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1、医学英语术语速记howtomastermedicaltermrapidlyPStillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望认识世界的基本方法：3“w”原则lwhatlwhylhowwhatlthrombocytopeniallymphocyticlleukemia医学英语术语医学英语术语（medical term） :上述这些单词来源于希腊或拉丁词根,有特定的医学含义，我们将之统称为医医学英语术语学英语术语;医学术语学医学术语学（medical terminology） ：将专门研
2、究它的学问称为医学术语学:anintroductiontothelanguageofveterinaryandhumanmedicine.上述的医学术语有的人可能不认识，但下面的单词相信您是认识的lcarcinoma癌lhepatitis肝炎lcholesterol胆固醇why三个数字l10万：医学辞典l1.0万：常用医学词汇l0.1万：每年医学新词医学英语术语究竟有多少?很难说清楚。最常用的恐怕也不下1万万条左右，若包括较常用的在内总有数万条；一部比较完全的医学词典，通常都收载有10万万条左右的医学词汇。随着医学及其边缘科学的迅猛发展，新的术语仍在与日俱增。特别是最近几十年来，每年差不多要出
3、现1000条左右新术语。因而总的说来，医学英语术语的条数是一个非常可观的数量。除了上述三个原因以外，还有一个“词条冗长词条冗长”的问题。固然有些医学英语术语和普通的英语单词差不多，仅由几个字母或十几个字母组成，通过反复地读和写能够记住它们，但也有不少的医学英语术语，却是长长的一大串.例如：cystoureteropyelonephritis膀胱输尿管肾盂肾炎hepatocholangioenterostomy肝管小肠吻合术请看这样的医学英语术语，一般由30个字母组成，如果凭藉我们的记忆能力，硬是把它们一个字母一个字母地连续背下来，显然也不是一件轻松的事。问题已经摆出来了，一个是数量大，一个是词
4、条长，怎么解决呢?我们能不能仔细地研究分析一下这千千万万条医学英语术语的构成规律，找出一条“捷径”来，使其由多至少、化繁为简、从难变易，以利于我们更快、更多、更好地把它们掌握起来?how tomastermedicaltermrapidly规律性lmedical term ：按构词规则构成的：按构词规则构成的词占词占80；另一部分是人名，药名；另一部分是人名，药名等构成的词等构成的词,占占20；先介绍几个有关词结构方面的概念。l词根是一个单词的核心词根是一个单词的核心l词缀包括前缀和后缀（词缀包括前缀和后缀（prefix and suffix）l词素（词素（morpheme）泛指词根和词缀）泛
5、指词根和词缀l一条医学英语术语的构成，一条医学英语术语的构成，“原则上原则上”应该是应该是采用来源一致的词素。采用来源一致的词素。l当以两个或两个以上词素构成一条医学英语术当以两个或两个以上词素构成一条医学英语术语时，为了读音上的便利，常常需要在两个词语时，为了读音上的便利，常常需要在两个词素之间额外加上一个素之间额外加上一个“连合元音连合元音”(也叫也叫“复复合形合形”或或“结合形结合形”，combining form)。l一般说来，在两个希腊词素之间常加用元音一般说来，在两个希腊词素之间常加用元音“o”，而在两个拉丁词素之间常加用元音，而在两个拉丁词素之间常加用元音“i”(但有时也有例外但
6、有时也有例外)。 第一章第一章 医学英语术语医学英语术语 构词规则构词规则下面先举出几个例子，以便取得一个初步印象。l希腊词素连合元音希腊词素希腊词素pyel十o十nephr十itis词根(肾盂)词根(肾)词尾(炎)pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎希腊词素希腊词素 连合元音连合元音 希腊词素希腊词素 连合元音连合元音 希腊词素希腊词素leuk+o+cyt+o+peria词根词根( (白白)词根词根( (细胞细胞)词尾词尾( (减少，不足减少，不足) )1eukocytopenia白细胞减少拉丁词素连合元音拉丁词素mult十i十para词根(多)词尾(产，产妇)multipara多产妇拉丁词
7、素连合元音希腊词素希腊词素fibr十o十chondr+itis词根(纤维)词根(软骨)词尾(炎)fibrochondritis纤维软骨炎医学术语分类l从属关系：词根+词缀关系l并列关系：词根+词根从属关系：词根+词缀关系gastr+o+itisgastritis胃炎规则一：后缀以元音开头，“o”省略leuk+o+cyt+o+penia词根(白)词根(细胞)词尾(减少）规则二：后缀以辅音开头，“o”不能省略leukocytopenia白细胞减少并列关系：词根+词根规则：元音（o）不能省略gastr+o+enter+o+ic胃肠的并列关系从属关系hepat+o+cholangi+o+enter+o
8、+ostomy并列关系并列关系从属关系肝管小肠吻合第二节第二节 常用后缀常用后缀l简单后简单后缀l复合后缀简单后简单后缀: -ia (2), condition-病，-症复合后缀：-emia,-algia,-(o)rrhagia,-ectasia,-malacia,-odynia,-plegia,-uria,-penia-peniadeficiency,lack不足，缺少,减少lleucopenia白细胞减少lerythropenia红细胞减少llymphopenia淋巴细胞减少lthrombopenia血小板减少单词重音在倒数第二音节的词尾l-escence(2)adolescencel-e
9、scent(2)adolescentl-ian(2)pediatricianl元音+tion(2)accomodationl-ious(2)infectiousl-ate(2)reticulatel-ity(2)disability-uria urinecondition尿（症）hematuria(hemat/uria)血尿-plegia stroke,paralysis中风，麻痹thermoplegia(therm/o/plegia) 热射病，中暑-odynia pain痛cardiodynia心痛-malacia softening软化osteomalacia(oste/o/malacia
