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1、初中英语近义词、同义词、词组、短语辨析大全A 1.at the momentin a momentfor a moment at the moment=right now此时此刻 , 用于现在时。in a moment = very soon “很快,立即”, 一般用于将来时的句子。for a moment “此刻,一会儿”表示时间的延续。 例 He is out at the moment.此刻他不在家。I will come back in a moment.我一会儿就回来。Hold on for a moment.请稍候。. 2a few/ few (1)a few, few 用来修饰可
2、数名词。(2)a few “有一些”,表示肯定概念,few 几乎没有,表示否定意义。 例 The man has been here for many years, so he has a few friends. 这个人在这里住了很多年了,他有一些朋友。I am a new comer here, so I have few friends here. 我刚来到这里,所以我在这里没有几个朋友。. 3a little/ little (1) a little, little 用于修饰不可数名词。(2) a little “有一些”,表示肯定概念。little “几乎没有”,表示否定概念。 例
3、There is a little water in the glass.杯子里有一些水。There is little water in the glass, so you cant drink any. 杯子里几乎没有水了,你不可能喝到水了。. 4across / through 二者都有“通过,穿过”的意思,都是介词,但“through “与空间有关,即一个人或物体从某空间之间穿过,如:Look out through the window, please.请从窗口往外看。We have to walk through the gate to go into the factory. 我
4、们要走进这家工厂必须走过这一扇大门。across 也是“通过”、“跨过”,一般与位移的平面有关,即从一个平面的一头走到或越到另一头。如:If you walk across the square, you will see the hotel there. 如果你走到广场的另一端,你就看到旅馆了。Be careful when you walk across the street.过马路时要小心。注意: cross 是及物动词而across 是介词。ago / before ago 只用于一般过去时,表示从现在算起的一段时间以前。 例He died two years ago.他是两年前去世的
5、。before 后接“时间点”,可用于任何时态;它也可放在“时间段”后,用于完成时或一般过去时。 例I got there before 5 oclock. 我五点钟前到达那里。I never saw him before.我以前没见过他。He had done it two days before.他两天前就做过此事。. 6. already / yet/still (1) already 意为“已经”,常用于肯定句,与完成时和进行时连用为多。用于疑问句时表示问话人持怀疑、惊异的态度。如:Is it Sunday already? 已经到星期天啦?I have already finishe
6、d it.我已经做完了。(2)yet 通常用于疑问句和否定句,在疑问句中作“已经”解,在否定句中作“还”、“尚未”解。如:I haven t learned it yet.我还不知此事。Has he come yet? 他还没有来?(表疑问). 7arrive / reach/ get (1) arrive vi. arrive + in + 大地方(国家、城市等)arrive + at + 小地方(村庄、车站、码头等)He arrived in Nanning last week. 他上星期来到南宁。(2) get vi.get to + 名词When did you get to the
7、station yesterday? 你昨天什么时候到达火车站?reach vt.reach + 名词Please write to me when you reach Beijing.你到北京后请给我写信。当 reach 、arrive、get 后接地点副词here 、there 、home时, 不能后接任何介词。如:I got/ arrive/ reached home late yesterday.我昨天很晚才到家。. 8. agree with/ agree on/ agree to (1)agree with(sb.)表示“与意见一致”。I don t agree with you.
