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1、读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思引用初中英语语法:英语十大词类复习全攻略初中英语新课外资讯频道 20XX 年10月20日 14:06初中英语辅导导读 初中英语的语法、 词汇及会话技能构建的关键时期;处于机械记忆阶段,学得快忘的也很快,语言应用能力不强;开始需要面对学校考试的压力。现在, 小学生开始学习英语的时间越来越早,一年级就开设了英语课。但是,由于许多孩子未养成良好的学习习惯,觉得学英语太枯燥、太难,导致对 英语学习 产生厌烦甚至畏惧心理 。20XX 年 07月11日引用qiuq2008 的 初中 英语语法 :英语十大词类复习全攻略初中英语语法:英语十大词类复习全攻略【初中英语】玉兔
2、王子的 英语十大词类复习全攻略I词法英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词 (adjective)、副词 (adverb)、动词 (verb)、数词 (numeral)、冠词 (article) 、介词(preposition) 、连词(conjunctions) 和感叹词 (interjection) 。一、名词 (n) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词(一)名词的 分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,d
3、esk, cat,window) 和集体名词 (由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family ,class,police)。不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water, paper,silk ,money)和抽象名词 (表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty ,housework) 专有名词表示个人、地方、 机构、 组织等。 如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival ,France, the United States) (二)名词的数1可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其
4、复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s。egbook books,dog dogs, pen pens,boy boys 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为 s),以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s 读音为 。(2)以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。egbeach beaches ,brush brushes,bus buses ,boxboxes(es读音为(3)以“ 辅音字母 y” 结尾的名词,先变y 为 i,再加 es。eg city cities,family families,documentary documentaries,country
5、countries,strawberry strawberries(ies 读音为 iz) (注:以 “ 元音字母 +y” 结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。egboys,holidays,days) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:加 egtomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes 结尾是两个元音字母的加s,egZOOzoos,radio radios 某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. pianopianos 一些
6、名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,egphoto(photograph) photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos zero 变复数时,既可加s,也可加egzeroszeroes (5)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时,先把f 或 fe 变为 v,再加 es。egwife wives,leaf leaves,half halves,knife knives,thief-thieves(res 读音为vz (注意: roof 的复数为roofs; scarf 的复数为scarfsscarves) (6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s 或 es,而是变换其中的字母,egma
7、n men,woman women,policeman policemen,Englishman Englishmen , Frenchman Frenchmen,foot feet,tooth teeth,child children,mousemice,OxOxen(公牛 ) (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。egChinese,Japanese ,sheep,deer,fish (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors 另外,当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。
8、egan apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend , two girl friends ,a twin sister 但是,当 man 和 woman 作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。egtwo men teachers,three women doctors 可用 “ 量词 +of+名词复数 ” 这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils 2不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“ 量” 的表示方式如下。(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little ,a lot of
9、lots of,some,any 等词修饰。eg,much money,a little bread (2)表确定数量时,一般用“ 数词 +量词 +of+ 不可数名词。如:twothree+ 量词复数十 of+不可数名词。ega bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk ,four bottles Of water 3有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。eg: fruit水果 fruits 表示不同种类的水果;food 食物 foods 各种食品; fish 鱼 fishes鱼的种类;drink 饮料、 酒 a drink 一杯一份饮料、 一杯酒; c
10、loth 布 ,a cloth桌布、抹布;sand沙 sands沙滩;tea 茶 a tea 一杯茶; chicken 鸡肉 a chicken小鸡; orange橘汁 an orange橘子;glass玻璃 a glass玻璃杯, glasses眼镜;paper纸 a paper 试卷、论文; wood 木头 a wood 小森林; room 空间、余地 a room 房间(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系) (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。不是以 s 结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加s。egMikes watch ;Women s Day以 s
11、结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加 。egteachers office,students rooms 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思在最后一个名词后加s。egTom and Mikes room 汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加s。eg.Marys and Jenny s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车) (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用o
