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1、话题1.English language and its development(英英语语言及言及其其发展展)2Different kinds of English(不同种不同种类的英的英语)功能功能Difficulties in language communication(语言交言交际困困难)语法法Direct Speech and Indirect Speech()：requests & commands直接引直接引语和和间接引接引语(2)：要求和命令：要求和命令重点重点单词official，voyage，native，latter，base，present，actually，block
2、，expression，identity，command，request，fluent，fluently，frequent，recognize，accent，straight课课 程程 解解 读读重点重点短短语because of，play a part (in)，come up，at present，be based on，such as，even if，make use of，make sense重点重点句型句型1.Today，more people speak English as their first，second or a foreign language than ever be
3、fore.2Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English.3Believe it or not，there is not such thing as standard English.1base n基基础础，基基地地vt.以以为为基基础础；以以做做根据根据归纳拓展归纳拓展(1)base.on/upon.以以某某事事物物作作为为另另一一事事物物的的根根据据，常常用用其被动结构其被动结构be based on以以为根据为根据/基础。基础。base
4、sb./sth./oneself in把把某某人人安安置置在在(某某地地工工作作或或活活动动)；以；以为据点为据点(或总部等或总部等)(2)the base of.的底部，根基，基础的底部，根基，基础a military/naval base军事军事/海军基地海军基地on the basis of根据根据；以；以为基础为基础(3)basement n地下室地下室The 30yearold singer has a strong fan base in England.在英格兰，那位三十岁的歌手有坚实的歌迷基础。在英格兰，那位三十岁的歌手有坚实的歌迷基础。One should always ba
5、se ones opinions on facts.一个人应当总是把想法基于事实之上。一个人应当总是把想法基于事实之上。They decided to base the new company in New York.他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在纽约。他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在纽约。【链接训练链接训练】His new story _ what happened in the coal mine many years ago is the best seller this year.Abased on Bbasing onCwas based on Dwas basing on【解解析析】
6、“以以为为基基础础”或或“以以为为根根据据”应应该该是是base.on，而而根根据据句句意意可可知知his new story与与base on之之间间应应该该为为被被动动关关系系，所所以以选选择择A，过过去去分分词词作作定定语语，修修饰饰his new story。【答案答案】A2present(1)adj.现在在的的(作作前前置置定定语)；出出席席的的；到到场的的(作作后后置置定定语或表或表语)(2)n. U现在，目前；在，目前；C礼物，礼物，赠品品(3)vt.赠送；呈献送；呈献(常与介常与介词to或或with连用用)；提交；呈；提交；呈现归纳拓展归纳拓展(1)at present现在；目
7、前现在；目前(now)for the present眼眼前前；暂暂时时(for the time beingfor the moment)make a present of sth.to sb.make sb.a present of sth.把某物赠送给某人把某物赠送给某人(2)present sb.with sth.present sth.to sb.送给某人某物送给某人某物(3)be present at 出席出席(4)presence n出席，到场出席，到场There were 50 students present at the meeting.出席会议的有出席会议的有50名学生。名
8、学生。Im not at all satisfied with the present situation.我对目前的情况一点都不满意。我对目前的情况一点都不满意。He presented the winner with a silver cup.He presented a silver cup to the winner.他把银杯授予了获胜者。他把银杯授予了获胜者。Thirty guests were present at the ceremony.30位客人出席了典礼。位客人出席了典礼。【链接训练链接训练】I happen to know the man _ the meeting，so
