高中英语 Unit2Sailing the oceans-Reading课件 新人教选修9

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1、ReadingThe four basic instruments for navigation: Sinan, Inch Astrolabe, Sextant and nautical map.Sinan, the ancient Chinese compass. It was invented by Zhang It was invented by Zhang HengHeng in the in the Han dynasty. It is made up of a Han dynasty. It is made up of a bronze foundation (bronze fou

2、ndation (青铜地盘青铜地盘青铜地盘青铜地盘) and ) and magnetic spoon(magnetic spoon(磁勺磁勺磁勺磁勺) which is made ) which is made of natural magnet, positioned right in of natural magnet, positioned right in the central of the foundation. the central of the foundation. The handle of the spoon points to the south, while th

3、e other side points to the north. When the Sinan is in the still, the handle of the spoon points to the south because of influence of the terrestrial magnetism (地磁地磁). It has 17 stars listed as well as a map of the sky overhead (for 37 degrees) and the ecliptic (黄道黄道). The time of day or night is on

4、 the outside edge with noon at the top of the Astrolabe and midnight at the bottom. It comes with a carrying chain, a pouch, and a book on its use. The reverse side has a sight for measuring the elevations of the heavenly bodies.astrolabeastrolabesextantThe sextantThe sextant is a navigational is a

5、navigational instrument for measuring the angle instrument for measuring the angle between the horizon and some object between the horizon and some object in the sky. First a sailor looks at the in the sky. First a sailor looks at the horizon through an eyepiece. At the horizon through an eyepiece.

6、At the same time he can see light from the same time he can see light from the sun or a star reflected off a small sun or a star reflected off a small mirror on top of the instrument, onto mirror on top of the instrument, onto a second mirror and into the a second mirror and into the eyepiece. eyepi

7、ece. The navigator can then see two images, The navigator can then see two images, the horizon and the sun side by side. He the horizon and the sun side by side. He can then measure the angle between can then measure the angle between them on a scale at the bottom of the them on a scale at the botto

8、m of the instrument. The scale goes from 0 to instrument. The scale goes from 0 to 120 degrees. An earlier instrument, 120 degrees. An earlier instrument, called a quadrant, measured in angle in called a quadrant, measured in angle in the same way but it could only measure the same way but it could

9、only measure angles from 0 to 90 degrees.angles from 0 to 90 degrees.nautical chartnautical chartNautical chartsNautical charts are maps of the depth are maps of the depth of the sea and the currents of the of the sea and the currents of the oceans. They provide modern sailors oceans. They provide m

10、odern sailors with routes through the seas, rather with routes through the seas, rather like roads through the countryside. like roads through the countryside. The information began to be The information began to be collected in the nineteenth century collected in the nineteenth century and has cont

11、inued to be updated ever and has continued to be updated ever since. These charts were not available since. These charts were not available to Captain Bligh or to Captain Bligh or ZhengZheng He. He.Discuss1. How do you think seamen found their 1. How do you think seamen found their way before modern

12、 accurate methods of way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?navigation were invented?Kept close to the shore, used nature such Kept close to the shore, used nature such as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them, and used some

13、 of the instruments them, and used some of the instruments including a compass, astrolabe, etc.including a compass, astrolabe, etc.2. Which do you think was easier to work out: latitude or longitude?Latitude, because it was used to measure how far you had traveled from land on a straight line. It wa

14、s discovered a long time before longitude.3. Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used?1) compass ( in ancient China)2) astrolabe3) sextant4) sea / nautical / marine chart4. Which ones do you think are still used 4. Which ones do you think are st

15、ill used today? today?Sea charts are still used today.Sea charts are still used today.1. Where do these materials come from?2. What did the early navigator use to help them navigate?3. What natural objects were used to assist the navigation?4. Is it easier to measure longitude or latitude? 5. Do the

16、 astrolabe, the quadrant and the sextant mean the same thing?Read and answer these questions.Comprehending1. Read the passage and answer the following questions.1)What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( ) What is the use of a compass? ( ) A. To set the course of the sh

17、ip B. To measure the position of the ship C. To measure the speed of the ship D. To tell the timeAB2) Why are speed and time important in 2) Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship?working out the longitude of a ship? Speed and time are important in finding Speed and

