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1、English Academic Writing for Graduate Students东南大学外国语学院制作Unit OneAcademic Writing StyleUnit OneTounderstandthestyleandfeaturesofacademicdiscourses;Todistinguishbetweentheacademicstyleandthepersonalstyleofwriting;Torecognizevariouslevelsofformality;Touseappropriatewordsandsentencesinacademicwriting.L
2、earning ObjectivesUnit OneHowisacademicwritingdifferentfromotherformsofwriting?Whatisyourpurposeofinitiatinganacademicresearch?Whatarethekeycharacteristicsofacademicwriting?I. Warm-up Unit One1.Summarizethekeycharacteristicsofacademicwritinganddiscusswithapartneraboutwhythesefeaturesprevailinacademi
3、cwriting.II. Sample ReadingKey academic writing featuresReasons behindObjectivityComplexityFormalstructureReferencingThereadersneedevidence-basedfactsratherthanyourpersonalopinions.Academicwritingoftendiscussesdifficult,challengingideaswhichcanonlybeexpressedwithparticulargrammarandlanguage.Academic
4、writingshouldbeclear,conciseandstructured.Scientificdiscoveriesaremadebybuildingontheideasofotherpeople.Anotherreasonistoavoidplagiarism.Unit One2.Matchthefollowingwritingstrategieswiththepossiblefeaturesinthebox.II. Sample Rplexityc.formalstructured.referencing_1)areferencesystem_2)emptyintroductor
5、yphrases_3)agreateruseofcontentwords_4)passivevoice_5)cohesionandcoherence_6)relativeclauses_7)hedginglanguage_8)same-lengthParagraphs_9)nounphrasesdabacbacbUnit One3.Whichoftheitalicizedwordsineachsentencewouldbemoresuitableforanacademicpaper?Writedownthecorrectanswers.II. Sample Reading1.Thegovern
6、menthasmade good / considerableprogressinsolvingenvironmentalproblems.Thegovernmenthasmadeconsiderableprogressinsolvingenvironmentalproblems.2.Wegot / obtainedencouragingresults.Weobtainedencouragingresults.3.Theresultsofa lot of / numerousdifferentprojectshavebeen pretty good / encouraging.Theresul
7、tsofnumerousdifferentprojectshavebeen pretty good / encouraging.4.Alossofjobsisoneofthe things that will happen / consequences iftheprocessisautomated.Alossofjobsisoneofthe consequences iftheprocessisautomated.5.ThefutureofFederalfundingisup in the air/uncertain.ThefutureofFederalfundingisuncertain.
8、Unit OneA. Word ChoiceIII. Language FocusuAcademicvoicecanbewellexpressedbychoosingwords.uAdistinctivefeatureofacademicwritingstyleischoosingthemoreformalones.uTheEnglishlanguageoftenhastwoormorechoicestoexpressanactionoroccurrence.aphrasalverbvs.asingleverbLessformalstyle:Researcherslooked at thewa
9、ystrainbuilds up aroundafault.Academicstyle:Researchersobserved thewaystrainaccumulates aroundafault.Unit OneA. Word Choice1.Matchtheinformalphrasesinthefirstcolumnwiththeformalverbsinthesecondcolumn.Thenwritethenounformsoftheseformalverbsinthethirdcolumn.Thefirstoneisgivenasanexample.III. Language
10、FocusUnit One1.try to find out2.look at carefully3.go up and down4.set up5.get rid of 6.cut down7.help out8.go up9.look into10.make sure something is trueverify ( )examine ( )establish ( )increase ( )investigate ( )assist ( )discover ( )eliminate ( )reduce ( )fluctuate ( )verificationexaminationesta
11、blishmentincreaseinvestigationassistancediscoveryeliminatereductionfluctuationColumn1Column2Column310249875163Unit OneA. Word Choice2.Rewritethefollowingsentencestomakethemmoreformalbysubstitutingasingleverbforthephraseinitalics.III. Language Focus1.The implementation of computer-integrated-manufact
12、uring (CIM) has brought about some serious problems.2. The process should be done over until the desired results are achieved.3. Plans are being made to come up with a database containing detailed environmental information for the region.1.4. Subtle changes in the earths crust were picked up by thes
13、e new devices.5. Proposals to construct new nuclear reactors have met with great resistance from environmentalists.The implementation of computer-integrated-manufacturing (CIM) has created some serious problems.The process should be repeated until the desired results are achieved.Plans are being mad
14、e to devise/compile/create a database containing detailed environmental information for the region. Subtle changes in the earths crust were detected by these new devices.Proposals to construct new nuclear reactors have encountered great resistance from environmentalists.Unit OneB. Formal Grammar and