10、)骨软化-ectasia or ectasis stretching,dilatation扩张，膨胀 nephrectasia(nephr/ectasia)肾扩张-ectasis扩张langiectasis血管扩张lbronchiectasis支气管扩张-algia pain痛arthralgia(atther/algia)关节痛neuralgia神经痛arthralgia关节痛-emia bloodcondition血病,血症leukemia(leuk/emia)白血病bacteremia菌血症septicemia败血症hypercholesterolemia高胆固醇血症-orrhagia出
11、血gastrorrhagia胃出血简单后缀简单后缀-y : condition, act, process-术，术，-法，法，-症症 复合后缀-metry,-otomy,-ectomy,-graphy,-iatry,-ology,-pexy,-plasty,-(o)rrhaphy,-stomy,-scopy,-megaly-scopy (3) examination,processofexaminingvisually镜检查，视诊laryngoscopy喉镜检查bronchoscopy支气管镜检查gastroscopy胃镜检查colonoscopy结肠镜检查cystoscopy膀胱镜检查-os
12、tomy processofmakinganopeningintooraconnectionbetween开口或吻合造口(术)或吻合(术)lanastomosis吻合术lcolostomy结肠造口术lgastrostomy胃造口术-(o)rrhaphy suturing,processofsuturing缝合术Hermiorrhaphy疝缝术,疝修补术-rrhaphy缝合术lcolporrhaphy阴道缝合术lherniorrhaphy疝缝合术-plasty(4) surgicalreshapingorrepair成形术arthroplasty关节成形术urethroplasty尿道成形术os
13、teoplasty(oste/o/plasty)骨成形术成形术-pexylafixingorsettingfirmlyinplacebysuturing固定术lhepatopexy肝固定手术-ology (3)actorprocessofstudying学Pharmacology药理学-logist (3)onewhostudiesandtreats学者和治疗者urologist(ur/o/logist)泌尿专家-iatry or iatrics healing愈合,医.之术podiatry医足术-graphy (3) processofrecording描记术-graph (3) thatw
14、hichrecords描记器-gram (3) therecorditself描记图-ectomy excision,processofcuttingout切除(术)llaryngectomy喉切除术lthyroidectomy甲状腺切除术lmastectomy乳房切除术lcholecystectomy胆囊切除术lappendectomy阑尾切除术-otomyincision,processofcuttinginto切开(术)llaparotomy剖腹术ltracheotomy气管切开术lcramiotomy颅骨切开术-metry measurement测量,测定(术）ldynamometry
15、肌力测量法lpelvimetry骨盆测量法-megalylarge大latriomegaly心房肥大lventriculomegaly心室扩大lsplenomegaly脾大ltyphlomegaly盲肠巨大-e aninstrument器械或名词后缀复合后缀：-scope,-tome,-cele,-cyte-tome instrumentforcutting刀arthrotome关节刀-cyte nounmarker,referringtoacell细胞leukocyte(leuk/o/cyte)白细胞-cele hernia,herniation突出，疝，肿thyrocele(thyr/o/
16、cele)甲状腺肿-scope instrumentforviewing镜llaryngoscope喉镜lbronchoscope支气管镜llaparoscope腹腔镜lophthalmoscope检眼镜-itis (2)inflammation炎症hepatitis(hepat/itis)肝炎-ist onewhospecializesin的专家，学者ldermatologist皮肤病专家-or(er) referstoadoer,eitherapersonorthing工作者(人或工具)lincisor(in/cis/or)切牙-osis (2) acondition,usuallyabn
17、ormalorpathological异常或病理情况sclerosis(scler/osis)硬化症-oma (2) swelling,tumor肿胀，肿瘤sarcoma(sar/oma)肉瘤-ism acondition,usuallytheresultofapriorcondition情况，前一情况的结果embolism(em/bol/ism)栓塞-(i)um (2) referstoapartinrelationtoawhole,relatedto部分与整体关系，与有关pericardium(peri/cardi/um)心包epigastrium(epi/gastr/ium)上腹部-ac
18、 的cardiac(cardi/ac)心脏的-al 的lbronchial(bronch/i/al)l支气管的l -ar 的tonsillar(tonsill/ar)扁桃体的-ic (2) 的lhepatic(hepat/ic)肝的-eal 的esophageal(esophag/eal)食道-ary 的lciliary(cili/ary)睫状的- -ous 的含的分泌的mucous(muc/ous)粘液的fibrous(fibr/ous)纤维性的sebaceous(seb/ace/ous)皮脂的-oid (3) 类似，象cystoid(cyst/oid)囊样的-meter instrumen
