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1、KARL HEINRICH MARX:EINE ANALYSE DES SOZIALISMUSSebastian|ProfessorPanaccione|GERM1020-001ElementaryGermanIIKARL HEINRICH MARX:AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIALISMSebastian|ProfessorPanaccione|GERM1020-001ElementaryGermanIISIESINDENTSETZTBERUNSEREZUTUNBEABSICHTIGTENTFERNTMITPRIVATEMEIGENTUM.ABERINDERBESTEHENDENG
2、ESELLSCHAFT,PRIVATEIGENTUMISTBEREITSFRNEUNZEHNTELDERBEVLKERUNG;DIEEXISTENZDERWENIGENAUSSCHLIELICHAUFGRUNDIHRERNICHT-EXISTENZINDENHNDENDERNEUN-ZEHNTEL.SIEWERFENUNSDESHALB,MITABSICHT,EINEFORMVONEIGENTUM,DIENOTWENDIGEVORAUSSETZUNGFRDERENEXISTENZISTDIENICHT-EXISTENZVONEIGENTUMFRDIEBERWIEGENDEMEHRHEITDER
3、GESELLSCHAFT.“KarlMarxTheCommunistManifesto“YOUAREHORRIFIEDATOURINTENDINGTODOAWAYWITHPRIVATEPROPERTY.BUTINYOUREXISTINGSOCIETY,PRIVATEPROPERTYISALREADYDONEAWAYWITHFORNINE-TENTHSOFTHEPOPULATION;ITSEXISTENCEFORTHEFEWISSOLELYDUETOITSNON-EXISTENCEINTHEHANDSOFTHOSENINE-TENTHS.YOUREPROACHUS,THEREFORE,WITHI
4、NTENDINGTODOAWAYWITHAFORMOFPROPERTY,THENECESSARYCONDITIONFORWHOSEEXISTENCEISTHENON-EXISTENCEOFANYPROPERTYFORTHEIMMENSEMAJORITYOFSOCIETY.”KarlMarxTheCommunistManifestoWHOISKARLHEINRICHMARX?KarlHeinrichMarxwasa19thcenturyGermanphilosopher,politicaleconomist,historian,politicaltheorist,sociologist,jour
5、nalist,andrevolutionarysocialist,whoseideasplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofsocialscienceandthesocialistpoliticalmovement.5技能教育TABLEOFEVENTS Karl Hirschel Karl Hirschel Marx was born in Marx was born in Trier, Germany, Trier, Germany, Son of Hirschel Son of Hirschel and Henrietta and Henriett
6、a Marx May 5, 1818Marx May 5, 1818 Enrolled in the Enrolled in the Trier High School Trier High School where he studied where he studied philosophy and philosophy and social science. social science. Attended the Attended the University of Bonn University of Bonn with the intent to with the intent to
7、 study philosophy study philosophy and literature. and literature. Instead, at his Instead, at his fathers insistence fathers insistence studied lawstudied law Attended the Attended the University of University of Berlin at his Berlin at his fathers request to fathers request to continue the continu
8、e the study of law.study of law. Studied the Studied the philosophy of philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel and G.W.F. Hegel and other radical other radical philosophers.philosophers.1818181818301830183518351836-18411836-18416技能教育TRIER,KINGDOMOFPRUSSIAGERMANYMarxwasbornMay5,1818inTrier,Germanywhichislocatedin
9、thesouthwestofGermanynearLuxemburg.TrieristheoldestcityinGermanyfoundedinorbefore16BCandisrankedfourthamongthelargestcities.7技能教育KARLMARXSCHILDHOODKarlMarxsfather;HerschelMarx,wasbornAshkenaziJewish,convertedfromJudaismtotheProtestantChristiandenominationofLutheranismtocontinuepracticinglawafteraPru
10、ssianorderdeniedJewsthebar.KarlMarxwasprivatelyeducateduntil1830,whenhewasenrolledintheTrierHighSchoolwherehestudiedphilosophyandsocialscience.Theschoolwasraidedin1832bypolicebecauseoftheliberalhumanistviewstaughttothestudentsinangstofthePrussiangovernment.8技能教育UNIVERSITYOFBONNANDUNIVERSITYOFBERLINL
11、ikehisfatherKarlMarxpursuedthestudyoflaw.MarxenrolledattheUniversityofBonn.WhileatBonn,Marxsstudiesweredilutedbyhisfrolickingandirresponsiblelifestyle.Marxaccruedagreatdealofdebtandwasinjuredinaduel.HeinrichMarxpaidoffhissonsdebtsandinsistedonhisenrollmentatBerlinUniversity.AtthemoreconservativeUniv
12、ersityofBerlin,KarlMarxsstudiesimproveddramatically.ItwasattheBerlinUniversitythathewasintroducedtothephilosophicalwritingsofG.W.F.HegelbyBrunoBauer,aoutspokenatheistandpoliticalradical.MarxlaterbecominginvolvedwithagroupofradicalthinkerstheYoungHegelians.9技能教育INCONTRAST.theUnitedStatesfrom1820to187