15、 StyleIII. Language FocusuSentencestructuresinacademicwritingaremorecomplex.uAcademicwritingshouldNOTbecomplicated.Itshouldberelativelyeasytofollow,writteninaclear,directstyle.uRecommendationsformaintainingaformalacademicwritingstyle.Avoid contractions.Exportfigureswont improveuntiltheeconomyisstron
16、ger.Exportfigureswill not improveuntiltheeconomyisstronger.Unit OneB. Formal Grammar and StyleIII. Language FocusUse the more appropriate formal negative forms.not.any nonot.much littlenot.manyfewTheanalysisdidnt yieldany newresults.-Theanalysisyieldedno newresults.Thegovernmentdidnt allocatemuch fu
17、ndingfortheprogram.-Thegovernmentallocatedlittle fundingfortheprogram.Thisproblemdoesnt havemany viablesolutions.-Thisproblemhasfew viablesolutions.Unit OneB. Formal Grammar and StyleIII. Language FocusLimit the use of run on expressions, such as and so forth“ and etc.Thesesemiconductorscanbeusedinr
18、obots,CDplayers,etc. Thesesemiconductorscanbeusedinrobots,CDplayers,and other electronic devices.Avoid addressing the reader as you.You canseetheresultsinTable1.-TheresultscanbeseeninTable1.Limit the use of direct questions.Whatcanbedonetolowercosts?Wenowneedtoconsiderwhatcanbedonetolowercosts,orWen
19、owneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.Unit OneB. Formal Grammar and StyleRewritethefollowingsentencestomakethemmoreformal.III. Language Focus1.Ifyoufailtheexam,youcantentertheuniversity._2.So,whydidthebridgecollapse?Thererealotofreasons._3.Youcanclearlyseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoprocesses._Apassi
20、nggradeontheexamisaprerequisiteforadmissiontotheuniversity.Therearemany/several/variousreasonsforthecollapseofthebridge/bridgescollapse.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoprocessesisclear.Unit OneB. Formal Grammar and StyleRewritethefollowingsentencestomakethemmoreformal.III. Language Focus4.Thesespecialta
21、xlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:Iowa,Illinois,Ohio,etc._5.Sofartherehasntbeenmuchresearchonhowconflictinfluencestheleveloftrustandrespectinagroup._Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates,includingIowa,IllinoisandOhio.Therehasbeenlittleresearchonhowconflictinfluencestheleveloftrustandrespectina
22、group.Unit OneC. Linking Words and FlowIII. Language FocusSentencesthataretooshortandpoorlyconnectedcanbeirritatingtoread.Linkingwordsandphrasescanhelpawritermaintainflowandestablishclearrelationshipsbetweenideas.Unit OneC. Linking Words and FlowIII. Language FocusA conjunction connects words, phras
23、es, or clauses. It indicates the relationship between the elements. These elements connect. We often find the following thing. In only one single sentence a conjunction contains one or more ideas. These ideas may be equal or unequal in importance. Ideas are equal, and we call them coordinate ideas.
24、For example, John studies electronics. Helen studies Computing. These two sentences can become a compound sentence. It shows the relationship between the two ideas. We want to maintain the equality of the ideas. We call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses. A conjunction connects words
25、, phrases, or clauses and can also indicate the relationship between the elements it connects. In only one single sentence we often find that it contains one or more ideas which may be equal or unequal in importance. When the ideas are equal, they are called coordinate ideas. These sentences may be
26、joined into a compound sentence that shows the relationship between the two ideas. When this is done in such a way that the equality of the ideas is maintained, we call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.Rewritethefollowingpassageintoatextwithaneasyflow.Unit OneA. Recognizing Differe
27、nt StylesThereareanumberofdifferentstylesofwritingthatyoumayencounterinthecourseofyourlife.Stylesmaybeformalorinformal,andwillusuallyvarytofittheaudienceandthemediumofpublication.However,thestylewill also affect how you read and interpret the document concerned.Understanding the writing style will h
28、elp you to put your writing intoperspective.IV. Academic Writing SkillsUnit OneA. Recognizing Different StylesReadthefollowingtextsandchoosefromtheboxtodecidewheretheycomefrom. IV. Academic Writing SkillsUnit OneA. Recognizing Different StylesReadthefollowingtextsandchoosefromtheboxtodecidewherethey