19、tformeasuring测量用器具thermoneter(therm/o/meter)温度计-meter(3) 计、表lspiromet呼吸量计,肺量计lophthalmometer检眼计-(o)rrhea (1) flow,discharge流出，分泌diarrhea(dia/rrhea)腹泻-lysis dissolution溶解decomposition解体hemolysis(hem/o/lysist)溶血-pathy disease,diseasedcondition病，病理情况lophthalmopathy 眼病-blast acellthatisundifferentiated,
20、primitive,embryonic未分化的原始胚细胞hemocytoblast成血细胞、原血细胞-centesis surgicalpuncturetowithdrawfluid外科穿刺吸液amniocentesis羊膜穿刺术-centesis穿刺术lparacentesis穿刺术lthoracocentesis胸腔穿刺术lamniocentesis羊膜穿刺术abdominocentesis腹腔穿刺术-clysis washing,introductionoffluidforthepurposeofirrigation洗bronchoclysis(bronch/o/clysis)支气管灌洗
21、-ptosis afalling,thedroppingorsaggingofanorgan落下nephroptosis(nephr/o/ptosis)肾下垂-ptysis咳、咯lhemoptysis咯血lpyoptysis咯脓-(o)rrhexis rupture破裂hepatorrhexis(hepat/o/orhexis)肝破裂-sclerosis ahardening硬化arteriosclerosis(hepat/o/sclerosis)动脉硬化-stasis arresting,halting停止，制止bacteriostasis(bacteri/o/stasis)制菌作用-ste
22、nosis anarrowing,astricture变狭，狭窄arteriostenosis(arteri/o/stenosis)动脉狭窄-gram图像lelectrocardiogram心电图electroencephalogram脑电图-graph描记器lpneumograph呼吸描记器-emesis呕吐lemetic催吐的lantiemetic止吐的50个常用词根ladenlangilarterilarthrlblepharlbronchlcardilcelilcephallcerebrlglandlvessellarteryljointleyelidlbronchuslheartla
23、bdomen(abdominalcavity)lheadlcerebrum,brain50个常用词根lcheillcholangildermatlencephallenterlerythrlesophaglgastrlhepatlhypnlliplbileductlskinlbrainlintestineslredlesophaguslstomachlliverlsleep50个常用词根lhysterllaparllarynglmammlmeninglmylmyellmyelonlnephrlneurluteruslabdomenllarynxlbreastlmeningeslmusclelb
24、onemarrow;spinalcordlbonemarrowlkidneylnerve50个常用词根lpsychlrachilrhinlsplenlstomatlthoracltrachelurethrluterlvesiclmindlvertebra;spinalorvertebralcolumnlnoselspleenlmouthlthorax(chest)ltrachealurethraluteruslbladder;sac50个常用词根lophthalmlorchidlostelotlpancreatlpharynglphrenlpleurlpneumonlproctleyeltes
25、tis;testiclelbonelearlpancreaslpharynxlmindlpleurallung;airlrectum第三节第三节 前缀前缀a-l用于非h或非元音字母开头的形容词前（否则，变为an-）,la+adjadj表否定:withoutorabsenceof不,无,没有,缺离lamorphous无定形的lapnea呼吸暂停lanhydrosis无汗症a-l用在名词前,含有in,on,at,by,with,to等意：a+nadvlasleep在熟睡中(in)lahead在前头(in)laside在一边（by）labreast肩并肩地（with）a-la+nadjlalight
26、燃烧的a-la+adjadvlaloud高声地laright正确地ab- from,awayfrom从，离开l在m,p,v之前用a-;在c,q,t之前用ab-labarticular关节脱位ad- to,toward,near向，靠近，到上adrenal肾上腺ad-l在g前变为ag lf前变为af,afferentl在l前变为all在n前变为an l在r前变为arl在s前变为as l在t前变为atl在sc,sp,st前变为a- l在c,k,q同化成acana-up,backagain向上，重回到anabolism合成代谢ante-before在前anteflexion前屈bi(n,s)two,
27、double两，加倍,二biceps二头肌auto- self自己lautotrophic自营的apo-upon在之上lapogee远地点anti- against反抗lantidote解毒剂antero-front前lanteroposterior前后的circum- around环行，围绕lcircumduction环行运动brady-slow缓慢的lbradycardia心率缓慢cata-downlcatabiosis老化现象co(n)- with,together与，在一起lcocarcimogenesis辅致癌物质co(n)-lh或元音字母前变成co-,ll前变成col-lb,m,p
