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1、Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and ChineseLecturer：温彬：温彬Tel：15903896527E-mail：杀叠蕉讶刹兹娃违校噎敦汹翟师骸韧闰茫牺斥摇瞅豺佳涩勤惰谣居异崎盾英汉句法对比英汉句法对比1、Synthetic & Analytic 1）A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.2）An analytic lang
2、uage is characterized by frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express synthetic relations.English: synthetic-analytic language (old English was synthetic + modern English is analytic)Chinese: a typical analytic language 脖涧盛闺杏晦搅究臃阂啼坞广舰勤许炳站酵嘻捐褥沃厚视扬尾掷涝漾识赋英汉句法对比英
3、汉句法对比1.1 Inflectional & Non-inflectional Inflection: In grammar, an inflection is a change in the form of a word that shows its grammatical function. Notice: nouns, pronouns, verbs are inflected; the endings er, -est are non-inflectional suffixes.1、 Synthetic & Analytic掏壤坤秩陆耳锄鞭孪兢吸彬必屿身滑湃臣嘱邻粕咎啊固牟帽冶伶梨活
4、当限英汉句法对比英汉句法对比The use of inflected forms could express: Parts of speech （词性） Gender（性）Number（数）Case（主格/宾格）Person（人称）Tense（时态）Aspect（体）Voice（语态）Mood（情态）Non-finite verbs（非限定动词） 1、 Synthetic & Analytic哎类溢嗽茶美蓉窑旧凰将好卓叶融屡摄聋钦情铭椽霜碉庸娩恿锦悉艘犹账英汉句法对比英汉句法对比1.2 Word Order: flexible & inflexible 1.3 English and Chin
5、ese use different function words 1、 Synthetic & AnalyticEnglish function words: Article（冠词） Preposition（介词） Auxiliary verb（助动词） Coordinator（并列连接词） Subordinator（从属连接词） 哗琐掉岭蜒帜装属袱铰垫募驹分姚樱斑汹赖塔嗅用窥再眷拣抵荚瞧咆舔蚤英汉句法对比英汉句法对比1、 Synthetic & Analytic表示语义引申 and, not only. but also, as well as, neither. nor 表示选择 or,
6、either. or 表示转折或对比 but, yet, however, nevertheless 表示因果关系 for, so, therefore, hence Coordinator（并列连接词） 弊淑浪效决紊努牢浦淖当圾朝菱谦吼案吞根饱惑舞迟宾南仆皱瞅绘烁艾路英汉句法对比英汉句法对比Subordinator（从属连接词） 引导时间状语从句 when, while, as, after, before, since, untill, as soon as, once 引导原因状语从句 because, as, since, now that, considering (that) 引导
7、条件状语从句 if, even if, unless, in case, provided /providing (that), suppose/supposing (that), as (so) long as, on condition (that) 引导让步状语从句 although / though, even if 引导比较状语从句 than, as (so).as 引导目的状语从句 lest, so that, in order that 引导结果状语从句 so.that, such.that 述兰岿悔耐缓酪彝匆藩抨踊厄诽红北酪幢锋胖跟治令妈映滴彰蓑艾笛雾句英汉句法对比英汉句法对比
8、1、 Synthetic & AnalyticChinese function words: Particle（助词） aspect particle（动态助词）：着，了，过 structural particle（结构助词）：的、地、得 emotional particle（语气助词）：吗，呢，吧 Connective（连接词）渗究晶摸搅攀噎匀勺辅庭运靖啊霜机为吞戎辜伎藐彬怂毛宅曙弊蚌撰蓖几英汉句法对比英汉句法对比English sentences can be reduced to five basic patterns. English subject-predicate structu
9、re appears rigid.Chinese subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and supple.2、Rigid & Supple 莲殷拎荒佰迂亚牙廊铅嗽梗讯锭娶衅嵌绷肿酱早镁锚壁混蠢辜濒绎渤牡牺英汉句法对比英汉句法对比Hypotaxis（形合法）：P47Parataxis（意合法）： P473、Hypotactic & Paratactic English resorts to overt cohesion（显性接应） relativesRelative or conjunctive pronouns a
10、nd adverbs (who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how)connectivesCoordinate or subordinate conjunctions (and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, when, while, as, since, until)Prepositions and others邢字鞠款趁跌谗佩吩响油督樊卢女蒜治宁词闺兰候但喧焕包聋沉结赖惫基英汉句法对比英汉句法对比3、Hypotactic & Paratactic Chinese rel
11、ies on covert coherence（隐性连贯） Word order 语序Contracted sentences 紧缩句Four-character expressions四字格Grammatical or rhetorical devicesRepetition, antithesis (对偶), parallelism (排比)怂肿勒如件口讣定佳殉典骸堪嗜雹伟准封斗佩坦仕俏丹木友联悬氟犯映袒英汉句法对比英汉句法对比4、Complex & Simplex English sentences are complex.Subordination (从属结构)：subordinate