9、 leave it to me.Apresented atBpresent atCpresentsDpresent【解解析析】be present at“出出席席；在在场场”，此此处处用用形形容容词词短语作定语，故选短语作定语，故选B。【答案答案】Btake command of控制控制have a good command of sth.很很好好地地掌掌握握某某事事；精精通通某某事物事物(尤指语言尤指语言)(2)command sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事命令某人做某事command that.(should) do.命命令令(that从从句句中中谓谓语语动词用虚拟语气动词用虚拟
10、语气)The police arrived and took command of the situation.警察到达后就控制了局警察到达后就控制了局势。She has a good command of French as a volunteer.作作为志愿者，她精通法志愿者，她精通法语。She commanded that we (should) leave at once.她命令我她命令我们立即离开。立即离开。【链接训练链接训练】What _ of Chinese Da Shan _ !Agood command；is at Ba good command；hasCgood comma
11、nd；have Dgood command；has【解解析析】have a good command of sth.“很很好好地地掌掌握握”，题干为，题干为 what 引导的感叹句。引导的感叹句。【答案答案】BThe army officer _ his men to fire as soon as the enemies came up.Arequested BcommandedCbegged DSuggested【解解析析】考考查查动动词词词词义义辨辨析析。句句意意为为：那那位位军军官官命命令令士士兵兵们们等等敌敌人人一一走走近近就就开开火火射射击击。command意意为为“命命令令，指指
12、挥挥”；而而request意意为为“请请求求，要要求求”；beg意意为为“请请求求，乞乞求求，恳恳求求”；suggest意意为为“建建议议，暗暗示示”。相相比比之之下下，只只有有command命令意义较强。命令意义较强。【答案答案】B4request vt.&n. 请求，要求请求，要求归纳拓展归纳拓展(1)request sb.to do sth.请求某人做某事请求某人做某事request sth.from /of sb.向某人索要某物向某人索要某物request that.(should) do (虚拟语气虚拟语气)要求要求It is requested that.据要求据要求归纳拓展归纳拓
13、展(2)at sb.s requestat the request of sb.应某人之要求应某人之要求by request of (sb.)照照(某某人人的的)需需要要；依依照照(某某人人的的)请请求求；应邀应邀on request 一经请求一经请求make (a) request for sth.需要某物需要某物Passengers are requested to show their passports.旅客们被要求出示护照。旅客们被要求出示护照。The teacher made a request that/requested that the students should be
14、well prepared for the coming exam.老师要求学生对即将到来的考试做充分的准备。老师要求学生对即将到来的考试做充分的准备。We are offering these biscuits for sale again at the request of the public.应大众要求我们再次出售这些饼干。应大众要求我们再次出售这些饼干。【链接训练链接训练】What a pity！The pianist wouldnt listen to our request that he _ in public after his sons death.Aplay Bplaye
15、dCwould play Dwas going to play【解解析析】request后后接接that同同位位语语从从句句，从从句句谓谓语语动动词词用虚拟语气，即用虚拟语气，即should动词原形，动词原形，should可以省略。可以省略。【答案答案】A5recognize (recognise) vt.辨认出；承认；公认辨认出；承认；公认归纳拓展归纳拓展(1)recognize ones handwriting/sb./ones voice辨辨出出某某人人的字迹的字迹/认出某人认出某人/听出某人的声音听出某人的声音recognize sb./sth. by/from.根据根据认出某人认出某
16、人/物物be recognized as/to be.被承认是被承认是/公认为公认为It is recognized that.人们公认人们公认(2)recognition n认识；认出认识；认出I recognized his voice immediately on the telephone.我立即从我立即从电话中听出了他的声音。中听出了他的声音。Taiwan is recognized as part of China.台湾被公台湾被公认为是中国的一部分。是中国的一部分。It is recognized that environment pollution has become one
