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1、专题二十一概括主旨和要义专题二十一概括主旨和要义-2-考情概览主旨大意题要求考生概括出文章主旨、标题,或者文章中某一段落的大意或标题,主要考查考生对文章内容整体把握的能力,即考查考生的归纳总结能力。要回答好主旨大意题,考生必须有很强的概括能力或者归纳能力,要善于寻找能够概括全文的主题段落或者主题句,要分清主旨和细节。概括出来的中心意思一定要覆盖全文或者整个段落,绝对不可太笼统、离题太远或者以偏概全。阅读时要注意抓住文章开头的主题句,把握关键词和文章最后的结论。注意文章标题可以是完整的句子,可以是简洁的短语,也可以用问句的形式。-3-1.主旨归纳这种问题要求在把握好全文或某一段内容的基础上,对文
2、章或段落的主旨大意进行归纳。常用的命题方式有:Whatisthetextmainlyabout?(Nomorethan.words)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(Nomorethan.words)Whatadviceisgiveninthe.paragraph?(Nomorethan.words)在进行主旨归纳时,应该首先看一看文章首尾段是否对全文进行了归纳,如果是这样,我们通过归纳文章首尾段就能得到文章的主旨;如果上述情况不存在,我们就需要对全文进行归纳总结。在归纳文章主旨时,一定要注意紧扣能够体现文章主旨的关键词。常用的回答形式有:名词短语/动词-ing短
3、语;What/How/Whether+从句/to.;Why+名词性从句-4-【典例分析】2So,whenAshleywassixteen,shelaunchedherownwebsite,calledGooseHead.Shehadnoideahowbigasuccessitwouldbe,butthreeyearslater,thesitewasthemostsuccessfulteensiteintheUSA!Itwasgetting100,000hitseveryday,andAshleyhadabout30employees.WhatisthemainideaofParagraph2?
4、(Nomorethan6words)_AshleysGooseHeadwasabigsuccess.本段说的是Ashley创办网站,后面的叙述都是在说网站的成功,关键词是success,由此可得出答案。-5-2.标题归纳这种题型非常类似于阅读理解中的标题选择题,即要求考生在整体把握全文的基础上,用最简洁的语言归纳文章的标题。常用的命题方式有:Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?(Nomorethan.words)标题归纳和主旨归纳在本质上是一样的,因此一篇阅读表达不可能同时出现两种题型,其方法也跟主旨归纳相似,考生可以首先找一找句子的主题句,如果有主题句,可以对
5、主题句稍作加工;如果没有主题句,就需归纳全文。注意:在归纳文章标题时,一要注意扣准能够体现文章主旨的关键词,二要语言简洁,富有吸引力和特色。-6-A AB BC C1Eachspringbringsanewblossomofwildflowersintheditches(路沟)alongthehighwayItraveldailytowork.2Thereisoneparticularblueflowerthathasalwayscaughtmyeye.Ivenoticedthatitbloomsonlyinthemorninghours,fortheafternoonsunistoowarm
6、forit.Everydayforapproximatelytwoweeks,Iseethosebeautifulflowers.-7-A AB BC C3Thisspring,Istartedawildflowergardeninouryard.Icanlookoutofthekitchenwindowwhiledoingthedishesandseetheflowers.Iveoftenthoughtthatthoselovelyblueflowersfromtheditcheswouldlookgreatinthatbedalongsideotherwildflowers.Everyda
7、yIdrovepasttheflowersthinking,“Illstoponmywayhomeanddigthem.”“Gee,Idontwanttogetmygoodclothesdirty.”Whateverthereason,Ineverstoppedtodigthem.Myhusbandevengavemeafoldingshovel(铲子)oneyeartobeusedforthatexpressedpurpose.4Onedayonmywayhomefromwork,Iwassaddenedtoseethatthehighwaydepartmenthadmovedtheditc
8、hesandtheprettyblueflowersweregone.Ithoughttomyself,“Waytogo,youwaitedtoolong.Youshouldhavedoneitwhenyoufirstsawthembloomingthisspring.”-8-A AB BC C5Aweekagowewereshockedtoknowthatmyoldestsister-in-lawhasaterminalbraintumor(脑瘤晚期).Sheis20yearsolderthanmyhusbandandunfortunately,becauseofageanddistance
9、,wehaventbeenascloseasweallwouldhaveliked.6Icouldnthelpbutseetheconnectionbetweentheprettyblueflowersandtherelationshipbetweenmyhusbandssisterandus.IdobelievethatGodhasgivenussometimelefttoplantsomewonderfulmemoriesthatwillbloomeveryyearforus.7Andyes,ifIseetheblueflowersagain,youcanbetIllstopandtran
10、splantthemtomywildflowergarden.-9-A AB BC C1.Whatdidtheauthorseeeverymorningthisspring?(Nomorethan8words)2.Whydidnttheauthorcarrytheflowershomeatlast?(Nomorethan12words)3.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhentheflowersweregone?(Nomorethan5words)Shesawoneparticularblueflower.Theflowersweregonebecauseoftheconstruct
11、ionwork.Shefeltregretful/sorry/bad.-10-A AB BC C4.WhatdoestheunderlinedsentencemeaninParagraph6?(Nomorethan20words)5.Whatdoyoulearnfromthetext?(Nomorethan15words)Theauthorrealizedthatshewouldmeetherrelativesasoftenaspossibleandtreatthemkindly.(Open.)Weshouldgraspthechancetodowhatwewantto.-11-A AB BC
12、 CWherewouldanyofusbeifwewenttoschoolswherenocompetitionwasallowed?Howwouldweknowwhetherwehavetheabilitytobegoodatasportorotherthings?Howwouldweknowwhetherwearemakingtherighteffortorwhetherwearewastingourtime?Howwouldwelearntheconceptofimprovingourperformance?Howwouldweknowaboutsettingandmeetinggoal
13、s?Competitionservessomanypurposes.Competitionsetsmanypeopleontherightpathtowardsunderstandingwhatittakestowin.Competitioncantellastudentwhenmorework,moretimeorimprovedstudyingstrategiesareneededtocatchupwithotherstudentswhoachievehighergradesandbetterresultsfromtheirstudyprograms.-12-A AB BC CChildr