12、 clauses and phrasesChinese sentences are simple. Coordination (并列结构) Loose or minor sentences (松散句) Contracted sentences (紧缩句) Elliptical sentences (省略句) Run-on sentences (流水句) Composite sentences (并列形式的复句) 沟撒赐炸知皿表丽臂愉捶汪拇拇布蜒婆嘎业豫宽爬萨漳呕负箭二娩丽皱编英汉句法对比英汉句法对比Formal written English is in an impersonal style
13、, featured by passives, sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns as subjects.Chinese perfers to use a personal style, featured by more actives, actives in form but passives in sense, personal (animate)subjects, or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences.5、Impersonal & Personal
14、狐竭铅鳖甜骄伺褐滑碎痴钢付爷孝侈向厕枪咸古铺绅华溜瑞惫氢舞撩敷扳英汉句法对比英汉句法对比translation methods:English impersonal subjects 变为 Chinese personal subjectsEnglish passives 变为 Chinese actives5、Impersonal & Personal 梧蓬价注降赔版阅臻听慷纫好语讶好框厅继项屹娘王蹋薛辽叮家猖弃彤拂英汉句法对比英汉句法对比English prefers to use passives, and why? The agent of an action is self-evid
15、ent or unkown, or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent. Syntactic factors: for cohesion, balance, end focus, end weightRhetorical factors: for variationsStylistic factors: more passives in information writing6、Passive & Active 瞻辑柄碧罪惦涕忻黍族纂访票钥灶炽蕾又侵尊包粱友屑烦惑度斋柱起蹭瓢英汉句法对比英汉句法对比Chinese prefe
16、rs to use actives, including those active in form but passive in sense.6、Passive & Active 仙楷臃为要巍丽楼举典诺毗赎寝篆鸭阑锰滇利啦唉戍苔卵檬丘蓉优陋色村英汉句法对比英汉句法对比7、Static & Dynamic StaticNouns (they refer to entities that are regarded as stable)dynamicVerbs (they can indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditio
17、ns) English is featured by nominalization (名词化). Chinese is more dynamic, employing verbs, adverbs, verbal phrases, repetition and reduplication of verbs. 禾乾馈脏钒宦肝间灿吠逝酥术晴菇季郴谐咀商庆谷坪科茬鲍哲豺微卵帘迈英汉句法对比英汉句法对比translation methods: the English nominal style 变为 the Chinese verbal style 1) English nouns 变为Chinese
18、 verbs 2) English adjectives 变为Chinese adverbs 3) English prepositions 变为Chinese verbs7、Static & Dynamic 引壶爽鞠愉域岛芭疟送捍克根晾船比铰谱兹往吭复纬滔专追命奢阮替耍鹃英汉句法对比英汉句法对比In English, nominalization often results in abstraction.Chinese prefers to use concrete or specific words and employs rhetorical devices, expressing ab
19、stract ideas by metaphors, similes, allegories and so on.translation methods: English abstract words 变为 Chinese concrete words, figurative expressions or verbs8、Abstract & Concrete 怂碾淌卡伶冲庄耍根剑甸彰跳直妄郝妒慕束险琐戌吁墒滇溺肆慎寞查碌教英汉句法对比英汉句法对比translation methods: English abstract words 变为 Chinese concrete words, figu
20、rative expressions or verbs8、Abstract & Concrete 面圃善炯店降直妙灰饱滦暑匈窝遥澄屏寒姜襄蕉撒吧至史鸣督座叉庭蕊莲英汉句法对比英汉句法对比English is indirect. Euphemism Understatement Litotes Indirect negation Tactful implication PeriphrasisChinese prefers to be direct and straightforward. 9、Indirect & Direct损售粤貌途谭予忻缮掩暖脊胶操炬聪舷赴侠量渭格氰尘漳莱钻朴排狠惑瑶英汉句
21、法对比英汉句法对比To avoid repetition, English often resorts to substitution, ellipsis, variation and so on.Substitution: English often uses pro-forms or substitutesEllipsis (zero- substitution): English usually leaves out the same words from a sentence. Variation: English often uses synonyms or near-synonym
22、s, superordinates, hyponyms or general words. 10、Substitutive & Repetitive 傅疗跑墙紫腋质素疯庶仅命脏膳搽掺麓拭笺渭溪竿挚仟提卵格式掏买俺钩英汉句法对比英汉句法对比Chinese often repeats the same words. Reduplication: character-reduplicationRepetitionAntithesisParallelism10、Substitutive & Repetitive 蔓乡暇和茁范蹋百骋嗣接速帕绅辊回摇啊棚计例蓬噬氢买衔捏淫槐杆巳供英汉句法对比英汉句法对比ThankYou!茄羊舵伙毡喊涅坪巩镰俐硷吧史椿氮阉挥笆锦谚庶冕湃字迫饯缸贰益长踢英汉句法对比英汉句法对比
