sister a Party member?你的姐姐不是党员吗？/ / HaventHavent you any you anybrothers?brothers?你没有哥哥吗？/ / DontDont you like the play? you like the play?你难道不喜欢这个话剧吗？/ / CantCant we walk a little farther? we walk a little farther?我们不能走远些吗？/ Won/ Wont t you sit down? you sit

478、 down?你不想坐下吗？/ / HasntHasnt she heard of the matter? she heard of the matter?她没听说过这事儿？这种否认结构的疑问句的答复与汉语的习惯不同。如果答复是肯定的,就用“yesyes+肯定结构；如果答复是否认的,就用“nono+否认结构。(情况与反意问句类似。)如：C Cant he answer the question?ant he answer the question? (他不能答复这个问题吗？)Yes,he can.Yes,he can.(不,他能答复这个问题。)No,he cant.No,he cant. (是的

479、,他不能答复这个问题。)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句：要求具体答复的问句。1)特殊疑问句结构特殊疑问句结构是：疑问代词疑问代词除除 whowho 以外的疑问代词短语以外的疑问代词短语+ +一般疑问句一般疑问句+ +？疑问副词疑问副词如：What do you want?What do you want?你要什么？/ Who(m) are you looking for ?/ Who(m) are you looking for ?你在找谁？/ Whose magazine is this?/ Whose magazine is this?这是谁的杂志？/Which class are you in?

480、/Which class are you in?你在哪班？/ When did you get up this morning?/ When did you get up this morning?你今早什么时候起身的？/ Where have you been?/ Where have you been?你到哪儿去了？/ Why did he go to bed so early?/ Why did he go to bed so early?他为什么这么早睡觉？/ How did you go/ How did you gothere?there?你是怎么去的那儿？但是,“who“who引

481、出的询问主语或主语局部相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同： 如： Who is dancing over there?Who is dancing over there?谁在那边跳舞？有时“whatwhat, ,“whichwhich, ,“whosewhose也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如：What is on the wall?What is on the wall? 什么东西在墙上？/墙上有什么？/ Which is yours?/ Which is yours?哪个是你的？/ Whose book is in your bag?/ Whose book is in y

482、our bag?谁的书在你的书包里？注意注意从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问局部更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用！如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问局部改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词：常用疑问代词和疑问副词：第 30 页 共 38 页疑问代词： who, whom, whose, which, what,who, whom, whose, which, what,疑问副词： when, where, why, how,when, where, why, how,howhow 构成的短语： how manyhow many (多

483、少个) (独立用； 或跟可数名词), how much how much (多少) (独立用； 或跟不可数名词), how oldhow old (多大年纪), how farhow far (多远), how oftenhow often (多常),how longhow long (多久,多长), how soonhow soon (多久以后),how many timeshow many times (多少次),等等。3)特殊疑问句有时也用否认式。如：WhyWhy dontdont you ask Jim instead? you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为 Why no

484、tWhy not?) (你为什么不转请 Jim 呢？)4) 特殊疑问句疑问局部有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如：When and where were you born?When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的？)5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语,那么该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。 如： What do you want a computer for? = For what doWhat do you want a computer for? = For what doyou want a computer?you want a computer? (你干嘛

485、要一台电脑呢？)反意疑问句：反意疑问句： 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yesyes或“nono来进行答复。1) 构成：由两局部组成：前一局部是陈述句,后一局部是疑问句,它是由 be ,have,be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否认结构；反之,陈述句如果是否认结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两局部,必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的答复有时会和汉语不同。陈述句局部陈述句局部附加问句局部附加问句局部注注意意点点“是动词、( “有动词)、肯定陈述句否认的简短一般问句当陈述句局部含有情态动词和助动词时,简

486、短问句中沿用该词；否认陈述句肯定的简短一般问句否那么就使用 do/does/diddo/does/did.如：He is old,He is old, isnisnt he?t he? (他老了不是吗？) / The man went away, / The man went away, didnt hedidnt he? ? (那个男人走开了不是吗？) / He isnt old,/ He isnt old, is ishe?he? (他不老是吗？) / He never went there, did he? / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里