29、comefrom. 1.AtAT&BellLaboratoriesinfraredlasersarebeingusedtocapturelivemicrobes.Workinglikeopticaltweezers,thepressureofthelaserlighttrapsminuteobjectsinitsfocuspoint.Researchersareusingthedevicetomovearoundvirusesbacteria,andothercellstheyarestudyunderthemicroscope.Afterseveralhours,however,thefoc
30、uslightwillheatupthemicrobestoaboilingpoint._IV. Academic Writing SkillsSciencemagazineUnit OneA. Recognizing Different StylesReadthefollowingtextsandchoosefromtheboxtodecidewheretheycomefrom. 2.AllweaskisthatyouspendtwohoursofyourtimeattendingaBarrattSalespresentation.There,youlldiscoverthebenefits
31、oftimeshare.AtBarrattwecallitHolidayOwnershipbecausethatswhyitreallyis.Youllbeundernoobligationtopurchase,butwethinkyoumaybetempted._IV. Academic Writing SkillsAdvertisementUnit OneA. Recognizing Different StylesReadthefollowingtextsandchoosefromtheboxtodecidewheretheycomefrom. 3.TherewereonlytwoAme
32、ricansstoppingatthehotel.Theydidnotknowanyofthepeopletheypassedonthestairsontheirwaytoandfromtheirroom.Theirroomwasonthesecondfloorfacingthesea.Italsofacedthepublicgardenandthewarmonument.Therewerebigpalmsandgreenbenchesinthepublicgarden.Inthegoodweathertherewasalwaysanartistwithhiseasel.Artistslike
33、dthewaythepalmsgrewandthebrightcolorsofthehotelsfacingthegardensandthesea._IV. Academic Writing SkillsHemingwaysshortstory:CatintherainUnit OneA. Recognizing Different StylesReadthefollowingtextsandchoosefromtheboxtodecidewheretheycomefrom. 4.Althoughmanystudieshavealreadybeendone,morestudiesareneed
34、edtodeterminetheeffectsofmicrocomputer-assistedinstructioninvariousteachingsituations._IV. Academic Writing SkillsAresearchpaperUnit OneA. Recognizing Different StylesReadthefollowingtextsandchoosefromtheboxtodecidewheretheycomefrom. 5.Theparentsofaseven-year-oldAustralianboywoketofindagiantpythoncr
35、ushingandtryingtoswallowhim.TheincidentoccurredinCairns,Queenslandandtheboysmother,Mrs.Drydensaid:“itwaslikeahorrormovie.Itwasahotnight.Hesuddenlystartedscreaming.Werushedtothebedroomtofindahugesnaketryingtostranglehim.”Mrs.Drydenandherhusband,Peter,triedtostabthecreaturewithknives,butthepythonbitth
36、eboyseveraltimesbeforeescaping._IV. Academic Writing SkillsAnewspaperUnit OneB. Choosing Appropriate StylesAcademicswanttoensurethattheirworkisclearlyunderstood,andthereisnoroomforambiguity.Theyalsowanttojustifytheirpointofview.Theythereforesupporttheirwritingwithevidence,eitherfromtheirownwork,orth
37、atofothers.Thismeansthatacademictextsareusuallyprecise,reliable,formalandstructured.IV. Academic Writing SkillsChoosingAppropriateStylesChoosingAppropriateStylesUnit OneB. Choosing Appropriate Styles 1.Supposeyouaregoingtowriteanessayinclassforyourteachersassignments.Whichofthefollowingsentenceswoul
38、dyouliketouseforyourwriting?Thengiveyourreasons.IV. Academic Writing SkillsUnit OneIV. Academic Writing SkillsB. Choosing Appropriate Styles No.Y/NReason(s)foryourdecision12345678910Y YY YY YY YN NN NN NN NN NN NOralexpressionsPassivevoiceFirstsingularpersonused,oralpresentationPassivevoiceFirstsing
39、ularpersonusedLoosely-connectedsentenceVerbalphraseusedThisisfromanewspaperadvertisement:AnewtranslatingmachineStructuralcomplexityOthersopinionpresentedUnit OneB. Choosing Appropriate Styles 2.Readthefollowingparagraphbesidethepicture.Thenreviseandrewriteitinacademicstyle.IV. Academic Writing Skill
40、sWhyaretheresomanyjamsontheroadsthesedays?Onethingisthatpublictransportationliketrains,buses,etc.,issodear.Alongtimeagocarscostalot,butnow,unfortunately,theyvegotalotcheaper.Anotherthingisthatdrivingisalotnicerthanwaitingforabus.Thetroubleisthatifeveryonebuysacar,theroadsgetpacked.Unit OneB. Choosin
41、g Appropriate Styles A：Thereappeartobetwoprincipalreasonsforthegrowingtrafficcongestion.Firstly,publictransportationhasbecomeincreasinglyexpensiveinrelationtothefallingcostofdriving.Inaddition,carownershipismoreconvenientthanusingpublictransportation.Thesefactorstogetherresultinhighervehicledensity.
42、IV. Academic Writing SkillsUnit OneB. Choosing Appropriate Styles 3.Readanarticle/bookextractinyoursubjectareaandidentifyexamplestomatchthecharacteristicsofacademicwritinginthetable.Makealistofthesefindingsforfuturereference.IV. Academic Writing SkillsThanksSchoolofForeignLanguagesSoutheastUniversity 结束语若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！
