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1、THE INFINITIVE(Senior Grammar)1.不定式的形式不定式的形式不定式通常由不定式符号不定式通常由不定式符号 “to +动词原形动词原形”构成，构成，比如动词比如动词 write 的不定式的不定式就是就是 to write。不定式也有。不定式也有时态和语态。例如时态和语态。例如: 时态时态语态语态 一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式主动主动to doto be doingto have done被动被动to be doneto have been doneeg.I have a lot of work to do.eg.She has no need to be wo
2、rrying.eg.He is said to have left Shanghai.eg.The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic.2.不定式的时态:3.不定式的语态：The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.They were all waiting for the gate to be opened.He is sure to have been taught by a good musician.Im sor
3、ry for the article not to have been finished in time.不定式常常带有自己的宾语，不定式常常带有自己的宾语，宾语宾语+宾语补足语或状语，带有宾语补足语或状语，带有这些成分的不定式统称为这些成分的不定式统称为“不不定式结构定式结构”。3.不定式结构不定式结构eg.He began to study Russian.eg.He wanted to send me a gift.eg.He began to feel sad.It continued to rain heavily.He decided to live in the countrys
4、ide.4.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加不定式符号之前加 not, never 等否定词。等否定词。We decided not to buy the house.She wished never to see them again.She was told not to be worrying any more.I understand him not to have left here. 5.不定式结构的句法功能不定式结构的句法功能不定式结构在句中可以作主不定式结构在句中可以作主语，宾语，补语，表语，定语，宾语，补语，表语
5、，定语和状语。语和状语。As the subject:eg.To give good service is our duty.eg.To clean the room once a week is necessary.eg.To develop agriculture is very important.eg.To meet you is a great pleasure.不定式作主语通常的用法是不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上放个在主语的位置上放个“it”, 而把作主语的不定式结构后而把作主语的不定式结构后置。因此，以上四个句子可置。因此，以上四个句子可以分别改为：以分别改为：It i
6、s our duty to give good service.It is necessary to clean the room once a week.It is very important to develop agriculture.It is a great pleasure to meet you.As the predictive:不定式作表语有两种情况不定式作表语有两种情况:主语和表语都是不定式主语和表语都是不定式eg.To protect forests is to keep natural balance.eg. To promise too much is to pro
7、mise nothing.主语通常是由主语通常是由hope, idea, job, plan, mistake, suggestion, wish, work等词充当等词充当.eg.The poor girls wish was to buy a pair of warm shoes.eg.His suggestion was to make a fire.eg.What he would say was to call a meeting.As the object:能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,常见的有 agree, ask, beg, begin, decide, expect, forg
8、et, hate, hope, learn, like, mean, offer, plan, prefer, refuse, promise, remember, try, want, wish等.eg.They decided to move to Shanghai immediately.eg.She prefered to live in the countryside.eg.I have forgotten to bring my umbrella.eg.The children begged to come with us.eg. It means that every athle
9、tes should try to run faster.如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有宾补, 就得用 “it” 作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到宾补的后面。eg.Quite a lot of students find it difficult to master English.eg.Do you think it possible for him to complete his studies in two years time?作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。eg.Have you decided when to go?eg.The little girl forgot what
10、 to say.eg.I dont know which to choose.这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。eg.He asked me how to pronounce the word.eg.He didnt tell me what to do next.eg.We showed them how to repair the car.eg.He promised me to get a doctor for my daughter.As the object complement:在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中，不定式结构可作宾语补语。eg.She told me to get up ear
11、ly.eg.Id love them to come tonight.eg.We think him to be an outstanding scientist.eg.I advised him to see a doctor immediately.在 feel, hear, see, listen to, notice, watch, let, make, have 等动词之后，不定式通常不带 to。 eg.I saw a boy climb over the fence.eg.We all felt the house shake.eg.I wont let you go alone.
12、eg.We will have Tom help group A.但若这些动词用于被动语态，其后的不定式就需要带 “to”.eg.A boy was seen to climb to his mother.eg.The clock was heard to strike twelve.eg.He worked hard to catch up with his class mates.As the adverbial不定式作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等意义。a.表示目的eg.He went home to see his brother.eg.To study the political s
13、ituation in Russia, Marx began to learn Russian at the age of fifty.为了加强语势，不定式结构还可以用 in order to /so as to 来引导。eg.The old man put on his glasses in order to /so as to see the object more clearly.eg.In order to get the money for higher education, he did a lot of odd jobs.b.表示结果不定式结构表示结果常用于下列形式：eg.He
14、is so careless as to get everything out of order.eg.He is such a fool as to think that everybody else is afraid of him.eg.Its too late for us to go home.eg.She was too tired to work on.此外，还可以在句尾用(only) to表示一种出乎预料的（通常是不愉快的）结果。eg.I hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.eg.He got
15、to the airport (only) to be told that the flight was cancelled.c.表示原因eg.He was sad to hear the news.eg.She seemed surprised to meet us.eg.Im sorry to have made the mistake.eg.Im glad for you to have finished the work so soon.ExercisesRewrite the sentences, using the infinitive:Model:You are very kin
16、d to me. You have done me a great favour.Its very kind of you to have done me a great favour.1.I was sorry when I heard that.2.He wanted to become a physicist. That was his wish.3.They hurried to the station.They wanted to catch the first train for Nanjing.4.The boy was very young. He couldnt unders
17、tand all this.5.The temperature is not high enough. It cant melt the metal.6.Would you open the window? I want to let in some fresh air.7.He was nervous. He dared not speak to such a large audience.8.The first guest who arrived was Uncle Tom.9.Is there anything urgent that I should do this afternoon
18、?10.All of us were delighted when we heard of the good news.11.A child must have a ten-hour sleep a day. It is very important.12.We were told that we must hand in our compositions by the weekend.13.We cant finish the work in a weeks time. It is impossible.Translate the following sentences into Engli
19、sh:1河太宽了，我们游不过去。2你必须记住给我母亲打电话。3是我们准备考试的时候了。4今天你有要洗的衣服吗？5那个贼跑得太快，没有被捉住。6你有必要亲自处理这件事吗？7天气太冷，孩子们不能去游泳。8他没有料到能在比赛中得了第一名。9我不想让你整天为孩子们的教育发愁。10他赶到电影院，不料票卖光了。11他讨厌人们拿他取笑。12我希望得到另一次机会。13他们不让参观者拍摄展品的照片。14没有必要由你一个人解决这个问题。15玛丽不喜欢人们奉承她。The Answers to the Exercises1.I was sorry to hear that.2.His wish was to beco
20、me a physicist.3.They hurried to the station to catch the first train for Nanjing.4.The boy was too young to understand all this.5.The temperature is not high enough for the metal to be melted6.Would you open the window to let in some fresh air?7.He was too nervous to speak to such a large audience.
21、8.The first guest to arrive was Uncle Tom.9.Is there anything urgent for me to do this afternoon?10.All of us were delighted to hear of the news.11.Its very important for a child to have a ten-hour sleep a day.12.We were told to hand in our compositions by the weekend.13.It is impossible for us to f
22、inish the work in a weeks time.1.The river is too wide for us to swim across.2.You must remember to phone my mother.3.It is time to prepare for the exam.4.Have you any clothes to be washed today?5.The thief ran away too fast to be caught.6.Is it necessary for you to deal with the problem yourself?7.
23、The weather is too cold for the children to go swimming.8.He didnt expect to have come out first in the contest.9.I dont want you to be constantly worrying about your childrens education.10.I hurried to the cinema only to find that the ticket had been sold out.11.He hates people to make fun of him.1
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