487、是吗？)2) 反意问句的答复：无论哪种形式的反意问句,答复时要遵循： “Yes,+肯定式或者“No,+否认式如：The man went away, didnt he?The man went away, didnt he?(那人走开了,不是吗？)Yes, he did.Yes, he did.(是的是的,他走了。)/ No No, he didnt., he didnt.(不不,他没有走。)The man never went there, did he?The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)Yes, he did.Yes, he di

488、d.(不是呀不是呀,他去的。)/ No/ No, he didnt., he didnt.(是呀是呀,他不去。)选择疑问句：选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择答复的疑问句叫选择疑问句。1) 构成：(1)一般疑问句 + oror + 第二选项？(2)特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ oror + 第三选项？2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体答复,不可以用 yes / noyes / no 答复。如：Is your friend a boy or a girl?Is your friend a boy or a girl? A girl.A girl. (-

489、你的朋友是男孩还是女孩？-是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? Tea,Tea, please.please. (-你要哪一样咖啡还是茶？ -请来茶吧。) / / WhichWhich dodo youyou likelike best,best, singing,singing, dancingdancing oror skating?skating?-Dancing, of course.-Dancing, of course. (-唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样？-

490、当然是跳舞啦！)5 5、祈使句：、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语 youyou 往往不说出。祈使句的肯定式祈使句的肯定式： 动词(原形) + 其他如：Please give me a hand.Please give me a hand. (请帮助) / Shut up! / Shut up! (住嘴！)祈使句的否认式祈使句的否认式：DontDont +动词原形 + 其他如： PleasePlease dontdont talk in low voices. talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / / DontDont look back! look b

491、ack!(不要掉头看。)注意注意 以“letlets s引出的祈使句的否认结构,“notnot应放在“letslets后面。如：LetsLets not trouble himnot trouble him. (我们不要打搅他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：Please do help mePlease do help me! (请千万千万帮帮我。)6 6、感慨句：、感慨句：感慨句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！对含有形容词的名词短语感慨对含有形容词的名词短语感慨的结构通常是：What + (a /an)What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主

492、谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)!What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕！)仅对形容词或副词进行感慨仅对形容词或副词进行感慨的结构通常是：HowHow + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks!How carefully the old man wa

493、lks! (这老人走路真小心！) / How delicious the food is! / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃！) / How / Howbeautiful!beautiful! (真美呀！)有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感慨句,此时未必使用感慨句型。He isHe issitting on a tigers back!sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) / A nice shot!A nice shot! (漂亮一击！) / Good goal!Good

494、 goal! (好球！)十一、句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语1 1、主语：、主语：(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁发出的。如：The painter painted a veryThe painter painted a verynice picture.nice picture. (画家画家画了一幅漂亮的画。 ) / They fought against SARS bravely. / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。 ) / To see is to b

495、elieve. / To see is to believe.(耳听为虚眼见眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help peopleHelping animals is to help people. (帮助动物帮助动物就是帮助人类。)第 31 页 共 38 页(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用 it it 代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have aIt is very comfortable to have aClass A seat during the long journey.Class

496、A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your / Eating too much is bad for yourhealthhealth.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主-系省略：(It is) nothing.(It is) noth

497、ing. ( (那那) )没有什么。)/ (It)/ (It) doesnt matter.doesnt matter. ( (那那) )没有关系。) / (I) thank you. / (I) thank you.( (我我) )谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looksThe man looks worried,doesntworried,doesnthe?he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) / Tigers areTigers aredangerous animals, arentdangerous animals, arent they?the

498、y? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children.Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及 there be 句型主语在动词之后。如：Comput

499、ers are made inComputers are made inthis factory.this factory. (电脑电脑生产于这家工厂。 ) / Where are they? / Where are they? (他们他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、 复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。 Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam.Neither