28、前变成com-lr前变成cor-l在c,d,f,g,j,n,q,s,t,v前用con-contra- against反抗lcontraceptive节育dia-though;complete通过，透过，横过ldiarthermy透热法di-twice,double二倍，加倍ldiarthric两关节的de- from;downfrom;lackof从.,缺乏，脱ldeoxidation脱氧dis- lapart,freefrom,separate,toundo;freefro离开，分开ldislocation脱位，脱臼l二，加倍disulfideldys- bad,painful,diffic
29、ult,labored,abnormal困难的，缓慢的，疼痛的.ldysentery痢疾ec(to)- outside,outer外面，在外lectoderm外胚层en- （在b,m,p之前变成em-）in,within内，在内lencephalic脑endo- inside,inner,within内,内部lendocrine内分泌eu-(mal-) good,well,normal好、正常，佳，优leuphoria欣快，精神愉快epi- over,upon,on外面，上面,表，表位，在.上面lepigastrium上腹部eso-inwardlesocataphoria内下隐斜视e-外出，除
30、去，缺lecaudate无尾的ex（o）-outof,from,outside,outward外面，向外的,在之外，离开excision切除l在b,d,g,h,m,n,r之前有时变成e-在f前变成ef-efferent传出的extra-outsideof,beyond在外面，超过extracorporeal体外的hemi- half(一)半lhemiparalysis偏瘫hyper-above,excessive高，过度，过多的lhypertention高血压hypo-under,lessthannormal,below,incomplete,deficient低少于正常,低，不足的，有缺陷的
31、lhypoglycemia低血糖in- in,into在内,进入lingestion摄入in- not否定,不lincoagulability不凝性l在b,m,p之前变成im-l在l前变成il-l在r前变成ir-infra- below,lower在下,低于linfracostal肋下的intra- within（在）内lintravenous静脉的inter- between在-之间linterventricular室间的lmeta-after,beyond,change偏,旁,变lmacro-large大lmal-bad,malnutrition营养不良lmeso-middlemesode
32、rm中胚层lmicro-small小lmulti-many多lneo-（paleo-）new新lnulli-none无lob-（在c,f,g,p前分别变成oc-,of-,og-,op-）对抗，颠倒，在前，朝向，接近lobovate倒卵形的pan-all,total(在b,m,p之前变成pam-)完全，全部，总，泛，多lpanangitis血管全层炎para-beside,alongside,abnormal,beyond,around旁，附着，异常paranephric肾旁的，肾上腺的l(-para)产per- through通过lperoral经口的post- after,behind在后，
33、在-后方lpostnasal鼻后的peri- surrounding(outer),around周围perihepatitis肝周炎pre- before,infrontoflpremolar前磨牙semi- half半lsemisynthetic半合成的pros-to,near,inadditionto到，靠近，加上lprosthetice修复学pro- before,infrontof在之前prognosis预后poly-many,muchlpolypeptide多肽lre-backlretro-back;behindsub- under,below在下lsubcutaneous皮下的su
34、pra- above,over高于，超过lsupracranial颅上的super-above,over高于，超过lsuperlactation泌乳过多syn- （在b,m,p之前变成sym-）with,together,joined与在一起，合成lsynapse突触，神经键trans-across,through,over,beyondltransabdominal通过腹部的tachy-fast;rapidtachycardia心动过速tetra-fourltetralogy四联症ltri-threetrimester三月期luni-oneunilateral单侧的ultra-beyond;
35、excessultrasonic超声的part 各系统常用各系统常用词根词根与与例例词词表表第一章第一章 心血管系统心血管系统cardi(o)-心cardiovascular心血管的cardiogenic心源性的cardiopulmonary心肺的cardiopathy心脏病atri(o)-心房atrial心房的atriopeptin心房肽激素atrioventricular房室的atriomegaly心房肥大ventricul(o)-心室ventricular(心)室的ventriculoarterial心室动脉的ventriculography心室造影术ventriculomegaly心室
36、扩大valv(o)-valvul(o)-瓣膜valvular瓣膜的valvotomy瓣膜切开术valvoplasty瓣膜成形术valvuloplasty瓣膜成形术vas(o)-angi(o)血管vascular血管的vasoconstriction血管收缩vasodilator血管舒张(的)vasculitis脉管angiography血管造影术angiotensin血管紧张素arteri(o)-动脉arterial动脉的arteriography动脉造影术arteriosclerosis动脉硬化arteritis动脉炎arteriol(o)-小动脉arteriolar小动脉的arteriol
