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1、According to Office Party of mass line education practice activities led group of unified arrangements, units main led to for cadres workers Shang a times party lecture, due to himself level limited, only put this stage concentrated learning of experience today and everyone common with learning exch
2、ange, purpose is let we further deep understanding mass line of connotation, insisted party of mass line, do masses work, followi ng main from four a aspects told: a, and full awareness party of mass line education practice activities of major meaning Partys 18 major distinct proposed o focus on the
3、 partys advanced nature and purity, in the party, with pragmatic and clean for the people as the main content of the partys mass line and educational practice. This is comrade XI Jinping as party General Secretary and adhere to strictly administering the party, strengthen the partys major decision i
4、s in line with the public expectations and strengthening the construction of learning-oriented service innovati on of Marxist partys major deployment, is the important measure to advance the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. F irst, carry out the partys mass line in education pr
5、actice, was carrying 18 of the party spirit, summon a powerful force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation the Chinese dream of urgent needs. Partys 18 to promote strategic deployment to building socialism with Chi nese chara cteristics, presents two 100-year goal, namely, by 20
6、20 Chinas gross domestic product and per capita income of urban and rural residents in 2010 on the basis of double complete the building of a well-off society; the middle of this century into a prosperous, democratic, civilized and harmonious Socialist modern country, and on this basis, the Chinese
7、dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chi nese nation. 18 Congress of the party, Comrade XI Jinping repeatedly expounded the Chinese dream. The ba sic connotation of the Chi nese dream, is the national prosperity, national revitalization, the happiness of the people, China important to fo
8、llow is to keep Chi na Road, carry forward the spirit and cohesion stre ngth of China, dream dreams of the peopleof China, but determined confidence , enhance self-awarene ss, achieve self-reliance, to build a stronger China, civilization, harmony, beauty, Chi na, China, China. Strategic conception
9、of China was 18 the spirit of the enrichme nt and development of the party, conscientiously study the Chinese dream, leading people t o hard to realize the Chi nese dream, mass education activities in depth the fundamental starting point and endi ng point. Strengthen the education of the partys mass
10、 line, helps to train the collective consciousness of the unity of the party and the people, playing the Chinese dream ideologi cal bases. Comrade Mao Zedong stressed that parties should hav e common language socialist countries must have unity of will. History hasproved that a people and a nation,
11、if it does not have its own spiritual pillar, there is no unity of spiritual support, it means that no soul, will lose cohesion and vitality. Figuratively speaking, a sack of potatoes, qua ntity cannot be too a team, form a joint force; only like granite, so closely United to form invincible, no dif
12、ficult means of strength. National rejuvenation of Chinese dream, not only embodies the common interests and pursuits, and covers a variety of groups and classe s, ha s a wide applicability and inclusive, with a strong integrating force and lead the force. She embodies the aspirations of several gen
13、erations of Chinese, reflecting today . Into sex and purity, a nd the inevitable requirement of constantly improving the partys governing capacity. Strengthening the construction of the advance d nature and purit y, the core probl em is always maintaining the partys flesh-and-blood ties with the mas
14、ses, so that our party will always be the most whol ehearted support of the masses. Must take the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the peopl e as the party all the starting point and ending point, t he party has always bee n a common fate with the masses, this is the magic weapo
15、n for our party to always maintain the adva nced nature and purity. Strengthening the constructi on of partys advanced nature and purity and enha nci ng the partys ruling ability will eventually be implemented to realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority o
16、f the people. All the work merits this is a measure of the partys fundamental standards, is a measure of the partys advanced nature and purity standards. Believe who, dependi ng on who, who, standing on the position of the overwhelming majority of the people are always, always realize, safeguard and
17、 develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, it is a touchstone of the Marxist party of judgement, is also sign of Marxist party is different from other political parties. Marxist political party has a clear political position an d historical mission: for the intere