17、 of the most serious problems that people face.人人们一一致致认为环境境污染染已已经成成了了人人们面面对的的最最严重重的的问题之一。之一。【链接训练链接训练】Mary，is that you？I _ you.Really？It isnt a long time since we met last time.Adidnt recognize Bhadnt recognizedChavent recognized Ddont recognize【解析解析】表示之前没有认出来，用一般过去时态。表示之前没有认出来，用一般过去时态。【答案答案】ALincol
18、n is recognized _ one of the greatest presidents in America.Aas Bfor Cbeing Dlike【解解析析】be recognized as“被被认认为为是是”。句句意意为为：林肯被认为是美国最伟大的总统之一。林肯被认为是美国最伟大的总统之一。【答案答案】A1because of 因为；由于因为；由于归纳拓展归纳拓展(1)because of是是介介词短短语，后后跟跟名名词、代代词、动名名词或或名名词性从句。性从句。because是是从从属属连词，引引导原原因因状状语从从句句或或表表语从从句句，表示主句的根本原因。表示主句的根本
19、原因。(2)due ton./pron.由由于于(常常作作表表语语，也也作作后后置置定定语语和和状状语语)thanks ton./pron.多亏；由于多亏；由于(只作状语只作状语)owing ton./pron.由于由于(常作状语或表语常作状语或表语)on account ofn./pron.(作状语、表语，但不作定语作状语、表语，但不作定语)She didnt take part in our party because she was ill/because of her illness.因为生病，她没有参加我们的聚会。因为生病，她没有参加我们的聚会。They decided to pos
20、tpone the trip，owing to the change of the weather.由于天气变化，他们决定延期启程。由于天气变化，他们决定延期启程。The teams success was largely due to her efforts.这个个队的成功在很大程度上是她努力的的成功在很大程度上是她努力的结果。果。That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏那是由于缺乏锻炼。诱导展望诱导展望(1)due to 一一般般不不可可位位于于句句首首，如如果果放放在在句句首首，要要用用 because of 或或 owing to 来
21、来代代替替，此此时时 because of，owing to 作作状语。状语。(2)thanks to可可以以表表达达正正面面意意思思，“幸幸亏亏”，也也可可用用于于讽讽刺口吻中刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的近于讽刺口吻的“感谢感谢”)【链接训练链接训练】He was late not only _ his illness but also _ he missed the train.Abecause；for Bbecause of；becauseCfor；because of Dbecause of；because of【解解析析】because of 后后跟跟名名词词作作宾宾语语，because
22、 后后跟跟从句，故应选从句，故应选B。【答案答案】B2come up(1)(人人)走近；靠近；接近；上来；出走近；靠近；接近；上来；出现(2)(太阳、月亮等太阳、月亮等)升起升起(3)被提出，提及被提出，提及(主主语是被提出的内容，没有被是被提出的内容，没有被动语态)(4)(尤指意想不到地尤指意想不到地)发生生(5)发芽，芽，长出地面出地面归纳拓展归纳拓展come about发生发生(happen)；产生；产生come back回来；记起；重新流行回来；记起；重新流行come up with提提出出；找找到到(答答案案)；产产生生(主主语语是是“提提出出者者”，with后面的宾语才是被提出的内
23、容后面的宾语才是被提出的内容)come along 进展；进步；进行；一道来进展；进步；进行；一道来come out 显显露露；结结果果是是；出出版版(be published)；真真相相大白大白come to 共计；达到；苏醒；谈到共计；达到；苏醒；谈到He came up to me and said hello to me.他走过来向我问好。他走过来向我问好。The sun came up.太阳升起来了。太阳升起来了。I came up with a proposal and it soon came up at the meeting.我想出一条建我想出一条建议，很快，很快这条建条建议