37、oscleroisis小动脉硬化arteriolopathy小动脉病arteriolonecrosis小动脉坏死arteriolitis小动脉炎arteriolovenous小动脉静脉的ven(o)-phleb(o)-静脉venous静脉的venoconstriction静脉收缩venography静脉造影术venodilation静脉扩张phlebitis静脉炎phlebotomy静脉切开术venul(o)-小静脉venular小静脉的venulitis小静脉炎aort(o)主动脉aortic主动脉的aortography主动脉造影术aortitis主动脉炎aortotomy主动脉切开术ca
38、pillar(o)-毛细血管capillarity毛细作用capillaritis毛细管炎capillaropathy毛细血管病puls(o)-脉搏pulsed脉搏的，脉冲的pulseless无脉搏的pulsation搏动pulsate搏动第二章第二章 呼吸系统呼吸系统-spir(o)呼吸respiratory呼吸的expiratory呼气的inspiratory吸气的expire呼气pneum(o)-呼吸pneumothorax气胸pneumomediastinum纵隔积气pneumat(o)-呼吸pneumatic气的，呼吸的pneumotosis积气症-pnea呼吸apnea呼吸暂停dy
39、spnea呼吸困难pneo-呼吸eupnea呼吸正常pneogram呼吸运动描记图naso-鼻nasal鼻的nasolacrimal鼻泪的nas(o)-鼻nasopharyngeal鼻咽的nasotracheal鼻气管的rhin(o)-鼻rhinitis鼻炎rhinotracheitis鼻气管rhinovirus鼻病毒rhinopneumonitis鼻肺炎laryng(o)-喉laryngeal喉的laryngitis喉炎laryngoscope喉镜laryngoscopy喉镜检查glott(o)-声门,舌glottic声门的，舌的glottal声门的glottitis舌炎glottology
40、舌学trache(o)-气管tracheal气管的trachectomy气管切开术trachitis气管炎tracheobronchial气管支气管的bronch(o)-支气管bronchial支气管的bronchoconstriction支气管收缩bronchitis支气管炎bronchiectasis支气管扩张bronchopulmonary支气管肺的bronchiol(o)-细支气管bronchiolitis细支气管炎bronchioli(bronchiolus复数)bronchiolar细支气管的bronchiolectasis细支气管扩张pulmo(n)-肺pulmonary肺的pu
41、lmonology肺科学pulmonectomy全肺切除术pneumon(o)-肺pneumonia肺炎pneumonectomy肺切除术pneumoconiosis尘肺病pneumococcal肺炎球菌的pneumocyte肺细胞alveol(o)-肺泡alveolar小泡的alveolitis肺泡炎alveoli(alveoli复数)alveolocapillary肺泡毛细管的pleur(o)-胸膜pleural胸膜的pleuritis肺胸膜炎pleurisy胸膜炎pleuropneumonia胸膜肺炎第三章第三章 消化系统消化系统-gest(o)-消化digestive消化的maldig
42、estion消化不良ingestion食入，摄入indigestion消化不良peps(o)-消化pepsin胃蛋白酶pepstatin胃酶抑素dyspepsia消化不良pepsinogenic胃蛋白原的pharyng(o)-咽pharyngeal咽的pharyngo1aryngeal咽喉的pharyngitis咽炎pharyngotonsillitis咽扁桃体炎pharyngoplasty咽成形术pharyngectomy咽部分切除术esophag(o)-食管esophageal食管的esophagectomy食管切除术esophagitis食管炎esophagoscopy食管镜检查gast
43、r(o)-胃gastrointestinal胃肠的gastrin促胃液素gastric胃的gastritis胃炎gastrectomy胃切除术gastroenterology胃肠病学stomach-胃stomachial胃的stomachodynia胃痛stomachalgia胃痛stomachoscopy胃检查enter(o)-肠enterotoxin肠毒素enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科enteric,enteral肠的enterococcus肠球菌科duoden(o)-十二指肠duodenal十二指肠的duodenogastric十二指肠胃的duodenitis十二指肠炎du
44、odenoscopy十二指肠镜检查jejun(o)-空肠jejunal空肠的jejunoileal空肠回肠的jejunitis空肠炎jejunostomy空肠造口术ile(o)-回肠ileal回肠的ileocolic回肠结肠的ileitis回肠炎ileocolostomy回肠结肠吻合术ileocecal回肠盲肠的ileorectal回肠直肠的colon(o)-结肠colonic结肠的colonoplasty结肠成形术colonoscopy结肠镜检查colonofibroscope纤维结肠镜cec(o)-盲肠cecal盲肠的cecoapendicular盲肠阑尾的cecocolonic盲肠结肠的
45、cecorectal盲肠直肠的typhl(o)-盲肠typhlitis盲肠炎typhlostomy盲肠造口术typhlocolitis盲肠结肠炎typhlomegaly盲肠巨大appendic(o)-阑尾appendicitis阑尾炎appendiceal阑尾的append(ic)ectomy阑尾切除术sigmoid(o)-乙状结肠sigmoidal乙状结肠的sigmoidoscopy乙状结肠镜检查sigmoiditits乙状结肠炎sigmoidostomy乙状结肠造口术rect(o)-直肠rectal直肠的rectocolitis直肠结肠炎rectoromanoscopy直肠乙状结肠镜检查a