18、sts of the vast majority of people, committed to the fundamental interests of the overwhelmingmajority of the people. From the day of the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, always adhere to basic princi ples of historical materialism, for the interests of the most people as their goal, al
19、ways serving as its fundamental pur pose and values. Fully trust the masses, closely rely on the masses maintain flesh -and-blood ties with the masses is always the source of our party full of vigor and vitality, is always the most determined in t he development of our party and our country. Consci
20、entiously acce pt supervision by the masses, pay attention to listen to the masses assessment, which itself was the partys advanced nature and purity into practical action to realize the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. At present, the party committees and leading ca
21、dres and the Government generally value the close rel ations with the masses, do a lot of productive work, but there are still some化学总复习资料基本概念：1、化学变化 ：生成了其它物质的变化2、物理变化 ：没有生成其它物质的变化3、物理性质 ：不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质(如:颜色、状态、密度、气味、熔点、沸点、硬度、水溶性等) 4、化学性质 ：物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质(如:可燃性、助燃性、氧化性、还原性、酸碱性、稳定性等) 5、纯净物 ：由一种物质组
22、成6、混合物 ：由两种或两种以上纯净物组成,各物质都保持原来的性质7、元素 ：具有相同核电荷数(即质子数 )的一类原子的总称8、原子 ：是在化学变化中的最小粒子，在化学变化中不可再分9、分子 ：是保持物质化学性质的最小粒子，在化学变化中可以再分10、单质 ：由同种元素组成的纯净物11、化合物 ：由不同种元素组成的纯净物12、氧化物 ：由两种元素组成的化合物中,其中有一种元素是氧元素13、化学式 ：用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子14、相对原子质量 ：以一种碳原子的质量的 1/12作为标准 ,其它原子的质量跟它比较所得的值某原子的相对原子质量= 相对原子质量 质子数+ 中子数(因为原子的质量主要集
23、中在原子核) 15、相对分子质量：化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和16、离子 ：带有电荷的原子或原子团17、原子的结构：原子、离子的关系：注：在离子里，核电荷数= 质子数核外电子数18、四种化学反应基本类型：化合反应：由两种或两种以上物质生成一种物质的反应如：A + B = AB分解反应：由一种物质生成两种或两种以上其它物质的反应如：AB = A + B置换反应：由一种单质和一种化合物起反应，生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应如：A + BC = AC + B 复分解反应：由两种化合物相互交换成分，生成另外两种化合物的反应如：AB + CD = AD + CB19、还原反应： 在反应中，含氧
24、化合物的氧被夺去的反应(不属于化学的基本反应类型) 氧化反应 ：物质跟氧发生的化学反应(不属于化学的基本反应类型) 缓慢氧化 ：进行得很慢的,甚至不容易察觉的氧化反应自燃 ：由缓慢氧化而引起的自发燃烧20、催化剂 ：在化学变化里能改变 其它物质的 化学反应速率,而本身的质量和化学性在化学变化前后都没有变化的物质（注：2H2O2 = 2H2O + O2 此反应 MnO2是催化剂）21、质量守恒定律：参加化学反应的各物质的质量总和，等于反应后生成物质的质量总和。（反应的前后，原子的数目、种类、质量都不变；元素的种类也不变）22、溶液 ：一种或几种物质分散到另一种物质里，形成均一的、稳定的混合物溶液
25、的组成 ：溶剂和溶质。 （溶质可以是固体、液体或气体；固、气溶于液体时，固、气是溶质，液体是溶剂；两种液体互相溶解时，量多的一种是溶剂， 量少的是溶质；当溶液中有水存在时，不论水的量有多少，我们习惯上都把水当成溶剂，其它为溶质。）23、固体溶解度 ：在一定温度下，某固态物质在100 克溶剂里达到饱和状态时所溶解的质量，就叫做这种物质在这种溶剂里的溶解度24、酸：电离时生成的阳离子全部都是氢离子的化合物如： HCl=H+ + Cl - HNO3=H+ + NO3-H2SO4=2H+ + SO42-碱：电离时生成的阴离子全部都是氢氧根离子的化合物如： KOH=K+ + OH - NaOH=Na+
26、+ OH -Ba(OH)2=Ba2+ + 2OH -盐：电离时生成金属离子和酸根离子的化合物如： KNO3=K+ + NO3- Na2SO4=2Na+ + SO42-BaCl2=Ba2+ + 2Cl -25、酸性氧化物 （属于非金属氧化物） ：凡能跟碱起反应，生成盐和水的氧化物碱性氧化物 （属于金属氧化物） ：凡能跟酸起反应，生成盐和水的氧化物26、结晶水合物 ：含有结晶水的物质（如：Na2CO3.10H2O、CuSO4. 5H2O）27、潮解 ：某物质能吸收空气里的水分而变潮的现象风化 ：结晶水合物在常温下放在干燥的空气里，能逐渐失去结晶水而成为粉末的现象28、燃烧 ：可燃物跟氧气发生的一种
27、发光发热的剧烈的氧化反应燃烧的条件 ：可燃物；氧气(或空气 )；可燃物的温度要达到着火点。基本知识、理论：1、空气的成分：氮气占78%, 氧气占 21%, 稀有气体占0.94%, 区别：有没有新的物质生成区别：看化学式是不是只有一种元素符号如： O2是单质， CO2是化合物MnO2风化是化学变化，潮解是物理变化区别：在化学变化中,是否可以再分（单位为 “ 1” ,省略不写）三者的关系：缓慢氧化会引起自燃，两者都是氧化反应原子核原子核外电子（）中子（ 0）质子（ +）注：在原子里， 核电荷数 =质子数 =核外电子数阳离子阴离子原子得 e 失 e 失 e 得 e 精选学习资料 - - - - -
28、- - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页According to Office Party of mass line education practice activities led group of unified arrangements, units main led to for cadres workers Shang a times party lecture, due to himself level limited, only put this stage concentrated learning of experience today
29、 and everyone common with learning exchange, purpose is let we further deep understanding mass line of connotation, insisted party of mass line, do masses work, followi ng main from four a aspects told: a, and full awareness party of mass line education practice activities of major meaning Partys 18
30、 major distinct proposed to focus on the partys advanced nature and purity, in the party, with pragmatic and clean for the people as the main content of the partys mass line and educational practice. This is comrade XI Jinping as party General Secretary and adhere to strictly administering the party
31、, strengthen the partys major decision is in line with the public expectations and strengthening the construction of learning-oriented service innovati on of Marxist partys major deployment, is the important measure to advance the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. F irst, carry
32、out the partys mass line in education practice, was carrying 18 of the party spirit, summon a powerful force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation the Chinese dream of urgent needs. Partys 18 to promote strategic deployment to building socialism with Chi nese chara cteristics, p
33、resents two 100 -year goal, namely, by 2020 Chinas gross domestic product and per capita income of urban and rural residents in 2010 on the basis of double complete the building of a well-off society; the middle of this century into a prosperous, democratic, civilized and harmonious Socialist modern
34、 country, and on this basis, the Chinese dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chi nese nation. 18 Congress of the party, Comrade XI Jinping repeatedly expounded the Chinese dream. The ba sic connotation of the Chi nese dream, is the national prosperity, national revitalization, the happi