12、f 结构ega map Of China,the beginning Of this game ,the door Of the room (3)特殊形式可用 s和 of 短语表示的名词所有格egthe boy s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字 ) the dog s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿 ) Chinas population=the population Of China(中国的人口 ) Chinas capital=the capital of C hina(中国的首都 ) 双重所有格ega fiend of my mo
13、thers我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Toms汤姆的一张图片二、代词 (pron)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用相互代词each other, one another 指示代词this, that,these,those 不定代词 (不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no, one,(a)few, (a)little ,some, any,many,much,other,another 复合不定代词everybody,somebody, anybody,nobody,everyone, someone,a
14、nyone,no one, every-thing,something,anything,nothing 疑问代词what,who,whom,which ,whose 直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句表语从句等。关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which 用引导定语从句。(二 )代词的用法1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法( 1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。eg. She gave a red apple她给了我一个红苹果:(She 作主语, me 作动词宾语 ) Kathy is near him
15、 凯西靠近他。(介词 near的宾语 ) 2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词位于名词前:their school,his backpack 名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。eIt isnt my penMine(=my pen) is missing (作主语 ) I left my pen at home You can use hers(=her pen),(作宾语 ) of+ 名词性物主代词” 属双重所有格的一种形式。eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours 你的一个朋友(3)
16、反身代词反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。egA few days later,I myself had to go to Paris (作同位语 ) She bought herself a new bag(作动词宾语 ) Hes not worried about himself (作介词宾语 ) 带有反身代词的常用短语。teach oneself 自学精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思help oneself to 随便吃些 吧say to o
17、neself 自言自语learn by oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 过得愉快leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下hurt oneself 伤了自己dress oneself自己穿衣服come to oneself 苏醒过来(4)相互代词表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。eg For years, the two sisters looked after one another(each other) 多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。We should learn from each other 我们应当互相学习。可以用格表示所有关系:each
18、other s, one another s互相的,彼此的egThey are looking at each others pictures他们相互看对方的照片。(5)指示代词指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。eg This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。These are my friends,and that is my sister这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:eg.Steve had a bad cold ThisThat was why he did
19、n t come to school yesterday2不定代词的用法(1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法each每个各个 ”(强调个体 ),用于两者或两者以上。egTwo girls came and l gave an apple to each来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。Each of them has a nice ring她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。every每个各个 ”(强调全体 ),用于两者以上。every 常作形容词用。egEveryday is important to us 每天对我们都很重要。He has
20、read every book(all the books) On the subject 他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。both 表示两者 “ 都”(强调全体 )。egHer parents are both doctors她父母都是医生。Both of them are doctors 他俩都是医生。They both like potatoes他俩喜欢吃土豆。all “全体大家一切” 用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。egThats all for today 今天到此为止。All of us are from China 我们都来自中国。All the food is delicious
21、 所有的食物都很好吃。either “两者之一 ” ,用于两者 (强调个体 )。egThe two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。neither “两个都不 ” ,用于否定两者。eg. Neither Of the books is are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。no(=not anynot a) “没有 ” 可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。eg.I have no brothers Or sisters我没有兄弟姐妹. 精选学习资料 - - - - - -
22、- - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思A clock has no mouth ,but it can talk 钟表没有嘴,但能说话。There is no fire without some smoke 有火就有烟。none“ 没有一个人物” 用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名 司。eg.None Of them has have been to Japan 他们都没去过日本。I like none of the books 这些书我全都不喜欢。neither 和 none 表示完全否定;all,both,each 和