13、0propagatedasaconsequenceoftwomajorreformations:theSecondGreatAwakening,resemblingthereligiousmovementofGreatAwakeningintheeighteenthcenturyandthenaturalgoodnessofman;definedastranscendentalism.ReligionwasprobablytheforemostmotivatinginfluencebehindshapingthemethodofAmericanperception.Becauseofimmig
14、ration,theboom-and-bustcyclesofmarketeconomy,risinginequality,theincreaseofwesternsettlement,andterritorialexpansionintheUnitedStates,Americanshaddifficultykeepingupwithchangesthatwereperceivedasoutsideofonescontrol.Socialreformmovementssuchastemperance,reformofpenitentiariesandasylums,antimasonry,a
15、bolitionandwomensrightsweretheresultsofaperiodofreligiousrenewalintheUnitedStatesaftertheWarof1812.10技能教育TABLEOFEVENTS Marx engaged to Marx engaged to Jenny von Jenny von Westphalen, Westphalen, daughter of a daughter of a Prussian Prussian aristocrat.aristocrat. Writing fiction Writing fiction and
16、non-fiction, and non-fiction, Marx completes Marx completes his short novel, his short novel, Scorpion and Felix Scorpion and Felix and his one act and his one act play play OulanemOulanem Marx completes Marx completes his doctorial thesis, his doctorial thesis, The Difference The Difference Between
17、 the Between the Democitean and Democitean and Epicuurean Epicuurean Philosophy of Nature Philosophy of Nature submitted to the submitted to the university of Jena university of Jena for his PhDfor his PhD Moves to Moves to Cologne to begin Cologne to begin writing for the writing for the radical ra
18、dical newspaper newspaper Rheinische Rheinische Zeitung, Zeitung, liberal-liberal-democratic democratic journal journal suppresed by the suppresed by the Prussian Prussian authorities.authorities.1836183618371837184118411842184211技能教育TABLEOFEVENTS Published Published On the On the Jewish Question Je
19、wish Question and and Contribution to Contribution to Critique of Hegels Critique of Hegels Philosophy of RightPhilosophy of Right Marries Jenny Marries Jenny von Westphalen in von Westphalen in Bad Kreuznach, Bad Kreuznach, Rhineland-Rhineland-Palatinate, Palatinate, Germany. Germany. Karl Marx and
20、 Karl Marx and Jenny move to Jenny move to Paris.Paris. In Paris, Marx In Paris, Marx meets German meets German socialist Friedrich socialist Friedrich Engels, radical son Engels, radical son of a German of a German industralistindustralist Marx wrote Marx wrote The The Economic and Economic and Phi
21、losophical Philosophical ManuscriptsManuscriptsMarx and Marx and Engels publish Engels publish Die Heilige Die Heilige Familie The Familie The Holy FamilyHoly FamilyMarx wrote Marx wrote Thesis on Thesis on FeuerbachFeuerbach1843184318431843184418441845184512技能教育KARLMARXANDFRIEDRICHENGELSMarxandEnge
22、lmetinParisin1844.Theydiscoveredthattheysharedsimilarviewsofphilosophyandsocialism.AsEngelswroteaftertheirfirstmeeting“completeagreementinalltheoreticalfields.”13技能教育Die Heilige Familie DieHeiligeFamiliewaswrittenwithFriedrichEngelsasacritiqueontheYoungHegeliansandtheirschoolofthought.Marxspublisher
23、suggestedthetitleofthebook,TheHolyFamily,asasatiricalreferencetotheBauerBrothers.14技能教育TABLEOFEVENTS Exiled from Exiled from France, Marx and France, Marx and Engel emigrate to Engel emigrate to Brussels and Brussels and reconnects with reconnects with other socialist other socialist exiles, includi
24、ng exiles, including Moses Hess, Karl Moses Hess, Karl Heizen and Joseph Heizen and Joseph WeydemeyerWeydemeyer Marx creates the Marx creates the Communist Communist Correspondence Correspondence CommitteeCommittee. . Marx and Engels Marx and Engels wrote wrote The German The German IdeologyIdeology