35、ness of the people, China important to follow is to keep Chi na Road, carry forward the spirit and cohesion stre ngth of China, dream dreams of the peopleof China, but determined confidence , enhance self-awarene ss, achieve self-reliance, to build a stronger China, civilization, harmony, beauty, Ch
36、i na, China, China. Strategic conception of China was 18 the spirit of the enrichme nt and development of the party, conscientiously study the Chinese dream, leading people t o hard to realize the Chi nese dream, mass education activities in depth the fundamental starting point and endi ng point. St
37、rengthen the education of the partys mass line, helps to train the collective consciousness of the unity of the party and the people, playing the Chinese dream ideologi cal bases. Comrade Mao Zedong stressed that parties should have common language socialist countries must have unity of will. Histor
38、y hasproved that a people and a nation, if it does not have its own spiritual pillar, there is no unity of spiritual support, it means that no soul, will lose cohesion and vitality. Figuratively speaking, a sack of potatoes, quantity cannot be too a team, form a joint force; only like granite, so cl
39、osely United to form invincible, no difficult means of strength. National rejuvenation of Chinese dream, not only embodies the common interests and pursuits, and covers a variety of groups and classes, has a wide appli cability and i nclusive, with a strong integrating force and lead the force. She
40、embodies the aspirations of several generations of Chinese, reflecting today . Into sex and purity, and the inevitable requirement of constantly improving the partys governing capacity. Stre ngthening the construction of the advance d nat ure and purity, the core probl em is always maintaining the p
41、artys flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, so that our party will always be the most wholehearted support of the masses. Must take the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the party all the starting point and endi ng point, the party has always bee n a common fate wit
42、h the masses, this is the magic weapon for our party to always maintain the advanced nature and purity. Strengthening the construction of partys advanced nature and purity and enhancing the partys ruling ability will eventually be implemented to realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interes
43、ts of the overwhelming majority of the people. All the work merits this is a measure of the partys fundamental standards, is a measure of the partys advanced nature and purity standards. Believe who, depending on w ho, who, sta ndi ng on the position of the overwhelming majority of the people are al
44、ways, always realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, it is a touchstone of the Marxist party of judgement, is also sign of Marxist party is different from other political parties. Marxist political party has a clear political position and
45、historical mission: for the interests of the vast majority of people, committed to the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. From the day of the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, always adhere to basic princi ples of historical materialism, for the interests o
46、f the most people as their goal, always serving as its fundamental pur pose and values. Fully trust the masses, closely rely on the masses maintain flesh -and-blood ties with the masses is always the source of our party full of vigor and vitality, is always the most determined in t he development of
47、 our party and our country. Consci entiously acce pt supervision by the masses, pay attention to listen to the masses assessment, which itself was the partys advanced nature and purity into practical action to realize the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. At present,
48、the party committees and leading cadres and the Government generally value the close rel ations with the masses, do a lot of productive work, but there are still some2 氢(H) 氦(He) 锂(Li) 铍(Be) 硼(B) 碳(C) 氮(N) 氧(O) 氟(F) 氖(Ne) 钠(Na) 镁(Mg) 铝(Al) 硅(Si) 磷(P) 硫(S) 氯(Cl) 氩(Ar) 钾(K) 钙(Ca) +二氧化碳占0.03%,其它气体与杂质占0
49、.03% 2、主要的空气污染物：NO2 、CO、SO2、H2S、NO 等物质3、其它常见气体的化学式：NH3（氨气） 、CO（一氧化碳） 、CO2（二氧化碳） 、CH4（甲烷） 、SO2（二氧化硫） 、SO3（三氧化硫）、NO（一氧化氮） 、NO2（二氧化氮） 、 H2S（硫化氢）、HCl （氯化氢）4、常见的酸根或离子：SO42-(硫酸根 )、NO3-(硝酸根 )、CO32-(碳酸根 )、ClO3-(氯酸 )、MnO4-(高锰酸根 )、MnO42-(锰酸根 )、PO43-(磷酸根 )、Cl-(氯离子 )、HCO3-(碳酸氢根 )、HSO4-(硫酸氢根 )、HPO42-(磷酸氢根 )、H2PO
50、4-(磷酸二氢根 )、OH-(氢氧根 )、HS-(硫氢根 )、S2-(硫离子 )、NH4+(铵根或铵离子)、K+(钾离子 )、Ca2+(钙离子 )、Na+(钠离子 )、Mg2+(镁离子 )、Al3+(铝离子 )、Zn2+(锌离子 )、Fe2+(亚铁离子 )、Fe3+(铁离子 )、Cu2+(铜离子 )、Ag+(银离子 )、Ba2+(钡离子 ) 各元素或原子团的化合价与上面离子的电荷数相对应：课本P80一价钾钠氢和银，二价钙镁钡和锌；一二铜汞二三铁，三价铝来四价硅。（氧-2，氯化物中的氯为 -1，氟-1，溴为-1）（单质中，元素的化合价为0 ；在化合物里，各元素的化合价的代数和为0）5、化学式和化
51、合价：（1）化学式的意义：宏观意义： a. 表示一种物质；b. 表示该物质的元素组成；微观意义：a. 表示该物质的一个分子；b. 表示该物质的分子构成；量的意义：a. 表示物质的一个分子中各原子个数比；b. 表示组成物质的各元素质量比。（2）单质化学式的读写直接用元素符号表示的：a. 金属单质。如：钾K 铜 Cu 银 Ag 等；b. 固态非金属。如：碳C 硫 S 磷 P 等c. 稀有气体。如：氦( 气)He 氖( 气)Ne 氩( 气)Ar 等多原子构成分子的单质：其分子由几个同种原子构成的就在元素符号右下角写几。如：每个氧气分子是由2 个氧原子构成，则氧气的化学式为O2 双原子分子单质化学式：
52、 O2（氧气） 、N2（氮气）、H2（氢气）F2（氟气） 、Cl2（氯气） 、Br2（液态溴）多原子分子单质化学式：臭氧O3等（3）化合物化学式的读写：先读的后写，后写的先读两种元素组成的化合物：读成“某化某”，如： MgO （氧化镁）、NaCl（氯化钠）酸根与金属元素组成的化合物：读成“某酸某”，如：KMnO4（高锰酸钾） 、K2MnO4（锰酸钾） MgSO4（硫酸镁）、CaCO3（碳酸钙）（4）根据化学式判断元素化合价，根据元素化合价写出化合物的化学式：判断元素化合价的依据是：化合物中正负化合价代数和为零。根据元素化合价写化学式的步骤：a.按元素化合价正左负右写出元素符号并标出化合价；b.