23、 every(含 every 的复合词 )等与 not连用时表示部分否定。egI don t know all of you 我不完全认识你们。Not everyone Of us know how to go there 不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。(2)one,ones和 no one 的用法one 用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复; 复数 ones 用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one 表示否定。e Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗? 一 Which one?哪一本 ? 一 The
24、 one on my shelf我书架上的那本。No one has traveled farther than to the moon 没有人旅行远过月球。(3)(a)few ,(a)little ;many,much;some, any的用法many(+复数名词 ),much(+不可数名词 )表示 “ 许多 /很多 ” 。egMany Of the students come from England 那些学生许多是从英国来的。Thanks,it s too much for me谢谢,我承受不起。few(+ 复数名词 ), little(+ 不可数名词 )表示 “ 没多很少 ”(表否定
25、)。eg,There were few people in the street last night 昨晚街上没什么人。I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。a few(+复数名词 ),a little(+ 不可数名词 )表示 “ 有一些有几个”( 表肯定 )。eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge 我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意: quite a few 表示 “ 相当多 ”egThere
26、are quite a few students over there那儿有相当多的学生。some(+复数名词不可数名词),any(+复数名词不可数名词)表示 “ 有一些有几个”( 表肯定 )。egThere are some birds in the tree树上有些鸟。There is some water in the bottle 瓶里有些水。I don t have any brothers Of sisters我没有Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗 ? .some 一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some。eg: Wou
27、ld you like some beer? 你要不要来点啤酒吗?Why didnt you buy some sweets?(You should have bought )你怎么没买点糖果? .any 一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句egThere isnt any water left 没有剩下一点水。If you have any questions, put up your hands。 please 如果有问题,请举手。: some+单数名词表示 “ 某一个 ” ,any+单数名词表示 “ 随便哪一个 ” 或 “ 任何一个 ” 。e Ill catch up with you so
28、me day有一天我会赶上你的。Come any day you like 你哪天来都行。Tom is taller than any other student in his class 汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法1. onethe other表示两个人或两件东西中的“ 一个 另一个 ”eg.Mr Smith has two daughters.0n
29、e is a teacher, the other is a nurse2. one another表示不定数目中的“ 一个 ” 与“ 另个” 。eg. I dont want this One, please give me another3. one the others强调在一定范围中的“ 一个 ” 与“ 其余的 ” 。eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American ,the Others are Chinese4. some the others表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“ 一部分 ” 与 “ 其余的全部 ” 。egSome s
30、tudents are reading,the others are drawing pictures others=other+名词; the othersthe Other+名词。egSome students like traveling ,others(other students) like watching TV at home another 表示 “ 再又 ” 时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。(4)复合不定代词的用法复合不
31、定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。egSomeone is knocking at the door 有人在敲门修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。egThere is something important On todays newspaper今天的报纸有些重要新闻。复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:egSomething is wrong (变为否定句 ) Something isn t wrong.(错误 ) Nothing is wrong (正确 ) Somebody,someone,something 一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anyt
32、hing 一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。egThere is something new in the park 公园里有些新的景点。Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗? 当 somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone 等用在肯定句中表示“ 任何人 ” 。egIs someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗? Anyone can make mistakes 任何人都可能犯错误。3疑问代词的用法。(1)who w
33、hom 谁(指人 )作主语eg. Who wants to go with him? 作宾语egWhoWhom are you waiting for?( 作介词 for 的宾语 ) eg.WhoWhom do you want tomeet?( 作动词 meet 的宾语 ) 作表语egWhoWhom are they? (2)whose 谁的作定语eg Whose pen is this? 作表语eg Whose is this pen? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思(
34、3)which 哪一个,哪一些作定语egWhich girl is Kathy? 作表语eg Which is the boys ball?(4)what 什么作主主语eg What s on the table?作宾语eg. What are you doing? 作表语eg What is he? 作定语eg What class are you in? 4关系代词的用法关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另方面又在从句中充当一个成分。eg This is the man who gave me the book 这就是给我书的那个人。The money