8、 我不同意你的意见。(2)agree to(sth.)宾语一般为suggestion 、plan 等, “同意计划、安排”。We all agreed to your plan. 我们同意你的计划。(3)agree on 表示“双方就 . 达成一致协议”。China and the U.S.A. agreed on the place and time for the next meeting. 中美双方就下次会议的时间、地点问题达成了协议。. 9. a bit/ a little 二者都有“一点儿”的意思,用法上既有相同点, 也有不同点。(1) 相同点:都用来修饰形容词、副词及其比较级,也可
9、修饰动词。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 37 页Get up a bit/ a little earlier, and you will see the star. 起早一点你就会看到星星了。(2) 不同点: a little+不可数名词, a bit of+不可数名词He ate a little food/ a bit of food this morning.他今天早上吃了一点食物。a little 与 a bit 和否定词连用 , 意义大不相同。not a little 很,非常; not a bit 一点也不
10、从 B. 1by the way/ on the way/ in the way (1)by the way 常用作状语,意为“顺便问一下”, “顺便说一下”。(2)on the way “在的路上”,后接名词时需加介词to, 后接副词 home 、here 、there 时不加 to 。(3)in the way “挡路、妨碍”。 例Your car is in the way.你的小汽车挡路了。He bought a pen on his/ the way to school.他在上学的路上买了一枝钢笔。By the way, how old are you? 顺便问一下,你多大了?. 2
11、. be afraid/ be afraid of/ be afraid for (1)be afraid意为“害怕”,如果后接宾语从句,意为“恐怕”,用来表示常有歉意的回话或引出令人不满意的消息。I am afraid I cant help you.我恐怕帮不了你的忙。(2)be afraid of+名词 / 代词 / 动名词,意为“害怕某人/ 做某事”,往往指长期具有的心理状态。I am afraid of going out at night.我害怕晚上出去。be afraid for后习惯接表示人的代词,表示“替某人担心”。如:I am afraid for you.我替你担心。.
12、3. be made of/be made in/be made by 这三个短语都是及物动词make的被动结构,其后所接介词的不同,其所表达的意义就不同:be made of 后接的是表示材料的名词,“由组成”。The desk is made of wood. (2)be made in 后接的是表示地点的名词,“由制造”。The computer is made in China.这台电脑是中国制造的。(3)be made by 后接的名词是人,即“是由来制作(造)的”。This ship is made by us Chinese.这艘船是我们中国人制造的。. 4. between/
13、among 这两个词都有“在之间(中)”的意思,但用法不同:(1)between用于表示双方之间的关系,不论双方的数目是多少。The train runs between Beijing and Nanning.火车在北京和南宁两地间运行。There is a tree between the two houses.这两座房子之间有一棵树。(2)among 后接人或物必须是三个或三个以上,在一群、一组或一个整体中间。如:I saw him among the crowd.我看见他在人群中。London is among the greatest cities of the world.伦敦是世
14、界上最大的城市之一。. 5. borrow / lend (1) 二者都有“借”的意思,使用时应注意以谁为中心的问题,borrow 是以“我”为中心,“借进”的意思,常与from 连用。如:I ve borrowed two books from the library.我从图书馆借了2 本书。(2)lend是以“你”为中心,意为“借出”,常跟介词to 搭配。如:Can you lend your dictionary to me? 能借你的字典给我吗?(3) 这二者都可有这样的结构:borrow sb. sth; lend sb. sth. . 6. bring / take/ fetch/
15、 carry (1)bring意为“带来”,指把某物从别的地方带到说话时的这个地方来。如:Remember to bring your book tomorrow.记住明天把你的书带来。(2)take意为“带走”,即把某物带到别的地方去。It s going to rain. Youd better take an umbrella with you. 要下雨了。你最好带上一把雨伞。(3)fetch意为“去取来某物”,它包括一个往返的过程。如: Will you go and fetch some water?你去取一点水来, 好吗?(4)carry一般指“随身携带的细小物品”,此外还多用于汽