53、看元素化合价是否有约数，并约成最简比；c.交叉对调把已约成最简比的化合价写在元素符号的右下角。6、课本 P73. 要记住这27 种元素及 符号 和名称 。核外电子排布：1-20 号元素（要记住元素的名称及原子结构示意图）排布规律：每层最多排2n2个电子（ n 表示层数）最外层电子数不超过8 个（最外层为第一层不超过2 个）先排满内层再排外层注：元素的化学性质取决于最外层电子数金属元素原子的最外层电子数 4，易失电子，化学性质活泼。非金属元素原子的最外层电子数 4 ， 易得电子， 化学性质活泼。稀有气体元素原子的最外层有8 个电子（He有 2 个） ，结构稳定， 性质稳定。7、书写化学方程式的原
54、则：以客观事实为依据；遵循质量守恒定律书写化学方程式的步骤：“写” 、 “配” 、 “注” “等”。8、酸碱度的表示方法PH值说明： （1）PH值=7，溶液呈中性；PH值7，溶液呈碱性。（2）PH值越接近 0，酸性越强； PH值越接近 14，碱性越强； PH值越接近7，溶液的酸、碱性就越弱，越接近中性。9、金属活动性顺序表：注意各酸根或离子所带的电荷数直接由原子构成的单质读： 直接读其元素名称( 稀有气体的可加多个“气”字或不加也可)读： 气体单质在其元素名称后加多个“气”稳定结构：最外层 8 电子第一层为最外层 2 电子78910111213146543210碱性增强中性酸性增强K 、Ca、
55、Na、 Mg、Al、 Zn、Fe、 Sn、Pb、 （H ） 、Cu、Hg、Ag、Pt、Au 金属活动性由强逐渐减弱精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页C A B a b c （钾、钙、钠、镁、铝、锌、铁、锡、铅、氢、铜、汞、银、铂、金）说明： （1）越左金属活动性就越强，左边的金属可以从右边金属的盐溶液中置换出该金属出来（2）排在氢左边的金属，可以从酸中置换出氢气；排在氢右边的则不能。（3）钾、钙、钠三种金属比较活泼，它们直接跟溶液中的水发生反应置换出氢气10、物质的结构：11、化学符号的意义及书写: (1)化学符号的
56、意义: a. 元素符号 :表示一种元素；表示该元素的一个原子。 b化学式：本知识点的第5 点第（ 1）小点 c离子符号：表示离子及离子所带的电荷数。 d化合价符号：表示元素或原子团的化合价。当符号前面有数字（化合价符号没有数字）时，此时组成符号的意义只表示该种粒子的个数。(2) 化学符号的书写: a. 原子的表示方法: 用元素符号表示 b分子的表示方法：用化学式表示 c离子的表示方法：用离子符号表示 d化合价的表示方法：用化合价符号表示注： 原子、分子、离子三种粒子个数不只“1”时， 只能在符号的前面加，不能在其它地方加。12、原子、分子、离子、元素和物质（纯净物和混合物）间的关系：13、14
57、、制取气体常用的发生装置和收集装置：发生装置收集装置 固（+固） 固+液 简易装置 固+液 排水法向上排空气法向下排空气法15、三种气体的实验室制法以及它们的区别：气体氧气（ O2）氢气（ H2）二氧化碳（ CO2）药品高锰酸钾 （KMnO4） 或双氧水（H2O2）和二氧化锰（MnO2） 固（ +固） 或 固 +液 锌粒（Zn） 和盐酸（HCl）或稀硫酸（ H2SO4） 固+液 石灰石 （大理石） （CaCO3）和稀盐酸（ HCl） 固+液 物质化合物存在状态表示方法单质元素符号元素宏观组成相对质量相对原子质量相对质量相对分子质量微 观 构 成核外电子（）表示方法元素符号质子（ +）中子（ 0
58、）化学式由原子构成结构表示方法原子分子原子核分类无机化合物纯净物单质金属单质非金属单质稀有气体碱氧化物酸有机化合物化合物盐混合物离子带电的原子或原子团表示方法离子符号相对质量各原子的相对原子质量和蒸发溶剂、加入溶质、升高（或降低）温度加入溶剂、降低（或升高）温度不饱和溶液饱和溶液符号前有数字时符号所表示的粒子元素符号 : 原子化学式 : 分子离子符号 : 离子如： 5CO2只表示 5 个二氧化碳分子如： 4Mg2+只表示 4 个镁离子如： 3S 只表示 3 个硫原子如：钙离子： Ca2+如：氢原子： H如：二氧化碳分子：CO2如正二价的镁元素：Mg+2 如：两个氧原子：2O(而不是 O2，O2
59、是分子 ) ； 7个二氧化碳分子：7CO2；两个钙离子：2Ca2+先写出粒子的符号，再在符号前面标出粒子的个元素单质化合物同种元素组成的纯净物不 同 种 元 素 组成的纯净物原子具有相同核电荷数的一类原子分子构成分化离子得或失电子直接结合物质聚集结合精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页According to Office Party of mass line education practice activities led group of unified arrangements, units main led
60、to for cadres workers Shang a times party lecture, due to himself level limited, only put this stage concentrated learning of experience today and everyone common with learning exchange, purpose is let we further deep understanding mass line of connotation, insisted party of mass line, do masses wor
61、k, followi ng main from four a aspects told: a, and full awareness party of mass line education practice activities of major meaning Partys 18 major distinct proposed to focus on the partys advanced nature and purity, in the party, with pragmatic and clean for the people as the main content of the p
62、artys mass line and educational practice. This is comrade XI Jinping as party General Secretary and adhere to strictly administering the party, strengthen the partys major decision is in line with the public expectations and strengthening the construction of learning-oriented service innovati on of
63、Marxist partys major deployment, is the important measure to advance the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. F irst, carry out the partys mass line in education practice, was carrying 18 of the party spirit, summon a powerful force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chine
64、se nation the Chinese dream of urgent needs. Partys 18 to promote strategic deployment to building socialism with Chi nese chara cteristics, presents two 100 -year goal, namely, by 2020 Chinas gross domestic product and per capita income of urban and rural residents in 2010 on the basis of double co
65、mplete the building of a well-off society; the middle of this century into a prosperous, democratic, civilized and harmonious Socialist modern country, and on this basis, the Chinese dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chi nese nation. 18 Congress of the party, Comrade XI Jinping repeat