46、n(o)-肛门anal肛门的anorectal肛门直肠的perianal肛周的anoscopy肛门镜检查procto(co)-肛门proctalgia肛门痛proctatresia肛门闭锁arch(o)肛门architis肛门炎archoptosis脱肛cholecyst(o)-orcyst-胆囊cholecystitis胆囊炎cholecystography胆囊造影术cho1ecystokinin缩胆素cholecystectomy胆囊切除术cholecystotomy胆囊切开术cholecyststomy胆囊造口术jec-肝jecoral肝的jecoicacid肝酸hepat(o)-肝he
47、patic肝的heparin肝素hepatitis肝炎hepatocellular肝细胞的pancreat(o)-胰pancreatic胰的pancreatin胰酶pancreatitis胰腺炎pancreatopeptidase胰肽酶choledoch(o)-胆总管choledochal胆总管的choledochocele胆总管囊肿cholangi(o)-胆管cholangitis胆管炎cholangiopancreatography胆管胰造影术cholangiography胆管造影术第四章第四章 泌尿系统泌尿系统urin(o)-尿urinary尿的，泌尿的urinalysis尿分析（法）u
48、rination排尿ur(o)-uron(o)-尿urology泌尿学urodynamics尿动力学uremia尿毒症urogenital泌尿生殖器的ren(o)-肾renal肾的renography肾x线照相术renin肾素renovascular肾血管的nephr(o)-肾nephrology肾病学nephrectomy肾切nephropathy肾病变nephritis肾炎nephron肾单位nephrotoxicity肾毒性pelvi-肾盂pelviscopy肾盂检查术ueteropelvic输尿管肾盂的pelviplasty肾盂成形术pelviureteral肾盂输尿管的pyel(o)
49、-肾盂pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎pyelography肾盂造影术ureter(o)-输尿管ureteral输尿管的ureteroscopy输尿管镜检查ureteric输尿管的ureterocele输尿管囊肿vesic(o)-膀胱vesical膀胱的vesicostomy膀胱造口术vesicovaginal膀胱阴道的veslcorectal膀胱直肠的cyst(o)-膀胱cystic囊(膀胱，胆囊)的cystoscopy膀胱镜检查cystitis膀胱炎cystostomy膀胱造口术meat(o)-尿道meatal道的，口的meatoscope尿道窥镜meatotomy尿道口切开术meat
50、oplasty尿道成形术urethr(o)-尿道urethral尿道的urethritis尿道炎urethrotomy尿道切开术urethroplasty尿道成形术第五章第五章 内分泌系统内分泌系统secret(o)-分泌secretory分泌的secretagogue促分泌的secrete分泌secretin促胰液素crin(o)-分泌endocrinology内分泌学endocrinopathy内分泌病endocrine内分泌的autocrine自分泌gland腺prostaglandin前列腺素glandula腺，小腺glandular腺的aden(o)-腺adenosine腺(嘌呤核)
51、苷adenovirus腺病毒adenocarcinoma腺癌adenoma腺瘤hypothalam(o)-下丘脑hypothalamic下丘脑的hypothalamitis下丘脑炎hypothalamoneurohypophyseal下丘脑-神经垂体系统hypophys(o)-垂体hypophyseal垂体的pituitarism垂体机能障碍hypophysiotropic促垂体的hypophysectomy垂体切除术hypophyseoprivic垂体分泌缺乏的pineal(o)松果体pinealopathy松果体病pinealectomy松果体切除术pinealoma松果体瘤pineali
52、sm松果体机能障碍thyr(o)-甲状腺thyroiditis甲状腺炎thyroxine甲状腺素hyrotrophin促甲状腺激素thyroglobulin甲状腺球蛋白triiodothyronine三碘甲腺原氨酸adren(o)-肾上腺odrenaline肾上腺素adrenergic肾上腺素能的adrenoceptor肾上腺素能受体adrenocorticotrophic促肾上腺素皮质的gonad(o)-性腺lgonadotropin促性腺激素lgonadal性腺的lgonadorelin促性腺激素释放激素l第六章第六章 肌肉骨骼系统肌肉骨骼系统muscul(o)-肌肉lmuscular肌的
53、lmusculoskeletal肌骨胳的musculotendinous肌腱的my(o)-肌肉myocardial心肌的myopathy肌病myocyte肌细胞myometrium子宫肌层osse(o)-骨losseocartilaginous骨软骨的losseous骨的oste(o)-骨losteoporosis骨质疏松症losteosarcoma骨肉瘤losteoarthritis骨关节炎losteomyelitis骨髓炎cartilagin(o)-软骨lcartilaginoid软骨样的lcartilaginous软骨的chondr(o)-软骨lchondrocyte软骨细胞lchond
54、rosarcoma软骨肉瘤ten(o)-tend(o)腱ltendomyopathy肌腱炎ltendosynovitis腱鞘炎ltendinitis腱炎ltenalgia腱痛ligament(o)-韧带lligamentous韧带的lligamentrupture韧带破裂skelet(o)-骨骼lskeletal骨骼的lskeletology骨骼学crani(o)-颅骨lcranial颅的lcraniotomy颅骨切开术spin(o)-脊柱lspinal棘的，脊柱的lspinogram脊柱x线照片rachi(o)-脊柱lrachitic佝偻病的lrachischisis脊柱裂lrachialg