500、Jim nor Rose has passed the exam.(JimJim 和和 RoseRose 都没有通过考试。 ) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句。2 2、谓语：、谓语：(1)由“不及物动词不及物动词、 “及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语或“系动词系动词+表语表语等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么干什么或“怎么样

501、怎么样。如：He travelled in space for the first time.He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)/ The pizza has gone bad.The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由以下词语依序排列构成：情态动

502、词情态动词+时态助动时态助动词词+语态助动词语态助动词+主要动词主要动词(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住：谓语局部第一个动词往谓语局部第一个动词往往是变形动词往是变形动词。如：I I amam sorrysorry I I amam makingmaking soso muchmuch noisenoise butbut I I havehave to.to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / HeHe cantcanthavehavefinished reading the 800-page-long novel.finished reading the 8

503、00-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达 800 页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop theSomething must be done to stop thefowl flu from spreading out.fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)(3)谓语动词切忌用切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词原形动词、“be + 原形动词原形动词。记住使用以下正确形式：情情态动词+原原形动词。如：YouYoud betterd better gogo over the lesson

504、.over the lesson.你最好复习这一课。shall/ will/ wouldshall/ will/ would+原原形动词。如：TheyThey shouldshould havehave been there once.been there once.他们应该去过那儿。bebe+现在分词现在分词或者过去分词过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?What are you doing this evening?今晚你打算做什么？/ Many trees have been cutMany trees have been cutdown sin

505、ce 1970sdown since 1970s.自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。havehave+过去分词分词。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970sMany trees have been cut down since 1970s.意思同上一般时问句和否认句中： do/does/diddo/does/did+原原形动词。 如： He does not enjoy himself very much.He does not enjoy himself very much. 他日子过的不好。 / Did anyDid anyof you se

506、e dinosaur eggs?of you see dinosaur eggs?你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？行为动词1+行为动词行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.He made up his mind to be a vet.他拿定主意要做个兽医。 / Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good ab

507、out life.自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。 / They wake up the other family members, calling,They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!Merry Christmas!他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着： 圣诞快乐！ / The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for them

508、selves.古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建稳固的坟墓。 (4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须必须在此之前加连系动词连系动词。(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,doesis,was,has,does以及“动词+s s；复数形式的动词有：are,were,haveare,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓谓 语语 局局 部部 第第 一一 个个 动动 词词 的的 形形 式式单数形式复数形式一般现在时bebe(是)动词；amam (单一);areare (单二);is isar

509、eare现在某些时态和语态的助动词be(单三);werewere一般过去时bebe(是)动词；waswas (单一);werewere (单二);过去某些时态和语态的助动词bewaswas;(单三)一般现在时havehave(有)动词；havehave (单一);havehave (单二); hashashavehave现在完成时态的助动词havehave(单三);dodo一般现在时行为动词和助动词dodododo (单一、单二); doesdoes (单三)第 32 页 共 38 页实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词否认和疑问句除外其他各时态语态的谓语动词原形动词原形动词(单一、单二);动词

510、+s /ess /es (单三)单复数形式相同单复数形式相同原形动词原形动词记住： 主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。 参见 “4、 名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题： Air andAir andwater is necessary to us all.water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般问句和反意问句的答复不使用行为动词,应该使用“是动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,dobe,will,have,do以及变形)。如：The Olympic GaThe Olympic Games is held

511、every other year, isnt it?mes is held every other year, isnt it? -Yes, it is.-Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？-是的。)3 3、宾语：、宾语：(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁或者是“何物。如：The angel also came to Joseph and toldThe angel also came to Joseph and told himhim the same thingthe same thing.(那个天使同样来到

512、约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much moneyHe told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.( 他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记

513、了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) / I thinkI think to be a childrens doctor is very rewardinto be a childrens doctor is very rewarding. g.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,那么必须在不及物动词后面加适宜的介词。 Listen toListen tothe radio.the radio. (listen 不是及物动词,故加 to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?Can