66、edly expounded the Chinese dream. The ba sic connotation of the Chi nese dream, is the national prosperity, national revitalization, the happiness of the people, China important to follow is to keep Chi na Road, carry forward the spirit and cohesion stre ngth of China, dream dreams of the peopleof C
67、hina, but determined confidence , enhance self-awarene ss, achieve self-reliance, to build a stronger China, civilization, harmony, beauty, Chi na, China, China. Strategic conception of China was 18 the spirit of the enrichme nt and development of the party, conscientiously study the Chinese dream,
68、leading people t o hard to realize the Chi nese dream, mass education activities in depth the fundamental starting point and endi ng point. Strengthen the education of the partys mass line, helps to train the collective consciousness of the unity of the party and the people, playing the Chinese drea
69、m ideologi cal bases. Comrade Mao Zedong stressed that parties should have common language socialist countries must have unity of will. History hasproved that a people and a nation, if it does not have its own spiritual pillar, there is no unity of spiritual support, it means that no soul, will lose
70、 cohesion and vitality. Figuratively speaking, a sack of potatoes, quantity cannot be too a team, form a joint force; only like granite, so closely United to form invincible, no difficult means of strength. National rejuvenation of Chinese dream, not only embodies the common interests and pursuits,
71、and covers a variety of groups and classes, has a wide appli cability and i nclusive, with a strong integrating force and lead the force. She embodies the aspirations of several generations of Chinese, reflecting today . Into sex and purity, and the inevitable requirement of constantly improving the
72、 partys governing capacity. Stre ngthening the construction of the advance d nat ure and purity, the core probl em is always maintaining the partys flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, so that our party will always be the most wholehearted support of the masses. Must take the fundamental interests
73、of the overwhelming majority of the people as the party all the starting point and endi ng point, the party has always bee n a common fate with the masses, this is the magic weapon for our party to always maintain the advanced nature and purity. Strengthening the construction of partys advanced natu
74、re and purity and enhancing the partys ruling ability will eventually be implemented to realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. All the work merits this is a measure of the partys fundamental standards, is a measure of the partys advanced
75、nature and purity standards. Believe who, depending on w ho, who, sta ndi ng on the position of the overwhelming majority of the people are always, always realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, it is a touchstone of the Marxist party of j
76、udgement, is also sign of Marxist party is different from other political parties. Marxist political party has a clear political position and historical mission: for the interests of the vast majority of people, committed to the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. From
77、the day of the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, always adhere to basic princi ples of historical materialism, for the interests of the most people as their goal, always serving as its fundamental pur pose and values. Fully trust the masses, closely rely on the masses maintain flesh -and
78、-blood ties with the masses is always the source of our party full of vigor and vitality, is always the most determined in t he development of our party and our country. Consci entiously acce pt supervision by the masses, pay attention to listen to the masses assessment, which itself was the partys