24、在会上被提出来了。在会上被提出来了。The flowers are just beginning to come up.那些水仙花那些水仙花刚刚开始开始发芽。芽。【链接训练链接训练】Its very cool here.Why dont you _ ?Acome to Bcome upCcome into Dcome up to【解解析析】句句意意为为：这这里里很很凉凉爽爽，你你为为什什么么不不走走过过来来呢呢？come to “共共计计，达达到到，苏苏醒醒”；come up “(人人)走走近近；被被提提出出”；come into (sth.)“继继承承，得得到到(遗遗产产)”；come up
25、 to (sth.) “达到达到(某点某点)”。根据题意可知答案为。根据题意可知答案为B。【答案答案】BTom and his dad thought about the problem for a long time，but still couldnt _ a solution.Acome over Bget along withCcome out Dcome up with【解解析析】come up with 意意为为“想想出出(计计划划)”，符符合合题题意意。come over “过过来来；顺顺便便来来访访”；get along with “与与相相处处”；come out “出版出版”
26、。【答案答案】D3such as/for example/that is/and so on归纳拓展归纳拓展(1)such as用用来来列列举举一一类类事事物物，放放在在被被列列举举的的事事物物与与前前面的名词之间，面的名词之间，as之后不用逗号之后不用逗号(列举部分事例列举部分事例)。(2)for example作作为为独独立立语语插插入入句句中中，它它的的位位置置很很灵灵活活，可可用用在在所所举举例例子子(通通常常是是一一个个或或少少数数几几个个)的的前前面面或或后后面面(列列举举部分事例部分事例)。(3)that is用用来来列列举举全全部部事事例例，放放在在被被列列举举事事例例前前面面
27、，并并用逗号隔开，相当于用逗号隔开，相当于namely。(4)and so on 表表示示“等等等等，诸诸如如”之之意意。当当前前面面列列举举几几个个并并列列成成分分以以后后，用用 and so on 加加以以概概括括并并对对尚尚未未列列举的事物进行省略。举的事物进行省略。Many of the programs are well received，such as Follow me，Follow me to science.其其中中有有许多多节目目很很受受欢迎迎，如如跟跟我我学学、跟跟我我学学科科学学。A number of other plants were found in Americ
28、a，for example，beans.在美国在美国还发现了了许多多别的作物，比如豆子。的作物，比如豆子。I have three good friends，that is/namely，John，Jack and Tom.我有三个好朋友，即我有三个好朋友，即约翰、杰克和翰、杰克和汤姆。姆。You can find frogs，snakes and so on sleeping under mud in winter.冬天你会看到青蛙、蛇等一些冬天你会看到青蛙、蛇等一些动物在泥土中冬眠。物在泥土中冬眠。诱导展望诱导展望区区别别上上述述短短语语的的关关键键是是：判判断断是是列列举举部部分分事事例
29、例还还是是列列举全部事例；举全部事例；在句中的位置。在句中的位置。【链接训练链接训练】A lot of countries have gained excellent achievements in space technology，China，_.Asuch as Bfor exampleCnamely Dand so on【解解析析】句句意意为为：许许多多国国家家在在太太空空技技术术方方面面取取得得了了杰杰出出的的成成就就，比比如如中中国国。such as用用于于列列举举时时应应放放在在被被列列举举的的事事物物之之前前，而而for example作作为为插插入入语语可可以以放放在在句句首首
30、、句句中中或或句句末末，故故正正确确答答案案为为B。namely“那那就就是是”，用用于于列列举举出出全全部部；and so on意意为为“诸诸如如此此类类，等等等等”，用用于于列列举举未未尽尽，相相当当于于and so forth。【答案答案】B4play a part (in.)(在在中中)扮扮演演某某个个角角色色；(在在中中)起作用，相当于起作用，相当于play a role (in.)。归纳拓展归纳拓展play an important part/role in在在中起重要作用中起重要作用play the leading role/part起主要作用起主要作用play the role
31、/part of(在剧中在剧中)扮演扮演(某个某个)角色角色He played a leading part in the movement.他在那次运他在那次运动中起了重要作用。中起了重要作用。He will play the role/part of the doctor in my latest drama.他将在我最新的他将在我最新的戏里扮演医生的角色。里扮演医生的角色。The UN plays an important role/part in international relations.联合合国国在在国国际关关系系方方面面扮扮演演着着重重要要的的角角色色/起起着着重重要要的的作