18、time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you know your direction, every hour. If you know your direction, speed and time, you can work out t

19、he speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.position in relation to the stars.3) Why is the position of the sun and various 3) Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for wor

20、king out latitude?stars useful for working out latitude? The position of the sun and stars are The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because useful for working out latitude because they are fixed points in the sky and their they are fixed points in the sky and their m

21、ovements in relation to the earth are movements in relation to the earth are already known. So they can be used to already known. So they can be used to measure a ships position.measure a ships position.2. Suppose you were a sea captain aiming 2. Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round A

22、frica. Discuss in groups:to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups:1) What skills would you seek in your 1) What skills would you seek in your sailors?sailors?2) What problems would you anticipate for 2) What problems would you anticipate for this journey?this journey?What would you do if : Plan of ac

23、tionYou were far from land and a storm arose.Wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position and return to your original course. 3. Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them.What would you do if :Plan of actionYou knew your latitude but didnt know your long

24、itude.Use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude.What would you do if :Plan of actionYou were blown offcourse.Use the compass and the astrolabe , quadrant or sextant to find out your position , return to your former course. What would you do if :Plan of actionYou were offsh

25、ore but you needed more food and water.Follow nesting birds to shore ;look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land. What would you do if :Plan of actionYou wanted to keep a straight course. Use a compass.What would you do if :Plan of actionYou were lost with no land in sight. M

26、easure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby.4. Read the passage again and 4. Read the passage again and use the information to analyze use the information to analyze the navigational skills.the navigational skills.Usin

27、g nature1. To find the ships position at sea a sailor 1. To find the ships position at sea a sailor used used the North Star and the sun.the North Star and the sun.2. A sailor knew that land was nearby if he 2. A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw _saw _ _._.3. Sailors used 3. Sailors used _

28、 _to increase their speed._to increase their speed. fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning home in the evening or foghome in the evening or fog sea currents or tides and sea currents or tides and windswinds4. There were two methods to find longitude:4. There we

29、re two methods to find longitude: 1)_ 1)_ 2)_ 2)_ Using instrumentsmeasuring time and speedmeasuring time and speedcompass and complicated mathematical compass and complicated mathematical tablestables5 Write down the working principles of the 5 Write down the working principles of the following ins

30、truments:following instruments: Bearing circle: Bearing circle: Astrolabe:Astrolabe: to compare the height to compare the height of the sun now with the of the sun now with the position of the sun at position of the sun at midday. midday. to compare the position to compare the position of the ship i

31、n relation to of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun some stars or the sun Quadrant:Quadrant: a more precise form of the astrolabe, a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above to measure how high stars are above the horizon, and compare that the horizon, and c

32、ompare that measurement with previous measurement with previous measurements (using the ship as one of measurements (using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position) the fixed points to find its position) Sextant: an updated version of the an updated version of the quadrant and so it

33、was more quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ships two mirrors to find the ships position). position). 5. Imagine you are on

34、 a boat with 5. Imagine you are on a boat with twentynine other people. You have a twentynine other people. You have a small box for your personal things small box for your personal things but it can only hole ten items. What but it can only hole ten items. What would you need for a weeks journey wo

35、uld you need for a weeks journey across the North Sea to England?across the North Sea to England?CategoryItemsClothesHygiene BeddingGamessoapblanketcards, chessshirt, trousersCategoryItemsShoesToolsMedicinesBooksknife, scissorssea-sick tablets, cold medicinenovels, essay collectionswaterproof bootsR

36、ead the passage (Reading) and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. An early method of calculating longitude was to use a knotted rope tied to a log.2. The astrolabe was the first instrument to measure the suns position.3. The quadrant was more precise and simplified t

37、han the astrolabe, but still had its shortcoming.TFT4. Up till now, the most accurate and reliable navigational instrument is the sextant. 5. The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are different kinds of navigational instruments and they have nothing to do with each other.F FType of writing and summary

38、 of SAILING THE OCEAN.TypeSAILING THE OCEANUsing nature to help:Using navigational instruments to help:expositionFinding longitude, Finding latitude Keeping alongside the coastline, using celestial bodies, using wildlife, using the weather, using the seaHomework1. Review this passage.2. Preview Learning about language.

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