79、advanced nature and purity into practical action to realize the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. At present, the party committees and leading cadres and the Government generally value the close rel ations with the masses, do a lot of productive work, but there are st
80、ill some4 反应原理2KMnO4 = K2MnO4+MnO2 +O2或 2H2O2= 2H2O+O2Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2仪器装置P36图 2-17( 如 14 的 A) 或P1 1 1. 图6-10 （14 的B或C ）P111. 图 6-10 ( 如 14 的 B或 C) P111. 图 6-10 ( 如 14 的 B或 C) 检验用带火星的木条, 伸进集气瓶 , 若木条复燃,是氧气；否则不是氧气点燃木条，伸入瓶内，木条上的火焰熄灭，瓶口火焰呈淡蓝色，则该 气体是氢气通入澄清的石灰水，看是否
81、变浑浊，若浑浊则是 CO2。收集方法排水法 ( 不易溶于水 ) 瓶口向上排空气法( 密度比空气大 ) 排水法 ( 难溶于水) 瓶口向下排空气法( 密度比空气小 ) 瓶口向上排空气法( 密度比空气大) （不能用排水法收集）验满( 验纯) 用带火星的木条, 平放在集气瓶口, 若木条复燃 , 氧气已满, 否则没满用拇指堵住集满氢气的试管口；靠近火焰,移开拇指点火若“噗”的一声，氢气已纯；若有尖锐的爆鸣声，则氢气不纯用燃着的木条, 平放在集 气 瓶 口 , 若 火 焰 熄灭, 则已满；否则没满放置正放倒放正放注意事项检查装置的气密性( 当用第一种药品制取时以下要注意) 试管口要略向下倾斜( 防止凝结在
82、试管口的小水珠倒流入试管底部使试管破裂) 加热时应先使试管均匀受热， 再集中在药品部位加热。排水法收集完氧气后, 先撤导管后撤酒精灯( 防止水槽中的水倒流, 使试管破裂 ) 检查装置的气密性长颈漏斗的管口要插入液面下；点燃氢气前，一定要检验氢气的纯度（空气中，氢气的体积达到总体积的4% 74.2%点燃会爆炸。）检查装置的气密性长颈漏斗的管口要插入液面下；不能用排水法收集16、一些重要常见气体的性质（物理性质和化学性质）物质物理性质( 通常状况下 ) 化学性质用途氧气（O2）无 色 无 味 的 气体 , 不 易 溶 于C + O2=CO2（发出白光，放出热量）1、 供呼吸2、 炼钢水 , 密度比
83、空气略大S + O2 =SO2（空气中淡蓝色火焰；氧气中紫蓝色火焰）3、 气焊（注：O2具有助燃性，但不具有可燃性，不能燃烧。 ）4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5（产生白烟，生成白色固体P2O5）3Fe + 2O2 = Fe3O4（剧烈燃烧，火星四射，放出大量的热，生成黑色固体）蜡烛在氧气中燃烧，发出白光，放出热量氢气（H2）无色无味的气体，难溶于水，密度比空气小，是最轻的气体。可燃性：2H2 + O2 = 2H2O H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl 1、填充气、飞舰（密度比空气小）2、合成氨、制盐酸3、气焊、气割（可燃性）4、提炼金属（还原性）还原性：H2 + CuO = Cu + H2O 3
84、H2 + WO3 = W + 3H2O 3H2 + Fe2O3 = 2Fe + 3H2O 二氧化碳（CO2）无 色 无 味 的 气体，密度大于空气，能溶于水，固体的 CO2叫 “干冰” 。CO2 + H2O =H2CO3（酸性）（H2CO3 = H2O + CO2） （不稳定）1、 用于灭火 （应用其不可燃烧，也不支持燃烧的性质）2、制饮料、化肥和纯碱CO2+ Ca(OH)2 =CaCO3+H2O（鉴别 CO2）CO2 +2NaOH=Na2CO3 + H2O 氧化性： CO2 + C = 2CO CaCO3 = CaO + CO2（工业制CO2 ）一氧化碳（CO ）无色无味气体，密 度 比 空
85、 气 略小，难溶于水，有毒气体可燃性： 2CO + O2 = 2CO2 （火焰呈蓝色，放出大量的热，可作气体燃料）1、 作燃料2、 冶 炼 金属还原性：CO + CuO = Cu + CO23CO + WO3 = W + 3CO23CO + Fe2O3 = 2Fe + 3CO2（跟血液中血红蛋白结合，破坏血液输氧的能力）解题技巧和说明：一、推断题解题技巧：看其颜色，观其状态，察其变化，初代验之，验而得之。1、常见物质的颜色 ：多数气体为无色，多数固体化合物为白色，多数溶液为无色。2、 一些特殊物质的颜色：MnO2高温点燃点燃点燃点燃点燃点燃高温精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
86、名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页黑色： MnO2、CuO 、Fe3O4、C、FeS （硫化亚铁）蓝色： CuSO4?5H2O 、Cu(OH)2、CuCO3、含 Cu2+ 溶液、液态固态 O2（淡蓝色）红色： Cu（亮红色） 、Fe2O3（红棕色）、红磷（暗红色）黄色： 硫磺（单质 S） 、含 Fe3+的溶液（棕黄色）绿色：FeSO4?7H2O 、含 Fe2+的溶液（浅绿色） 、碱式碳酸铜Cu2(OH)2CO3 无色气体：N2、CO2、CO 、O2、H2、CH4有色气体：Cl2（黄绿色） 、NO2（红棕色）有刺激性气味的气体：NH3(此气体可使湿润 pH试纸变蓝色)
87、 、SO2 有臭鸡蛋气味：H2S 3、常见一些变化的判断： 白色沉淀且不溶于稀硝酸或酸的物质有：BaSO4、AgCl （就这两种物质） 蓝色沉淀：Cu(OH)2 红褐色沉淀：Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)2为白色絮状沉淀， 但在空气中很快变成灰绿色沉淀，再变成 Fe(OH)3红褐色沉淀沉淀能溶于酸并且有气体（ CO2）放出的：不溶的碳酸盐沉淀能溶于酸但没气体放出的：不溶的碱4、酸和对应的酸性氧化物的联系： 酸性氧化物和酸都可跟碱反应生成盐和水：CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O （H2CO3 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + 2H2O ）SO2 + 2KOH = K2SO3
88、 + H2O H2SO3 + 2KOH = K2SO3 + 2H2O SO3 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + H2O H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O 酸性氧化物跟水反应生成对应的酸： （各元素的化合价不变）CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 SO2 + H2O = H2SO3SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 N205 + H2O = 2HNO3 ( 说明这些酸性氧化物气体都能使湿润 pH试纸变红色) 5、碱和对应的碱性氧化物的联系： 碱性氧化物和碱都可跟酸反应生成盐和水：CuO + 2HCl = CuCl2 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl = Cu
89、Cl2 + 2H2O CaO + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O 碱性氧化物跟水反应生成对应的碱： （生成的碱一定是可溶于水，否则不能发生此反应） K2O + H2O = 2KOH Na2O +H2O = 2NaOH BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2 CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2不溶性碱加热会分解出对应的氧化物和水：Mg(OH)2 = MgO + H2O Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O 2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O 二、解实验题：看清题目要
90、求是什么，要做的是什么，这样做的目的是什么。（一） 、实验用到的气体要求是比较纯净，除去常见杂质具体方法： 除水蒸气可用：浓流酸、 CaCl2固体、碱石灰、无水CuSO4(并且可以检验杂质中有无水蒸气，有则颜色由白色蓝色 )、生石灰等 除 CO2可用：澄清石灰水（可检验出杂质中有无 CO2） 、NaOH 溶液、KOH 溶液、碱石灰等 除 HCl气体可用：AgNO3溶液（可检验出杂质中有无HCl ） 、石灰水、NaOH 溶液、KOH 溶液除气体杂质的原则： 用某物质吸收杂质或跟杂质反应，但不能吸收或跟有效成份反应，或者生成新的杂质。（二） 、实验注意的地方：防爆炸：点燃可燃性气体（如 H2、CO