16、车、火车等交通工具意为“运载”的意思。如:He always carries a pocket dictionary with him.他总是随身携带一本袖珍字典。The bus carried me to the park yesterday.昨天公共汽车把我拉到了公园。. 7. beat / win (1) beat vet. 后接的宾语一般为人或相当于人的名词,“打败”,“赢了”;也经常用于被动语态。如:We beat Class Four in the football match yesterday.昨天足球赛我们打败了四班队。Class Four was beaten in the
17、 football match yesterday.四班足球队昨天被打败了。(2) win vt. 一般后接物或比赛作宾语,少用被动语态。如:We won the football game.我们赢得了足球赛的胜利。(3)win 短语:win a game 赢得比赛(游戏)win a gold medal 赢得金牌win a prize 获奖win the war 赢得了战争的胜利 win sb. over 把某人争取过来,说服某人. 8. by/ with/ in by、with 、in 都可以表示使用“工具”、“手段”。它们的区别是:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归
18、纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 37 页by 表示“以方式(方法、手段)”和“乘坐某种交通工具”;with 指“借助于具体的手段和工具”;in 表示“以方式”,“用某种语言”。 例He goes to school by bike.他骑自行车上学。Jim is climbing the tree with a ladder.吉姆用梯子爬树。Can you say it in English? 你能用英语说它吗?. 9. be used for/ be used as/ be used by (1)be used for 在这个短语中,介词for 表用途,即“用来作”。A pe
19、n is used for writing.笔是用来书写的。(2)be used as 在这个短语中,介词as 表身份或工具,即“被用作”。English is used as a useful tool in our country. 在我国英语被作为一个有用的工具来使用。(3)be used by 短语中,介词by 后接使用的执行者,“为所使用”之意。English is used by travelers and business people all over the world. 英语被世界上旅游者和商人所使用。. 10. besides/ except (1)besides与 ex
20、cept 用于肯定句时, except 意为“除之外(不再有)”;besides 意为“除之外(还有)”。试比较:I have another blue pen besides this one. 除了这枝外,我还有另一枝蓝色钢笔。(1+1,共 2 枝)We all passed the exam except Tom. 我们都通过了考试,汤姆除外。(整体中汤姆一人不及格)(2)except前几乎总有all 、any、every 、no 及其复合词等词。He answered all the questions except the last one. 除了最后一个问题没答外,其余问题他都答了
21、。(3)except后接名词、代词、动名词和原形动词,这时except=but ;但 except 后跟副词、介词短语时,不能用but 代替。如:The window is never open except in summer.这扇窗户从来不开, 除夏季外。He did nothing except/ but clean the house.他只是打扫了房子。. 11. both / all 这是一组代词,也可以作形容词,但要正确使用它们,必须区别他们所指的范围。(1)both指“两者都”( =2),其否定应为neither 。His two brothers are both worker
22、s. 他的两个兄弟都是工人。They both work in our school. 他们俩都在我们学校上班。both 的位置:系动词be 后,实义动词前。(2)all指“三个或三个以上都”,否定应为none。The students all work hard.学生们都很用功。They are all here today.他们今天都在这里。They are all strangers. I know none of them. 他们全是陌生人, 他们当中我一个都不认识。. 12.be angry with/ be angry about/ be angry at (1)be angry
23、with 后只能跟表“人”的名词或代词,意思是“生某人的气”,其后常跟一个表原因的介词for 。The teacher was angry with me for my coming late.老师因为我来晚生气了。(2)be angry at = be angry about意思是“因某事而愤怒”。at 或 about 后只能接表“事物”的名词。如:He is angry with/ about small things.他常为一些小事生气。He was angry about/ at missing the film.他为错过那场电影而生气。从 C. 1. can / be able to
24、 (1)can 表示“本能”或能够,有一般时和过去时,后接动词原形一起构成谓语。I can sing the English song.我会唱这首英语歌。A baby can cry when it is hungry.婴儿饿的时候会哭闹。(2)be able to 后接动词原形,表示“能够”,多指一个人经过后天的努力从而获取的一种“能力”,有各种时态。If you work hard, you will be able to master English. 只要你努力,你一定能掌握好英语的。. 2. catch a cold/ have a cold 一般情况下,这两个短语都表示“得了感冒,