514、you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,那么宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,那么可以放在介词后或句首。如： What did he see?What did he see? (他看见了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信？) / With what does he write a letter? / With what does h

515、e write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)(4)“动词+副词+宾语结构中,如果宾语是代词,那么代词必须放在“动“副之间。如：Please put the shoes away.Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)

516、。如：He often gives me some help.He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。 注意,一般情况介词用 to to,但动词是 make, buy, borrowmake, buy, borrow 时,介词用 forfor.如： Please makePlease makeme a kite.me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或 Please make a kite for me.Please make a kite for me.(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句

517、,那么常用 it 做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult.I found the job rather difficult. (我觉察这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job. / I found it rather difficult to do the job.(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句。4 4、表语：、表语：(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：He became a do

518、ctorHe became a doctorafter he left high school.after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。 ) / The rubber wheels are over there.The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。 ) / He does not feelHe does not feellike eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.like eating anything today because he

519、 has caught a bad cold. (他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is itWho is it?(谁呀？)(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seembe,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：ItsItsI I. (Its. (Its me.)me.)是我。(4) 只能作表语的形容词有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure

520、,interestedsorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested 等等。 HeHe waswas terriblyterribly sorrysorry forfor hishiscarelessnesscarelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。 ) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。 ) /I am only interested

521、in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all! (我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone inI am not alone inthinking so.thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)(5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句。5 5、定语：、定语：(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当

522、,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：PutPut it it inin thethe toptop drawer.drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / FranceFrance andandSwitzerland are European countries.Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。 ) / His mother and father are both college teachers.His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师

523、。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：冠词冠词/ /物代物代a第 33 页 共 38 页年龄年龄/ /形状形状/ /大小大小/ /温度温度old,young,色彩色彩red,来源来源Chinese,质地质地/ /材料材料wooden,目的目的/ /用途用途meeting,被修饰的名被修饰的名词词( (中心词中心词) )box,bo

524、x,themyhislong,short,round, squarebig, large,small, littlehot, cold,warm, coolyellow,blue,English,American,woolen,glass,silk,papertennis,sports,reading,swimming,shoes,shoes,room,room,pigpig(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,.now,then,today,yesterday,.)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,.here,there,bac

525、k,in,out,home,.作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如：I Icould not find my way out, so I stayed there all along.could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面： The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday.The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。 )(5)

526、形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusualHe remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。(7) 注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。6 6、状语：、状语：(1) 说明动作“何时、 “何地、 “如何发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。 如： I was not born yesterdayI was not born yesterday. 我又不

527、是昨天才出世的娃娃。 / For many of these familiesFor many of these families a college educationa college educationwas something newwas something new.对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。 / He woke upHe woke up to find his house on fireto find his house on fire .(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished You

528、 cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见?六2?“副词在句子中的位置以及作用副词在句子中的位置以及作用；介词短语作状语,位置根本固定,详见?七4?“介词短语在句子中的位置介词短语在句子中的位置；不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果,详见?八7?“动词的非谓语形式动词的非谓语形式；从句作状语,详见?主从复合句?的“状语从句。(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如： He went ouf of the room at a quarter toH

529、e went ouf of the room at a quarter to23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜 22 点 3 刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比拟状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句。(5) 注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。7 7、

530、宾语补足语：、宾语补足语：(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：Call him Jim,Call him Jim,please.please. (请叫他 Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。)/ Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow./ Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天

531、来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him/ He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)(2) 局部表示位置、 方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。 如： Let him in, I tell you!Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来！ )/ Please put it away.Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,详见?八7?“动词的非谓语形式动词的非谓语形式相关内

532、容。十二、简单句五种根本句型：句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种根本句型：1 1、根本句型的词序：、根本句型的词序：2 2、划分符号、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考)：主谓句型：S SV Vi i。主语：定语：()主系表句型：S SV VP Plinklink谓语：状语：主谓宾句型：S SV Vt. t.O O宾语：宾补： 主谓双宾句型：S SV Vt tO O间宾间宾O O直宾直宾表语：主谓宾补句型：S SV Vt tO OC C3 3、例句、例句：Jim is working very hard now.J