35、thatwhich is on the table is mine 桌上的钱是我的。The money thatwhich my mother gave me is on the table 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。三、形容词 (adj) 表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用四、副词 (adv) 表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子(一)形容词的用法及位置1形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。Eg. She has short hair(作定语 ) Paul is tall (作表语 ) We must keep our room clean
36、(作宾补 ) 2形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。egShe has something important to tell usTheres nothing wrong in the sentence (二)副词的种类、用法及位置1副词的种类(1)时间副词表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday, today, tonight,before,justnow ,recently,sO faf 表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimesseldom,never 其它作用: already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediate
37、ly , atfirst ,at last,finally (2)地点副词表地点: here,there,home, abroad,upstairs, downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere 表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back, along,over,away,near,off,past (3)方式副词表示谓语动词“ 怎样地 ” ,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly 构成 ):badly,bravely,gr
38、atefully ,calmly ,carefully ,carelessly, nervously,proudly ,patiently ,politely ,sadly,properly ,rapidly,wrongly ,suddenly (4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little , a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly ,deeply, nearly, almost,hardly (5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why (6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表
39、语从句:how,when,where,why (7)关系副词引导定语从句:when,where,why (8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly( 坦率地说,精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思说真的 ),generally(一般说来 ),luckily( 幸运地是 ),first of all( 首先 )等。2副词的用法及位置(1)修饰动词作状语多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。egThe farmers are workin
40、g hard in the field She speaks English wellThe nurse looks after the babies carefully 频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。egHe always goes to school On foot She was often late for school I have never been to Beijing(2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。egHe has a very nice watchThe box is too heavy. (3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。egShe paints
41、 quite wellYou speak too fastI can t understand you(4)作表语,放在系动词后。egIs anybody in? (5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。egI saw him out just now (6)作定语,放在名词之后。egThere is a man:here On vacation(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first ,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。egFinally ,I finished the work Perhaps he s watching TV at home(8)表
42、示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough 则放在它所修饰的词后。eg. He is old enough to go to school (三)形容词和副词的比较等级1比较级、最高级的构成(1)单音节和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er 或 est great-greater greatest,young younger youngest,slowslower slowest以 e结尾的只加r 或 st nice nicer-nicest ,large largerlargest以辅音字母加y 结尾的,先变y 为 i,再加 er 或 est heavy heavier heaviest,eas
43、y easier easiest,busy busier busiest, funny funnier +funniest ,early earlier earliest 以 重 读 闭 音 节 结 尾 的 词 , 先 双 写 最 末 的 一 个 辅 音 字 母 , 再 加er 或est big bigger biggest,thin thinner thinnest,fat )fatter fattest ,ht )fitter fittest(2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more 为比较级,加(the)most 为最高级careful more carefulmost careful 精
44、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思useful more useful most useful popular more popular most popularcarelessly more carelessly most carelessly (3)不规则变化的词goodwell better bestbadill badly worseworstmanymuch moremostlittleless leastold olderelder oldest( 指年龄大小 ) e
45、ldest(指长幼顺序 ) far farther furtherfarthest( 指距离 )furthest(指程度 ) 2形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法用于两者比较,表示“ 比更” :“A+ 系动词 +形容词比较级 +than+B,egI am two years older than my little sister “A+ 谓语动词 +副词比较级 +than+:eg She gets to school earlier than the other students用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“ 和 一样 ” :“A+ 系动词 +as+形容词原级 +a
46、s+B,eg.Bill is as funny as his father “A+ 谓语动词 +as+副词原级 +as+B”eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily. 表示甲在某方面不如乙:“A+ 系动词 +notasso+形容 i 司原级 +as 十 B”egThese books aren t as interesting as those“A+ 助动词情态动词+not+谓语动词 +aSSO+B ”egShe didn t sing so well that night as she usually does 表示某个范围内的两者相比:“A 十动词十th
