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1、Summary WritingSummary Writing1 1n n摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。n n2 2n n摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣
2、赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。3 3如何写好英文summaryn n1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the main theme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。2）弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。4 4n n3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以
3、所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。5 5特别注意n n（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。n n（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。6 6n n（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。n n（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。n n（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。n n7 7写summary的具体步骤n n摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的
4、主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：n n（1）阅读；）阅读；n n（2）写作；）写作；n n（3）修改成文。）修改成文。 8 8第一步：阅读第一步：阅读 n nA A认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。深刻。 n nB B给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开中的主题句作为标题。主题句往
5、往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 n nC C现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 n nD D简要地记下主要观点简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 9 9第二步：动手写作第二步：动手写作 n nA. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字
6、，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 n nB. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 n nC. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 n nD. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1010n nE. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：采用下列几种小技巧：n n1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 n n2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 n n3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 n n4) 避
7、免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。1111n n5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： n nHis courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. n n可以概括为：He was very brave in battle. n nHe was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. n n可以概括为：He was in financial difficulties
8、. 1212n n6) 6) 还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面。请看下面的例子：的例子： n nBeautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, only a few people in th
9、e past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of vi
10、siting reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. them ten years ago. 1313n n可以概括为：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services. 1414n n7)
11、 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： n nShe brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. 1515n n可以概括为：n nShe brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation. 1616n n8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, t
12、hen, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 1717n n9) 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：比如： n nKate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too Kate looked at Paul disappr
13、ovingly: You use too much salt on your food, Paul much salt on your food, Paul it its not good for s not good for you!you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: Paul put down his knife and frowned:“Why Why on earth not! If you didnon earth not! If you didnt have salt on your t have salt on your food
14、 it would taste awfulfood it would taste awful like eating cardboard like eating cardboard or sandor sand just imagine bread without salt in it, just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate Kate was patient. She didnt
15、 want to quarrel with Paul. was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:“But But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on,
16、heart-attacks. It also pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appre
17、ciate any more.lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more. 1818n n可以用第三人称概括为： n nKate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do harm to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 1919第三步：修改成文第三步：修改成文 n n草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。n n n n经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。2020