14、enlearnthroughcompetitionthatdesiresandhardworkmaynotbeenoughtowinrecognition,highergradesorrewards.Therearetimeswhenstudentsmustlearnthattheymaynotbeabletoexcel(突出)incertainsportsoracademicareas.Everyonecan,however,dotheirbesttosupporttheirteamsinotherways,eventhoughtheyarenotthestaroftheteam.Stude
15、ntswouldmoveontoareaswheretheyareshowingadvantagesandcanexcel.Competitionwillforcethemtostopputtingtheirtimeintotryingtomeetinappropriategoals.Unfaircompetitionexistssomewhere,butitcanteachstudentsabouttherealitiesoftheworldaheadofthem.Mostimportantly,theycangetthegoodlessonthatnoonecanescapebeingpu
16、nishedforcheatingorlyingincompetition.-13-A AB BC CItwouldbeimpossibletoeliminateallcompetitionfromachildsschoolexperience.Thereisnobenefittosendingayoungpersonintoaworldwithnolessonslearnedfromcompetition.-14-A AB BC C1.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?(Nomorethan8words)2.Howcancompetitionhelpstudentsach
17、ievehighergrades?(Nomorethan15words)3.Whatlessoncanstudentslearnfromunfaircompetition?(Nomorethan12words)Competitioninschoolisbeneficialtostudents.Bymakingstudentsknowwhenmorework,moretimeorimprovedstudyingstrategiesareneeded.Theywillbepunishediftheycheatorlieincompetition.-15-A AB BC C4.Whatsthemea
18、ningoftheunderlinedword“eliminate”inthelastparagraph?(Nomorethan3words)5.Inyouropinion,whatisthebenefitofcompetition?(Nomorethan25words)Remove./Getridof.Competitioncanhelpusknowouradvantagesanddisadvantagessothatwecansetpropergoals.-16-A AB BC CShehadtopackupherbedroominVirginiaBeach,whereshelivedwi
19、thhermother,twosistersandbrother.Shehadtosaygoodbyetohertwodogs,whousedtosleepinherbed,andtothebeach,whereshelovedtoridewavesonherboogieboard.Butitwastimetotaketheleap,howeverheartbreakingandawkwarditwouldbe.Evenat14,Douglasknewthat.Sooffshewentabout1,200milestoWestDesMoines,Iowa,totrainwithacoachfr
20、omChinaandlivewithawhitefamilyshehadnevermet.Whenshearrived,Douglasthoughtthatshemustbetheonlyblackpersoninthestate.Whenshewokeup,shealwayssaid,“Thisisntmybedset.WhereamI?”-17-A AB BC CLiangChow,whohadcoachedtheOlympicgoldmedalistShawnJohnson,transformedDouglasintooneofthebestgymnastsintheworld,help
21、ingherskyrocketfromanaveragememberofthenationalteamtothetopofthesport.Andacouplewithfouryoungdaughtersbecamehersecondfamily,nurturingherinIowawhileherrealfamilysupportedherfromafar.ThatmovealsowasimportantinDouglassmakinghistory.BywinningtheOlympicall-roundtitle,shebecamethefirstblackwomantodoso.She
22、alsobecamethefourthAmericanwomantowintheall-round,followingMaryLouRettonin1984,CarlyPatternsonin2004andNastiaLiukinin2008.-18-A AB BC CDouglaswon,scoring62.232points,andledthecompetitionfrombeginningtoend.ViktoriaKomova,whosobbedintohercoachschestwhenshelearnedshehadlost,wonthesilver,with61.973point
23、s.AliyaMustafina,the2010worldall-roundchampion,wonthebronzewith59.566points.TheotherAmericaninthecompetition,AlyRaismanfinishedfourthafterlosingatiebreaker(决胜局)toMustafina.Douglassaidshehadfeltconfidentallalongthatshewouldwin.“Itwasjustanamazingfeeling,”shesaid,giggling(咯咯笑).“Iwasjustlike,believe,do
24、ntfear,believe.”Aftersacrificing(牺牲)somuch,shehadnootherchoicebuttopushforward,shesaid.-19-A AB BC C1.WhydidDouglasleaveherhomeat14?(Nomorethan10words)2.HowdidshefeelwhenDouglasfirstarrivedatthenewhome?(Nomorethan5words)3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“skyrocket”inParagraph4mostprobablymean?(Nomorethan3w
25、ords)Becausesheneededtrainingtobeagymnast.Shefeltuneasy.Soar./Riserapidly./Increasesuddenly/greatly.-20-A AB BC C4.IsDouglasthefirstAmericanwomanwhowonall-round?Whydoyouthinkso?(Nomorethan15words)5.WhatdoyouthinkofDouglasfromthestory?Giveyourreasons.(Nomorethan20words)No,sheisnt.Sheisthefirstblackwomantodoso.Sheisstrong-minded.Aftershewonthegame,shesaid“Iwasjustlike,believe,dontfear,believe.”