55、ia脊柱痛lrachianesthesia脊髓麻醉coccyg(o)-尾骨lcoccygeal尾骨的lcoccyalgia尾骨痛sacr(o)-骶骨lsacral骶骨的lsacroiliac骶髂的sacr(o)-sacr(o)-cost(o)肋骨lcostal肋骨的lcostochondral肋骨软骨的stern(o)-胸骨lsternocleidomastoid胸锁乳突的ischi(o)-坐骨lischial/ischiatic坐骨的lischiopupic坐骨耻骨的articul(o)-arthr(o)-关节larticular关节的larthritis关节炎第七章第七章 液体、分泌物与免
56、疫系统液体、分泌物与免疫系统humor-液体lhumoral体液的lhumoralism体液学说sangui-血液lsanguineous血液的lsanguinopurulent脓血的hema-血液lhemafecia便血lhemacytometer血细胞计数器hem(o)-血液lhemostasis止血，血停止lhemopoletlc生(造)血的lheme血红素lhemolysin溶血素lhemophilia血友病lhemodilution血液稀释haem(o)-血液lhemorrhage出血lhemolytic溶血的lhemoglobin血红蛋白lhemodialysis血液透析lhaem
57、at(o)-血液lhematology血液学lhematocrit血细胞比容lhemttoma血肿lhematuria血尿hemat(o)-血液hematologic血液学的hematogenous血原性的plasm(o)-血浆lplasmin纤维蛋白溶解酶lplasminogen纤维蛋白溶酶原sero-血清lserotonin血清素lserodiagnosis血清学诊断lymph(o)淋巴llymphocyte淋巴细胞llymphoadenitis淋巴结炎lact(o)-乳llactic乳的llactate乳酸盐llactation泌乳llactogen催乳素galact(o)-乳lgala
58、ctorrhea乳溢lgalactopoietic生（催）乳的lgalactic（催）乳液的lgalactocele乳腺囊肿bili-胆汁lbiliary胆汁（道、囊）的lbilirubin胆红素chole-胆汁cholelithiasis胆石病cholemia胆血症saliv(o)-唾液lsalivary唾液的，涎的lsalivation流涎，多涎muc(o)-粘液lmucoid粘液（样）的lmucous粘液的，分泌粘液的lmucoprotein粘蛋白lmucocele粘液囊肿（息肉）myx(o)-粘液lmyxoma粘液瘤lmyxedema粘液水肿blenn(o)-粘液lblennadeni
59、tis粘液腺炎lblennothorax粘液胸sud(o)汗液lsudomotor催汗的，促汗的lsudation发汗hidr(o)-汗液lhidradenitis汗腺炎lhidrorrhea多汗症，大汗sput(o)-痰lsputal痰的lexpectoran祛痰的，祛痰药fecal(o)-粪lfecal粪便的lfecaloma粪结copr(o)-粪lcoproculture粪培养lcoprostasis便结，粪结immun(o)-免疫limmunology免疫学limmunodeficiency免疫缺陷limmunization免疫（接种）limmune免疫，有免疫应答的limmunity
60、免疫力limmunoglobulin免疫球蛋白thym(o)-胸腺thymic胸腺的thymoma胸腺瘤splen(o)-脾lsplenic脾的lsplenomegaly脾大lsplenectomy脾切除术lsplenorenal脾肾的allerg(o)-lallergic变应性的lallergosis变应性病lallergen变应原la11ergization致敏作用antigen(o)-抗原lantigenic抗原的lantigenicity抗原性第八章第八章 生殖与人类学系统生殖与人类学系统genit(o)-生殖器lgenital生殖的，生殖器的lgenitourinary泌尿生殖的lg
61、enitoplasty生殖器成形术gyne(o)-女性lgynecology妇科学lgynecopathy妇科病ovari(o)-卵巢lovarian卵巢的lovariectomy卵巢切除术lovariorrhexis卵巢破裂lovarlocentests卵巢穿刺术uter(o)-子宫luterotonic子宫收缩的(剂)luteroplacental子宫胎盘的luterovaginal子宫阴道的hyster(o)-子宫lhysterectomy子宫切除术lhysterotomy子宫切开术lhysteroscopy子宫镜检查lhysteria癔病metr(o)-子宫lmetronidazole
62、甲硝唑lmetrorrhagia子宫出血lmetrocarcinoma子宫癌lmetritis子宫炎oviduct(o)-输卵管loviduc（t）al输卵管的salpingo-输卵管lsalpingitis输卵管炎lsalpingotomy输卵管切开术vagin(o)-阴道lvaginal阴道的lvaginally经阴道地lvaginitis阴道炎lvaginoplasty阴道成形术vulv(o)-女阴,外阴lvulvar的lvulvectomy外阴切除术lvulvitis女阴炎lvulvovaginal外阴阴道的estr(o)-雌lestrogen雌激素lestrone雌酮lestradi
63、ol雌二醇lestrogenic雌激素的men(o)-月经lmenopause绝经lmenorrhagia月经过多lmenotropins促卵泡激素pregn(o)-妊娠,孕pregnant妊娠的pregnane孕烷embry(o)-胚胎lembryology胚胎学lembryogenesis胚胎发生lembryonic胚胎的lembryoid胚胎样的amni(on)o-羊膜lamniotic羊膜的lamniochorial羊膜绒(毛)膜的lamniocentesis羊膜穿刺术lamnioscope羊膜镜检查lamnionitis羊膜炎lamniorrhexis羊膜破裂chorion(o)-绒
64、毛膜lchorionic绒(毛)膜的lchoriocarcinoma绒(毛)膜癌placent(o)-胎盘lplacental胎盘的lpalcentation胎盘形成fet(o)-胎儿lfetal胎盘的lfetoscopy胎儿镜检查parturi(o)-分娩lparturient临产的，产妇lparturifacient催产素lparturiental分娩的lparturlometer分娩力计-para产次lprimipara初产妇lnullipara未产妇lmuhipara多产妇lsecundipara二产妇ltertipara三产妇andr(o)-男性landrogen雄激素landrol