47、e+比较级 +of 短语 (比较范围 ) ” eg Penny is the taller of the two girls Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。表示 “ 越来越 ” :“ 比较级 +and+比较级 ”egIn spring the days are getting longer and longer 在春天,白天变得越来越长。表示 “ 越越” :“the+ 比较级 the+比较级 ”egThe mort:you practice using English ,the better you ll learn it 你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。可以用 much,far,even
48、,a bit,a little ,a lot 等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。egTom is a little taller than Mike Tom 比 Mike 稍高一点;it is even colder today than yesterday 。 今天甚至比昨天更冷在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that 或 those代替前面提到过的事情。egThe weather here is much hotter than that of our hometown 这儿比我的老家热得多。The pants in this shop are a lot better than
49、 those in that shop. 这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带ofin 短浯来说明比较范围:“ 主语 +系动词 +the+形容词最高级 +of 短语 in 短语 ”egShe is the youngest Of all “A+ 谓语动词 +(the)+ 最高级 +of
50、 短语 in 短语 ”egLinda draws most carefully in her class 五、冠词 (art)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义冠词分为不定冠词aan 和定冠词the,放在名词前、a3n 用在单数可数名词前(a 用于辅音音素开头的词前,an 用于元音音素开头的词前)。1不定冠词(1)不定冠词的用法泛指 类人或物。egThis is a pencil caseShes a doctor 指不具体的某个人或物。eg. I met an old man On my way home 用在序数词前,相当于another。egTheres a third boy near the
51、 shop.表示 “ 每(个) ” ,相当于every。egThey have music lessons twice a week固定搭配。a lot Of,a lot,a little ,a few,a glass Of,such aan, have a word with ,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk ,ten Yuan a kilo (2)不定冠词的位置不定冠词 般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。eg,a bike,a
52、n egg 当名词被such,what,many 修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。egIt took me half an hour to finish my homework He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door What a dangerous job it is! Many a man has gone to the big cities for work 当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too 等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took
53、the blind man to the station How nice a film this is! 当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very 时,不定冠词放在quite,rather 之后, very之前。egIt is quite a good book That is rather a useful too1. This is a very interesting story 2定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。eg:l have two children ,a boy and a girlThe boys name is Mark The girls name
54、 is Penny.(2)特指某 (些)人或物。eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America (3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。eg: My shoes are under the bed(4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思eg Tom is the taller of the two boys (5)用在序数词前。eg Monday is the second day of a week(
55、6)yo 用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。cg The moon moves round the earth(7)用在某些形容词前,表示类人或物。the rich(富人 ),the poor(穷人 ),the deaf(聋人 ), the blind( 盲人 ),the dead(死者 ),the wounded(伤员 ) (8)用在姓氏复数前,表示“ 某某 家人 ” 或“ 某某夫妇 ” 。egThe Greens are having dinner at home(9)用在乐器前。egplay the pianoguitarviolin drums(10
56、)用于逢 “ 十 ” 的复数数词前,指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。eg. In the 1970s,a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometownI think he is in the thirties (11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。the United Nations ,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of ,all the time,in the east,by the
57、 way,On the way tO,the(more) the(more) “ 越越”3不用冠词的情况(1)名词前有指示代词this,that,these, those时不用冠词。egThat girl is my friend (2)名词前有物主代词my,your,his her,their 等时不用冠词。egLucy is her sister (3)名词前有whose,which,SO1ie,any,each,every 等代词时不用冠词。egWhich man is Mr Green? Each student has a beautiful picture(4)复数名词表示一类人或
58、物时不用冠词。egThose young men are teachers,not students(5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。egSnow is white (6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。egDoes she like music? (7)在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。egplay basketballsoccerchess (8)在三餐前不用冠词。eghave breakfast lunchsupperdinner (9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。eg Tina, China, Tiananmen Square, Beijing,University , N