32、用。作用。【链接训练链接训练】Have you really realized the part the computer has _ in the daily life?Amade Bgiven Ccaused Dplayed【解解析析】考考查查play a part in短短语语。the computer has played in the daily life为为定定语语从从句句，修修饰饰the part，引引导导词词that或或which省略。省略。【答案答案】D5Native English speakers can understand each other even if the
33、y dont speak the same kind of English.以以英英语语为为母母语语的的人人，即即使使他他们们所所讲讲的的语语言言不不尽尽相相同同，也也可以相互理解。可以相互理解。even ifeven though“即即使使；尽尽管管”，引引导导让让步步状状语语从从句。句。归纳拓展归纳拓展(1)even if/ though 引引导导的的让让步步状状语语从从句句，若若主主、从从句句皆皆表示将来的情况，从句中可用一般现在时代替将来时。表示将来的情况，从句中可用一般现在时代替将来时。(2)even now 意为意为“即使在现在；尽管这样即使在现在；尽管这样”even then “
34、即使那时，尽管那样即使那时，尽管那样”even so “虽然如此虽然如此” She wont attend such parties even if/though she is invited.即使她被邀请她也不会参加这些宴会。即使她被邀请她也不会参加这些宴会。Ill complete the task in time even if/though I work overnight.即使我得通宵达旦地工作，也要及时完成任务。即使我得通宵达旦地工作，也要及时完成任务。链接训练链接训练】Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice，_ they knew
35、 it to be valuable.Aas if Bnow thatCeven though Dso that【解解析析】考考查查从从句句连连词词的的使使用用。even though引引导导让让步步状状语语从从句句，意意为为“尽尽管管”，句句意意为为：尽尽管管他他们们知知道道他他的的建建议议很很有有价价值值，但但许许多多人人都都不不理理会会。as if“好好像像”；now that“既既然然”；so that“以便，以至于以便，以至于”。【答案答案】CMr.Brown is the man you can rely on；trust me，_ I have opposed him.Aas i
36、f Bso thatCeven though Dwhile【解解析析】even though“尽尽管管，即即使使”，符符合合句句意意。句句意意为为：布布朗朗先先生生是是你你可可以以信信赖赖的的人人；相相信信我我，尽尽管管我我曾曾经经反反对过他。对过他。【答案答案】C6Believe it or not，there is no such thing as standard English.信不信由你，信不信由你，(世界上世界上)没有什么标准英语。没有什么标准英语。(1)believe it or not信不信由你信不信由你believe it or not在在句句中中常常用用作作插插入入语语。这
37、这句句口口语语用用在在说说话话者者要要告告诉诉对对方方一一件件事事，但但这这件件事事连连说说话话者者自自己己都都觉觉得得难难以以置置信信，所所以以在在告告诉诉对对方方这这件件事事之之前前，先先加加一一句句believe it or not。Believe it or not，another typhoon is coming.信不信由你，又有一场台风要来了。信不信由你，又有一场台风要来了。Whats going on？发生了什么事？生了什么事？Believe it or not，we won the game.信不信由你，我信不信由你，我们竟然竟然赢了比了比赛。(2)no such thing
38、 没有没有这样的事情的事情such“如如此此的的，这样的的”，当当such用用于于此此义与与a/an连用用时要要放放在在a/an的的前前面面；如如果果such 与与 all，no，some，any，few，little，many，much，several，one 等等连用用时，应位位于于它它们的的后后面面，构构成成“no/all/one/many/few/.such名名词”结构构。其其中中no/onesuch可可数数名名词单数数时，这个个名名词前前的的不不定定冠冠词应省略。省略。There are many such rooms here，so I cant find out which on
39、e is mine.这里里有有许多多这样的的房房间，因因此此我我找找不不到到哪哪个个是是我我自自己己的的了。了。One such book is enough.这样的的书一本就一本就够了。了。【链接训练链接训练】Jerry looks dumb，but _，hes the smartest boy in our class.Aas a result Bgenerally speakingCbelieve it or not Dat last【解解析析】句句意意为为：杰杰瑞瑞看看起起来来傻傻乎乎乎乎的的，但但信信不不信信由由你你，他他是是我我们们班班最最聪聪明明的的男男孩孩。as a resul