25、 and and The The Poverty of Poverty of Philosophy Philosophy Marx and Engel Marx and Engel publish publish Manifest der Manifest der Kommunistischen Kommunistischen parteipartei Europe Europe experiences the experiences the Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848 Within a month of Within a month of t
26、he publishing of the publishing of The Manifesto The Manifesto Marx Marx and Engels are and Engels are exiled from exiled from Brussels.Brussels. Marx returns to Marx returns to Cologne.Cologne. Set up a Set up a German German Workers ClubWorkers Club Issues a Issues a handbill entitled handbill ent
27、itled the the Demand of Demand of the Communist the Communist Party of GermanyParty of Germany184518451846-18471846-1847184818481848184815技能教育MANIFEST DER KOMMUNISTISCHEN PARTEII: BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS“Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemenandslave,patriciana
28、ndplebeian,lordandserf,guildmasterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendedclasses.”16技能教育“ “CAPITALIST
29、PRODUCTION,THEREFORE,DEVELOPSTECHNOLOGY,ANDTHECOMBININGTOGETHEROFVARIOUSPROCESSESINTOASOCIALWHOLE,ONLYBYSAPPINGTHEORIGINALSOURCESOFALLWEALTH-THESOILANDTHELABOURER.”KARLMARXMarx considered that socio-economic conflicts have historically developed in stages:PrimitiveCommunismSlaveFeudalismCapitalismSo
30、cialismCommunism17技能教育TABLEOFEVENTSExpelled from Expelled from Prussia after his Prussia after his acquittal in trial acquittal in trial for high treason.for high treason. Karl Marx Karl Marx publishes publishes The The Eighteen Brumaire Eighteen Brumaire of Louis Bonaporteof Louis Bonaporte Interna
31、tional International Workingmens Workingmens Association foundedAssociation founded Marx publishes Marx publishes Das KapitelDas Kapitel Jenny Marx, Jenny Marx, Marxs eldest Marxs eldest daughter, died.daughter, died. 2 months later 2 months later Karl Marx died Karl Marx died in London.in London.18
32、491849185218521864-18671864-18671883188318技能教育WORKERSDEMOCRACY“Capitalism,likeprevioussocioeconomicsystems,wouldunavoidablyproduceinternaltensionswhichwouldleadtoitsdestruction.Justascapitalismreplacedfeudalism,Marxbelievedsocialismwould,initsturn,replacecapitalism,andleadtoastateless,classlesssocie
33、tycalledpurecommunism.Thiswouldemergeafteratransitionalperiodcalledthedictatorshipoftheproletariat:aperiodsometimesreferredtoastheworkersstateorworkersdemocracy“”19技能教育MARXISMVarious states around the globe have modeled Marxism as a base for their own politics and policies after Marxs death in 1883.
34、 In the 20th century the following countries had developed governments based on Marxs theories of economic and sociopolitical worldview:PeoplesRepublicofChinaAlbaniaCubaRussiaTheUSSRanditsrepublicsVenezuelaNicaraguaPolandEastGermanyAfghanistanNepalNorthKoreaEthiopiaGrenadaLaosRepublicofCongoAngolaYu
35、goslavia20技能教育REFERENCELISTMarxandEngels“The Communist Manifesito (Book)”NewYork:AppletonCentury-Crofts,1955Wikipedia,“Karl Marx” lastaccessed 02MAY2012Wolff,Jonathan,Karl Marx, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy” FirstpublishedTue26Aug2003;substantiverevisionMon14Jun2010.Karl Marx: Introductio
36、n to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right,in:Deutsch-FranzosischeJahrbucher,February1844Wheen,Francis.Marxs Das Kapital,(AtlanticBooks,2006)Norton,MaryBeth.“A People And A Nation A History Of The United States Volume One To 1877 Sixth Edition (Book).”Boston,NewYork:HoughtonMifflinCompany,200121技能教育