59、ew Years Day , Tuesday, January (10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。egMy favorite is English (11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。egat noon, at work,at home, by bus, by air ,On foot,from morning till night,at night,gO tO school,go to bed,at last 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思4在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠
60、词意思有较大区别。in hospital( 在住院 );in the hospital( 在医院 ) in prison( 在坐牢 );in the prison( 在监狱里 ) at table(吃饭,用餐 ); at the table(在桌旁 ) in front of( 在某个范围之外的前面); in the front of( 在某个范围之外的前面) go to college(上大学 ); go to the college(去那所大学 ) take place(发生 ); take the place(代替 ) 六、数词(一)基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。1基数词的构成(
61、1)1-20 one,two,three,four,five ,six,seven,eight,nine, ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen ,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty (2)21-99 先说 “ 几十 ” ,再说 “ 几” ,中间加连字符。23twenty -three, 34thirty -four , 45forty five , 56fifty -six , 67sixty -seven,78 seventy-eight,89 eighty-nine, 91 ninety-
62、one (3)101999先说 “ 几百 ” ,再加 and,再加末两位数或末位数;586five hundred and eighty -six,803eight hundred and three (4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“ ,” ,第一个 “ ,” 前为 thousand第二个“ ,” 前为million ,第三个 “ ,” 前为 billion( 美式 )或 thousand ,million( 英式 ),然后一节一节地表示。1,001one thousand and one9,785nine thousand, seven hundred and eight
63、y-five 18,423eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three 6,260,309 six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000 seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式 ) seven hundred and fifty thousand million( 英式 ) 2基数词的用法(1)作主语egFour Of them come from Paris (2)作宾语eg一How many b
64、ooks would you like? 一 I would like two (3)作表语egSeven minus two is five (4)作定语egThere are three people in my family(5)作同位语eg. You two will go swimming with us(6)表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million 用单数。eg. There are six hundred students in our grade(7)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。 若带名词, 再加 of hundreds of( 数百,成百上千的 ),t
65、housands of(数干,成千上万的),millions of( 数百万 ) eg,They arrived in two sand threes 他们三三两两地来了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思(8)表示 “ 十” 的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。eg. He is in his early thirties 他有三十来岁(3134岁 ):This took place in the 1930s 这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;(9)表示时刻egI watch C
66、CTV News at seven oclock every evening.(二)序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。1,序数词的构成(1)一般在基数词后加th egfour fourth,thirteenthirteenth(2)不规则变化onefirst , twosecond , three third, five fifth , eight eighth, nine ninth ,twelve-twelfih (3)以 y 结尾的十位整数,变y 为 ie 再加 th twenty twentieth, forty fortieth, ninety ninetieth(4)从二
67、十一后的“ 几十几 ” 直至 “ 几百几十几” 或“ 几千几百几十几” 只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first ,two hundred and forty-fifth 2序数词的用法(1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。egTom is their second sonHe is the first one to come here(2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上又 ,“ 再一 ”eg: He tried a second time他又试了 次. Shall l ask him a third time? 还要我再问他 次吗?我已问了他两次) (3)序
68、数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th, 21st,22nd,23rd (4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。20XX 年8月 15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August ,2005;(美 )8,15,2005=August 15th ,2005 (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。No1(1号), No3bus(3路公共汽车 ),Room 103,(103号旁间 ) The first lesson=Lesson Two( 第二课 ) (四)分数词的表达分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s eg
69、13-one third ;25-two fifths (五)数学运算的表达eg3+5=8 Three plusand five is eight 9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven 6x5=30 Five times six is thirty six unutilized five is thirty8 2=4 Eight divided by two is four 七、介词(一)表示时间的介词(1)at 接具体时间:egat six,at half past two, at ten to twelve 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总