533、im is working very hard now.他现在正非常努力地工作。 She is young.She is young. 她年轻。 It looks like rain.It looks like rain. 天看上去要下雨。 The boy always kicked the dog with his feet.The boy always kicked the dog with his feet. 这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。 He has never bought me a toy since last year.He has never bought me a toy sin

534、ce last year. 从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。 He felt something (cold) .He felt something (cold) .他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。 4 4、英语词类与句子成分关系图英语词类与句子成分关系图：第 34 页 共 38 页句 子 成 分宾语主语*谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*词类或短语补足语名词代词形容词数词时态语态形式动动词不定式动名词动词现在分词词动词过去分词副词介词短语注释 1、 “表示某种词类可以可以充当某个成分, “表示某种词类经常经常充当某个成分, “表示某种词类最经最经常常充当某个成分。 “表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。2

535、、“ * 表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。十三、并列复合句1 1、根本概念：、根本概念：并列复合句并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。2 2、常见的并列句：、常见的并列句：(1) 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有 andand , , notnot onlybutonlybut alsoalso, , neithernorneithernor等,andand 所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,假设第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二

536、个分句用将来时。(2) 表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有 or,otherwise,oror,otherwise,or else,eitherorelse,eitheror等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,假设第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(3) 说明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有 but,yet,still ,howeverbut,yet,still ,however 等,前后分句时态一致。(4) 说明原因, 用连接词 forfor ,前后分句时态一致。(5) 表示结果,用连接词 soso, 前后分句时态一致。十四、主从复合句1 1、概念：、概念：

537、主从复合句主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。 从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。 如： While the grandparents love the children,While the grandparents love the children,they are strict with them.they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end

538、.It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。) / Hurry up, or (else) youll be late.Hurry up, or (else) youll be late.(快点, 要不然就来不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child stillHowever I cook eggs, the child stillrefuses to eat them.refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。)2 2、分类：、分类：从句按其在复合句中

539、的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句状语从句等。 参见以下各条3 3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：(1)(1) 表语表语从句：从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so cleverThat is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are

540、 so clever.(2)(2) 宾语宾语从句：从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。根本形式： 主句连词+从句主语+从句谓语+. . 关于宾语从句连词的选择：假设从句来源于一个陈述句陈述句,那么,连词用 thatthat,在口语中 thatthat 可以省略;假设从句来源于一个一般疑问句一般疑问句,连词那么用 if if 或 whetherwhether;假设从句来源于一个特殊疑问句特殊疑问句,那么连词就是疑问词(如 whatwhat,whowho,wherewhere,whenwhen 等)例如：They believe that the computer will finally ta

541、ke the place of human beings.They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings. (他们相信电脑终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster./ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般

542、问句 Shall IShall I say something for him to thesay something for him to theheadmaster?headmaster?) / He asked me / He asked mewhere he could get such medicinewhere he could get such medicine. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句 Where can he get suchWhere can he get suchmedicine?medicine? ) 宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时

543、,从句那么用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；如主句是过去时,从句那么相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better inI think I will do better inEnglish this term.English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)第 35 页 共 3

544、8 页 以下结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +thatbe sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that 从句,如：Im sorry Im lateIm sorry Im late. . (对不起,我迟到了。) / /Im afraid heIm afraid heisntisntininat atthe moment.the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)(3)(3) 状语状语从句：从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比拟、让步、

545、条件等几种。状语从句由附属连接词引导。时间状语从句时间状语从句通常由 when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, wheneverwhen ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。 时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如： When you finishWhen you finishthe wo

546、rk, you may go out to play with Sam.the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和 Jim 一起玩了。) / I wont leave/ I wont leave until Mumuntil Mumcomes backcomes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由 where, whereverwhere, wherever 等引导。 如： Go back where you came fromGo back where you came from! (哪里来还