65、ogy男科学scrot(o)-阴囊lscrotal阴囊的lscrotectomy阴囊切除术lscrotitis阴囊炎lscrotoplasty阴囊成形术lscrotomy阴囊切开术lscrotocele阴囊腹股沟疝的semin(o)-精子、精液lseminal精液的lseminoma精原细胞瘤linsemination授精的lseminiferous生精子的spermat-精子、精液lspermatic精液的lspermatism精液生成，射精lspermatocyte精母细胞lspermatogonia精原细胞test(o)睾丸ltestosterone睾酮ltestectomy睾丸切除术t
66、esticul(o)-睾丸ltesticular睾丸的ltesticuloma睾丸肿瘤orchid(o)-睾丸lorchitis睾丸炎lorchidectomy睾丸切除术didym(o)-睾丸ldidymitis睾丸炎ldidymalgia睾丸痛prostat(o)-前列腺lprostatic前列腺的lprostaglandin前列腺素lprostatitis前列腺炎lprostatectomy前列腺切除术pen(o)-阴茎lpenile阴茎的lpenitis阴茎炎lpeniscopy阴茎镜检查penischisis阴茎裂phall(o)-阴茎lphallic阴茎的lphalloplasty阴
67、茎成形术senilo-老年lsenilism早老lsenility年老，衰老presby-老年的lpresbycardia老年性心脏病presbyopia老视lpresbyphrenia老年精神病态geront(o)-老年的lgerontology老年医学lgerontologist老年病学家puer-儿童lpuericulturist育儿专家lpuerile儿童的，幼稚的ped(o)-儿童lpedology儿科学lpedodontics儿童牙科学第九章第九章 神经精神系统神经精神系统encephal(o)-脑lencephalopathy脑病lencephalomyelitis脑脊髓炎len
68、cephalitis脑炎lencephalocele脑突出cerebr(o)-大脑lcerebral大脑的lcerebrovascular脑血管的lcerebritis脑炎lcerebrospinal脑脊髓的cerebell(o)-小脑lcerebellar小脑的lcerebellitis小脑炎cortic(o)-皮质lcortical皮(层)质的lcorticoid皮质激素类lcorticosteroid皮质类固醇lcorticosterone皮质酮lcorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素medull(o)髓质lmedullary髓(状)的lmedulloencephalic脑脊髓的lm
69、edullosuprarenoma肾上腺髓质瘤mening(o)-脑膜lmeningitis脑(脊)膜炎lmeningeal脑脊膜的arachnoid(o)-蛛网膜lsubarachnoid蛛网膜下的larachnoidal蛛网膜的larachnoiditis蛛网膜炎pyramid(o)-锥体lpyramidal椎体的lextrapyramidal椎体束外的radicul(o)-神经根lradiculalgia神经根痛lradiculitis脊神经根炎ganglion(o)-神经节lganglionic神经节的lganglionitis神经节炎synapt(o)-突触lsynaptic突触的s
70、ympathy(o)-交感神经lsympathomimeic拟交感神经的lsympathlytic抗交感神经的vag(o)-迷走神经lvagovagal经迷走神经反射的lvagitis迷走神经炎psych(o)-精神lpsychic精神的，心理的lpsychiatry精神病学lpsychiatric精神病学的lpsychoanalytic精神分析-mania狂、癖ldipsomania酒狂kleptomania盗窃狂-phobia恐怖lphotophobia畏光lagoraphobia场所恐怖症lacrophobia恐高症lsocialphobia社交恐怖症第十章第十章 症状学与病理学系统症状
71、学与病理学系统adhesi(o)-粘连ladhesive粘连的ladhesiolysis粘连松懈术atret(o)-闭锁latretic闭锁的、无孔的latretocystia膀胱闭锁atroph(o)-萎缩latrophic萎缩的latrophedma萎缩性水肿febri(o)-发热lfebrile热的，发热的lfebricide退热的，退热药icter(o)-黄疸licteric黄疸的licterepatitis黄疸性肝炎tumor-肿瘤ltumorous肿瘤的ltumorigenic致肿瘤的onc(o)-肿瘤loncology肿瘤学loncologic肿瘤学的neoplast-肿瘤lne
72、oplasia瘤形成lneoplastigenic引起肿瘤的carcin(o)-癌lcarcinoma癌lcarcinogenesis致癌作用necr(o)-坏死lnecrosis坏死lnecrolysis坏死溶解的-emphraxis梗阻lurethremphraxis尿道梗阻laryngemphraxis喉梗阻algesi(o)-疼痛lalgesia疼痛lanalgesia疼痛缺失ulcer(o)-溃疡lulcerous溃疡的lulceration溃疡形成vomit(o)-呕吐lvomit溃疡的lvomitive溃疡形成hemorrhag-出血lhemorrhagic出血的hemorrhea大出血edemat(o)-水肿ledematous水肿的ledematization水肿形成operat(o)-手术loperative手术的lpreoperative手术前的lintraoperative手术中的lpostoperative手术后的orth(o)-矫正lorthodontics正牙学lorthopedics矫形外科学edemat(o)-水肿edematous水肿的edematization水肿形成