70、结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思表示 “ 在时刻 ” ;eg: at noon,at midnight (2)in 表示 “ 在(某段时间段 )之间 ” ;egin January,in a month,in spring,in 2005 在将来时中,表示“ 在某段时间之后”egIn ten years,I think Ill be a reporter (3)on 表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon,On May4th , On the mornin
71、g of July 6th (三)固定搭配的介词(1)动词 +介词: look after ,look at,look for ,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for ,worry about, think of ,spend On (2)介词十名词: by train,on foot ,at the end of ,at last,in the end,in trouble ,at table,at breakfast,in hospital,in time ,On time, On one s way to,with
72、 pleasure (3)be+形容词 +介词: be afraid of ,be good at,be goodbad for, be late for,be interested in,be angry, with,be full of ,be sorry for 八、连词 (conj.用来连接词与词或句与句(1)并列连词 (用来连接平行的词、词组或分句) 表并列关系:not only but also,neither nor, and 表选择关系:or,either or 表转折关系:but,while 表因果关系:for,so (2)从属连词 (用来引导从句 ) 引导时间状语从句:af
73、ter,before,when, while,as,until ,till ,since, as soon as 引导原因状语从句:because,as,since 引导目的状语从句:so that,in order that 引导结果状语从句:so that,sothat,such that 引导比较状语从句:than,asas引导宾语从句:that,if, whether 九、动词 (verb)动词表示主语的动作或状态(一)动词的种类。(1)及物动词vt,其后接宾语。egShe wears a uniform(2)不及物动词vi,不接宾语。eg :She can dance (3)连系动词
74、like-v 接表语。egThey are nursesThat sounds interesting. His mother looks young. If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad (4)助动词 aux-V接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思,只起语法作用)。eg, DO you like pandas? He has gone to Australia精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思She is looking at t
75、he cat(5)情态动词mod-v接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化)。Eg. He must go nowYou should clean the classroom after class(6)有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作助动词或不及物动词,be 也可作助动词。egI do my homework after class(Vt ) Do as you like(Vi ) She is a little bit quiet(mod-v) She is swimming now (aux-v) 二)情态动词的用法(一)can,could,may 的用法l .can
76、could (1)表示具有某种能力,意为“ 能,能够,会 ”(could表过去 )。egI can sing English songsLisa can t speak JapaneseShe could swim when she was four years old (2)表示许:可、允许,意为“ 可以 ” 。egCan we watch TV now? You cant play computer games in the morning (3)表示请求某人做某事,意为“ 能,能够 ”(用 could 使晤气更委婉)。egCanCould you help me ,please? (4)
77、表示推测 “ 可能 ” ,多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must,might ,could等) cg。it cant be true这不可能是真的。Where can he have gone?他可能会去哪儿呢? 2maymight (1)表示许可、允许,意为“ 可以 ” ,比 can 更正式。eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的钢笔吗? May l ask you a question? 我可以问你 个问题吗 ? (2)表示推测 “ 可能 ” ,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑问句。egHe may be at home now他可能现在在家。She may n
78、ot be there today今天她可能不在那儿。(二)can 与 be able to 的区别1两者都可以用来表示能力。egI canam able to mend the bike2.can 只有现在时 (Can)和过去时 (could) ,而 be able to 可用于多种时态。eg. I will be able to come back in another few months. He hasnt been able to get there before dark 3can 可以表示推测,但be able to 不能。egThat Cant be Ginas diction
79、ary 4can 与 be able to;不能重复使用eg他能做好这件事。He can be able to do is well(X) He can do it well ( )He is able to do it well ( )(三)must 与 have to 的区别精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 16 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思1.主客观方面不同。must 表“ 义务 ” 或“ 强制 ” ,表示主观的必要; 在肯定句中must 还可表推测, 语气要比may肯定多。 have to 表“ 必须
80、 ” 或“ 不得不 ” ,表示客观的必要。egWe must clean the room(表示我们认为房间太脏了。) We have to clean the room(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。) He must beat home before supper。(他晚饭前一定在家。) 2.人称和时态不同。must 无人称和时态的变化,一律用must 十动词原形。have to 后接动词原形,有人称、数和时态的变化,一般现在时的第三人称单数要用has to,过去时中要用had to,将来时中要用 will have to 。另外, have to还可与,情态动词和助动词连用。eg:
81、 Tom must practice his guitar every day The train has left Well have to wait for the next train 3否定式及意义不同。must not=mustnt“决不可千万不可务必不要” ; dontdoesntdidn twon t+have to “不必 ”egWe mustn t tell jokes on him我们千万不可与他开玩笑。We don t have to tell jokes on him我们不必和他开玩笑。在对 May I ? 作否定回答时用No, you mustntcanteg. Ma
82、y l go to the movies? NO ,You mustnt 5疑问式及回答不同。Must+主语 +动词原形 +? Yes,主语 + must NO,主语 +neednt助动词 +主语 +have to+动词原形 +?Yes,主语 +助动词 No,主语 +助动词 +notegMust l go now? Yes,you must NO,you needntDoes she have to go to the doctor? Yes, she does NO, she doesnt.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 16 页