547、滚到哪里去！ ) / I will neverI will neverforget to catch the thief who stole my necklaceforget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be.wherever he may be. (我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)原因状语从句原因状语从句通常由 because, since, asbecause, since, as 等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroadHe went abroad bec

548、ause his father had foundbecause his father had founda good university for hima good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)目的状语从句目的状语从句通常由 soso that.,that., so.hat.,so.hat., inin orderorder that.that. 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有 cancan / / couldcould / / maymay / /mightmight 等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so

549、that he could catch the first train.He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)结果状语从句结果状语从句通常由 soso that.,that., so.that.so.that. 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情 ,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikesHe lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.that he decided ne

550、ver to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)比拟状语从句比拟状语从句通常由 as,as, than,than, asas (so).as(so).as 等引导,一般省略从句的谓语局部,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much tallerJane is much taller than I/methan I/me. (Jane 比我高多了。) / I dont have as many booksI dont have as many books as you (do) as you (do). (我书没有你多)让步状语

551、从句让步状语从句通常由 though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whateverthough (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever 等引导。如：Even if you pay theEven if you pay thedebtdebt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me.for me, I will not thank you because i

552、t has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件 T 恤衫,尽管天很冷。)条件状语从句条件状语从句通常由 if,if, unless,unless, asas longlong asas 等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in

553、the coming final examsYou will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harderunless you work much harder .(即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If If it doesnit doesn t rain tomorrow t rain tomorrow, we shall go hikingwe shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。) 注意注意 1 1、becausebecause 与 sos

554、o；(al)though(al)though 与 butbut；if if 与 soso 不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。2 2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。(4)(4) 定语定语从句：从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。 如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncleThe man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一手上抓了一把雨伞的把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。) 语法术

555、语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词关系词,其中 thatthat、whichwhich、whowho称为关系代词关系代词,wherewhere、whenwhen、howhow 称为关系副词关系副词。 关系代词或关系副词的作用：关系代词关系代词 whowho、whomwhom 和 whosewhose 指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。whichwhich 指物 thatthat 多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。 定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。 This is the thief (that/who/whom) weTh

556、is is the thief (that/who/whom) wehave been looking for these days.have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough / Please find a room which is big enoughfor all of us to live infor all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)关系副词关系副词 whenwhen 或 wherewher

557、e 引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。 如： This is the room where theyThis is the room where theyhad a quarrel a week ago.had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句

558、和非限制性定语从句。 限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否那么主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。 如： SheShespent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of.spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过

559、那本书。) 注解注解 1、关系代词只能用 thatthat 的情况：领先行词是指事物的不定代词(allall, anythinganything 等),或先行词局部含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用 that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue.All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily 告诉我的话似乎不真实。)/ / CanCan youyou givegive meme anythinganything thatthat hashas nono sugarsugar inside?insi

560、de? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？) / / ThisThis is is thethe firstfirsttwo-story bus that runs in our citytwo-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用 whowho(指人)、thatthat(指物),而不用 thatthat 指人或用 whichwhich 指物。 如：Do you know theDo you know thewoman who is weeping in the corner?woman who

561、 is weeping in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？) / Do not tell me any words that have / Do not tell me any words that havenothing to do with menothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)3、 关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用 whichwhich 或 whomwhom,较少使用 thatthat 或 whowho,而且,关系代词常常省略。如： Toms father wasToms father was第 36 页 共 38

562、 页the first parent whom our teacher talked tothe first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用 whichwhich 或 whomwhom,而当介词移到句尾时,那么又可以使用 thatthat 或 whowho. 如：ThisThisis the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the roomis the room in which Miss Li once lived.