91、 、CH4）或用 CO 、H2还原 CuO 、Fe2O3之前，要检验气体纯度。防暴沸：稀释浓硫酸时，将浓硫酸倒入水中，不能把水倒入浓硫酸中。防中毒：进行有关有毒气体（如： CO 、SO2、NO2）的性质实验时，在通风厨中进行；并要注意尾气的处理： CO 点燃烧掉；SO2、NO2用碱液吸收。防倒吸：加热法制取并用排水法收集气体，要注意熄灯顺序。（三） 、常见意外事故的处理：酸流到桌上，用 NaHCO3冲洗；碱流到桌上，用稀醋酸冲洗。沾到皮肤或衣物上：、酸先用水冲洗，再用 3 - 5% NaHCO3冲洗；、碱用水冲洗，再涂上硼酸；、浓硫酸应先用抹布擦去，再做第步。（四） 、实验室制取三大气体中常见
92、的要除的杂质：1、制 O2要除的杂质： 水蒸气（ H2O）2、用盐酸和锌粒制H2要除的杂质： 水蒸气（ H2O） 、氯化氢气体（ HCl，盐酸酸雾） （用稀硫酸没此杂质）3、制 CO2要除的杂质： 水蒸气（ H2O） 、氯化氢气体（ HCl）除水蒸气的试剂：浓流酸、 CaCl2固体、碱石灰（主要成份是NaOH 和 CaO ） 、生石灰、无水 CuSO4( 并且可以检验杂质中有无水蒸气，有则颜色由白色蓝色 )等精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页According to Office Party of mass line
93、 education practice activities led group of unified arrangements, units main led to for cadres workers Shang a times party lecture, due to himself level limited, only put this stage concentrated learning of experience today and everyone common with learning exchange, purpose is let we further deep u
94、nderstanding mass line of connotation, insisted party of mass line, do masses work, followi ng main from four a aspects told: a, and full awareness party of mass line education practice activities of major meaning Partys 18 major distinct proposed to focus on the partys advanced nature and purity, i
95、n the party, with pragmatic and clean for the people as the main content of the partys mass line and educational practice. This is comrade XI Jinping as party General Secretary and adhere to strictly administering the party, strengthen the partys major decision is in line with the public expectation
96、s and strengthening the construction of learning-oriented service innovati on of Marxist partys major deployment, is the important measure to advance the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. F irst, carry out the partys mass line in education practice, was carrying 18 of the party
97、spirit, summon a powerful force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation the Chinese dream of urgent needs. Partys 18 to promote strategic deployment to building socialism with Chi nese chara cteristics, presents two 100 -year goal, namely, by 2020 Chinas gross domestic product and
98、 per capita income of urban and rural residents in 2010 on the basis of double complete the building of a well-off society; the middle of this century into a prosperous, democratic, civilized and harmonious Socialist modern country, and on this basis, the Chinese dream of realizing the great rejuven
99、ation of the Chi nese nation. 18 Congress of the party, Comrade XI Jinping repeatedly expounded the Chinese dream. The ba sic connotation of the Chi nese dream, is the national prosperity, national revitalization, the happiness of the people, China important to follow is to keep Chi na Road, carry f
100、orward the spirit and cohesion stre ngth of China, dream dreams of the peopleof China, but determined confidence , enhance self-awarene ss, achieve self-reliance, to build a stronger China, civilization, harmony, beauty, Chi na, China, China. Strategic conception of China was 18 the spirit of the en
101、richme nt and development of the party, conscientiously study the Chinese dream, leading people t o hard to realize the Chi nese dream, mass education activities in depth the fundamental starting point and endi ng point. Strengthen the education of the partys mass line, helps to train the collective
102、 consciousness of the unity of the party and the people, playing the Chinese dream ideologi cal bases. Comrade Mao Zedong stressed that parties should have common language socialist countries must have unity of will. History hasproved that a people and a nation, if it does not have its own spiritual
103、 pillar, there is no unity of spiritual support, it means that no soul, will lose cohesion and vitality. Figuratively speaking, a sack of potatoes, quantity cannot be too a team, form a joint force; only like granite, so closely United to form invincible, no difficult means of strength. National rej