40、t“结结果果是是”；generally speaking“一一般般来来说说”；at last“最最终终”，这这三三个个短短语语都不能正确表达前后句的逻辑关系。都不能正确表达前后句的逻辑关系。【答案答案】C许多多这样的事故以前的事故以前发生生过。(翻翻译句子句子)_【答案答案】Many such accidents have happened before.直接引语和间接引语直接引语和间接引语(二二)祈使句变间接引语的用法祈使句变间接引语的用法1直直接接引引语语如如果果是是肯肯定定的的祈祈使使句句，变变为为间间接接引引语语时时，必必须须把把谓谓语语动动词词变变为为动动词词不不定定式式作作宾宾语语
41、补补足足语语，并并在在动动词词不不定定式式之之前前用用tell(让让)，ask(请请)，order(命命令令)，command(命命令令)，warn(警警告告)，advise(建建议议)等等含含有有祈祈使使意意义义的的动动词词。即即：tell/ask/order/command sb.to do sth.。若若祈祈使使句句为否否定定式式，在在动词不不定定式式之之前前加加not。这样，句型句型变为tell/ask/order/command sb.not to do sth.的形式。的形式。“Hurry up.” he said.He told me to hurry up.He said to
42、 them，“Dont go out.”He ordered them not to go out.2有有些些表表建建议、要要求求或或劝告告的的祈祈使使句句变为间接接引引语时，可可以以用用suggest，insist，offer等等动词加加以以转述述，此此时要要注注意意这些些词的固定搭配。的固定搭配。He said，“Lets go to the museum.”He suggested that we (should) go to the museum.3直直接接引引语是是感感叹句句时，间接接引引语可可以以用用what或或how引引导，也可以用，也可以用that引引导。She said，“W
43、hat a lovely day it is！”She said what a lovely day it was.(或或：She said that it was a lovely day.)注注意意：有有些些感感叹句句的的转述述要要根根据据原原句句的的意意思思采采用用适适当当的的动词变为陈述句。述句。“Happy New Year！” he said.He wished me a Happy New Year.【链接接训练】“Dont give up the hope before you really try hard.” Sam said.变间接引接引语为_ASam asked me
44、not to give up the hope before I really try hard.BSam told me not to give up the hope before I really tried hard.CSam asked me not to give up the hope before you really try hard.DSam told me not to give up the hope before I really try hard.【解解析析】祈祈使使句句变间接接引引语时常常用用ask/tell sb.(not) to do sth.，注意人称和，注
45、意人称和时态的的变化。化。【答案答案】B“Will you come here next Sunday？” Sunny asked.变间接引接引语为 _ASunny told us to come here next Sunday.BSunny told us to go there next Sunday.CSunny asked if we would go there the next Sunday.DSunny asked us to come here the next Sunday.【解解析析】 一一般般疑疑问问句句变变为为间间接接引引语语时时常常用用if或或whether引导。引
46、导。【答案答案】CWhat did the doctor say?He _ Jim to _ in bed for 2 days.Asaid；lie Badvised；layCadvised；lain Dtold；lie【解解析析】考考查查间间接接引引语语中中动动词词的的选选用用及及搭搭配配。tell sb. to do sth.“告告诉诉某某人人做做某某事事”；say sb. to do sth.不不搭搭配配，所所以以排排除除A项项；advise后后虽虽可可接接sb. to do sth.，但但是是B项项和和C项项的的lay和和lain都不是躺都不是躺“lie”的原形，所以都被排除掉。的原形
47、，所以都被排除掉。【答案答案】D“Be careful with the dog，” said he. He _ me to be careful with the dog.Asaid Bwarned Cbegged Dhoped【解解析析】考考查查间间接接引引语语的的动动词词选选用用。句句意意为为：他他告告诫诫我我小小心心那那条条狗狗。warn是是“告告诫诫，警警告告，提提醒醒”的的意意思思；A项项和和D项项搭搭配配不不对对；C项项的的beg是是“请请求求；恳恳求求”的的意意思思，所所以以也也不不对，排除掉。对，排除掉。【答案答案】B同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全来学校和回家的路上要注意安全同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全来学校和回家的路上要注意安全