563、 (= This is the roomMiss Li onceMiss Li once lived in.)lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)(5)(5) 主语从句主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由 that,whetherthat,whether 以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用 it 替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should startWhen we should start is still a questionis still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)十五、直

564、接引语和间接引语( (初中不作特别要求初中不作特别要求) )1 1、直接引语和间接引语：、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语间接引语。2 2、直接引语改变为间接引语：、直接引语改变为间接引语：1、直接引语如果是陈述句陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：不用引号,而用连接词 thatthat,但有时可省略。人称作相应变化；主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变： 一般现在时变一般过去时；一般将来时变过去将来时；现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过

565、去完成时；一般过去时变成过去完成时；但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,那么时态不变。如：He says,I am not from the USA.He says,I am not from the USA.He says that he is not from the USA.He says that he is not from the USA.Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven t seen you for a long timeMr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven t seen yo

566、u for a long time. .Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用附属连接词 whetherwhether 或 if if 引导,词序要改变。如：Lin Tao said to MissLin Tao said to MissGreen, Is it made in C

567、hina?Green, Is it made in China?Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导,词序是：连词+主语+谓语。如：Lucy said to me, “Lucy said to me, “How can I help?How can I help?Lucy asked me how she could helpLucy asked me how she

568、 could help. .4、直接引语如是祈使句祈使句,变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用 tell, ask, ordertell, ask, order. 如：He said to theHe said to thelittle boy,“little boy,“ Come here, youngCome here, youngman!man!He asked the little boyHe asked the little boyto go thereto go there5、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化：thist

569、histhatthatthesethese在直接引语中在直接引语中thosethose在间接引语中在间接引语中nownowthenthenagoagobeforebeforetodaytodaythat daythat daythis week(month,etc.)this week(month,etc.)thatthatweek ( month,etc.)week ( month,etc.)next week ( month,etc.)next week ( month,etc.)the next week ( month,etc.)the next week ( month,etc.)y

570、esterdayyesterdaythe day beforethe day beforethe next (following) daythe next (following) daytomorrowtomorrowtherethereherehere十六、倒装句： 谓语的一局部或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句。1、THERE BETHERE BE 句型以及以 herehere、therethere 开头的句子。如： There are a lot of children in the showroom.There are a lot of children in the showroo

571、m. (在展览室里有许多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus./ Here comes the bus. (公交车来了。) / There goes the bell. / There goes the bell. (铃响了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee / The door opened and in came Mr Lee . (门开了,李先生走了进来。)2、 用 “So / Nor / NeitherSo / Nor / Neither + 助动词 + 主语倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。 如： Tom we

572、nt to the beachTom went to the beachlast week, and, so did I.last week, and, so did I. (Tom 上个星期去了海滩,我也是。) / Li Meis bought nothing from the shop./ Li Meis bought nothing from the shop. Neither has JimNeither has Jim. (李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim 也没有买。)3、在疑问句中,通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法,对主语提问除外。如：How did he find the lo

573、st book?How did he find the lost book? (他是怎么样找到丧失的书的？) / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他们打算到哪儿过暑假？)4、感慨句中通常将被感慨的局部前移,而将句子的主谓语整体后置。 如：What a beautiful flower (it is)What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花！)5、 有引号引用某人的原话时,引号外

574、面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾,但是,假设主语是代词那么不倒装。 如：“What on earthWhat on earthare you doing up there?are you doing up there?said the father.said the father. (父亲说： “你在上边到底干什么？) / /“What on earth are you doing up there?What on earth are you doing up there?hehe第 37 页 共 38 页saidsaid. (他说： “你在上边到底干什么？)十七、附加注释diedie、dea

575、ddead、deathdeath 的用法：diedie 是动词,可以独立做谓语,有各种时态变化,也可以变成非谓语形式作句子的其他成分；deaddead 是形容词,作句子的定语、 表语或宾语补足语； deathdeath 是名词,作句子的主语、 宾语等。 如： Im going toIm going todie!die! (我要死了！ ) / The man / The manhas been dead for about three months.has been dead for about three months. (那个人死了三个月左右。) / He is worried to death. / He is worried to death. (他急得要死。)第 38 页 共 38 页