104、uvenation of Chinese dream, not only embodies the common interests and pursuits, and covers a variety of groups and classes, has a wide appli cability and i nclusive, with a strong integrating force and lead the force. She embodies the aspirations of several generations of Chinese, reflecting today
105、. Into sex and purity, and the inevitable requirement of constantly improving the partys governing capacity. Stre ngthening the construction of the advance d nat ure and purity, the core probl em is always maintaining the partys flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, so that our party will always be
106、the most wholehearted support of the masses. Must take the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the party all the starting point and endi ng point, the party has always bee n a common fate with the masses, this is the magic weapon for our party to always maintain the a
107、dvanced nature and purity. Strengthening the construction of partys advanced nature and purity and enhancing the partys ruling ability will eventually be implemented to realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. All the work merits this is a
108、measure of the partys fundamental standards, is a measure of the partys advanced nature and purity standards. Believe who, depending on w ho, who, sta ndi ng on the position of the overwhelming majority of the people are always, always realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the
109、overwhelming majority of the people, it is a touchstone of the Marxist party of judgement, is also sign of Marxist party is different from other political parties. Marxist political party has a clear political position and historical mission: for the interests of the vast majority of people, committ
110、ed to the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. From the day of the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, always adhere to basic princi ples of historical materialism, for the interests of the most people as their goal, always serving as its fundamental pur pose a
111、nd values. Fully trust the masses, closely rely on the masses maintain flesh -and-blood ties with the masses is always the source of our party full of vigor and vitality, is always the most determined in t he development of our party and our country. Consci entiously acce pt supervision by the masse
112、s, pay attention to listen to the masses assessment, which itself was the partys advanced nature and purity into practical action to realize the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. At present, the party committees and leading cadres and the Government generally value th
113、e close rel ations with the masses, do a lot of productive work, but there are still some6 除 HCl 气体的试剂：AgNO3溶液（并可检验出杂质中有无HCl） 、澄清石灰水、NaOH 溶液（或固体）、KOH 溶液（或固体） 生石灰、碱石灰也可以跟HCl气体反应 （五） 、常用实验方法来验证混合气体里含有某种气体1、有 CO的验证方法：（先验证混合气体中是否有CO2，有则先除掉）将混合气体通入灼热的CuO ，再将经过灼热的CuO的混合气体通入澄清石灰水。现象：黑色CuO变成红色，且澄清石灰水要变浑浊。2、
114、有 H2的验证方法：（先验证混合气体中是否有水份，有则先除掉）将混合气体通入灼热的CuO ，再将经过灼热的CuO的混合气体通入盛有无水CuSO4中。现象：黑色CuO变成红色，且无水 CuSO4变蓝色。3、有 CO2的验证方法： 将混合气体通入澄清石灰水。现象：澄清石灰水变浑浊。（六） 、自设计实验 1 、 试设计一个实验证明蜡烛中含有碳氢两种元素。实验步骤实验现象结论将蜡烛点燃，在火焰上方罩一个干燥洁净的烧杯烧杯内壁有小水珠生成证 明 蜡 烛有氢元素在蜡烛火焰上方罩一个蘸有澄清石灰水的烧杯澄清石灰水变浑浊证 明 蜡 烛有碳元素2、试设计一个实验来证明 CO2具有不支持燃烧和密度比空气大的性质。
115、实验步骤实验现象结论图把两支蜡烛放到具有阶梯的架上， 把此架放在烧杯里（如图） ，点燃蜡烛，再沿烧杯壁倾倒 CO2阶 梯下层 的蜡烛先灭，上层的后灭。证明 CO2具有 不 支 持燃 烧 和 密度 比 空 气大的性质三、解计算题：计算题的类型有：有关质量分数（元素和溶质 ）的计算根据化学方程式进行计算由和两种类型混合在一起计算（一） 、溶液中溶质质量分数的计算溶质质量分数= 100% （二） 、化合物（纯净物）中某元素质量分数的计算某元素质量分数=100%（三） 、混合物中某化合物的质量分数计算化合物的质量分数 = 100%（四） 、混合物中某元素质量分数的计算某元素质量分数= 100% 或：某元素质量分数= 化合物的质量分数 该元素在化合物中的质量分数（五） 、解题技巧1、审题：看清题目的要求，已知什么，求什么，有化学方程式的先写出化学方程式。找出解此题的有关公式。2、根据化学方程式计算的解题步骤：设未知量书写出正确的化学方程式写出有关物质的相对分子质量、已知量、未知量列出比例式，求解答。溶质质量溶液质量某元素相对原子质量原子个数化合物的相对分子质量元素质量混合物质量化合物质量混合物质量精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页