25、患了感冒”但有所侧重:(1)catch a cold 强调动作。如:It s cold outside. Go into the house or you will catch a cold. 外面冷。到房间里去吧,不然你会感冒的。(2)have a cold 强调状态。I have had a cold for several days and I cant get rid of it. 我感冒已经好几天了,可还是好不了。从 D. 1. die/ dead/ dying/ death (1)die 是终止性动词,不用于被动语态。He has died.他死了。He died five wee
26、ks ago.他五周前死的。(2)dead 是形容词,表状态,可以跟表示延续的时间状语连用。His grandfather has been dead for five years.他的祖父去世已经有五年了。(3)death是名词。He was sentenced to death.他被判处死刑。(4)dying意为“要死了”,是现在分词。试比较:a dead dog 一条死(了的)狗a dying dog 一条“濒临死亡”的狗精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 37 页初中常见的die 短语: die from/ of 因
27、而死从 E. 1. else/ other (1)else可作形容词或副词,作形容词时,常放在疑问代词、不定代词之后作后置定语;作副词时也要后置。如:What else did you do? 你还做了些什么?She has nothing else to say.她没有别的什么可说了。(2)other作形容词时,用于修饰名词或某些代词,但必须前置。如:Where are the other comrades? 其他的同志在哪里?I want some other books.我还要另外一些书。(3)else后可带 - s, other不能。Who else s bike can this b
28、e?这还可能是其他什么人的自行车呢?. 2. ever / once 这两个词都可解作“曾经”,但它们各自表示的时间含义不同。(1)ever表示“到现在为止以前的任何时候”,用于现在完成时的句子,主要用于疑问句。如:Have you ever been to Beijing? 你去过北京吗?(2)once表示“过去某一时候”或“过去某段时间”,多用于一般过去时态的陈述句中。如:I once went to London with my father.我曾经和我父亲去过伦敦。注意: once 作为“一次”解时,表频率,可用于完成时。I have been there once.我去过那里一次。从
29、 F. 1. far / away far和 away都有“远”的意思,两者的区别在于:(1)far指抽象距离的远,away 指具体距离的远。如:The farm is very far from here.农场离这很远。The station is five kilometers away from here.火车站离这里5 千米远。(2)far可用于疑问句,否定句中表距离,而away不可。如:-How far is your school? 你的学校有多远?-Not far. Only 100 meters away.不远 , 只有 100 米。. 2. fast / quick/ qui
30、ckly (1) fast adj. / adv. 有“快”的意思,通常指“行走、跑、唱、跳”等动作的快慢。He runs faster than I.他比我跑得快。(2) quick adj. 有“迅速”之意,指对某一问题反映的速度。He gave me a quick answer.他迅速地回答我的问题。(3)quickly指接到某种口令时,做动作的速度。Go downstairs quickly.迅速下楼。. 3. for short/ short for (1)for short 意为“缩写、简称、简言之”,多作状语。The teacher told us to write the t
31、ext for short.老师让我们缩写课文。(2)short for “是的缩写”,一般作表语。如:“Youd” is short for “You would ” or “You had”. “Youd”是“ You would ”或“ You had ”的缩写形式。从 G. 1. get/ turn/ grow/ become/ be 这五个词作连系动词,都有“变化”的意思。(1)get较口语化 , 表示进入或变成某种状态, 通常与形容词或形容词比较级连用, 表状态。The days get shorter and shorter.日子变短了。(2)turn 有“成为和以前完全不同的东
32、西”的含义,后接形容词或过去分词。The trees turn green in spring.在春天 , 树变绿了。(3)grow表示逐渐变为新的状态的含义、着重变化过程。My little brother is growing tall.我的小弟弟长高了。(4)become 用法较为正式,强调由一种状态向另一种状态的变化。后接形容词或名词。He has become a doctor.他成为一个医生了。(5)be 表示“成为”的意思,多用于将来时,祈使语气或不定式。如:I want to be a teacher when I grow up.长大后我想成为一名教师。. 2. go to
33、bed/ go to sleep/ fall asleep/ be asleep (1)go to bed 表动作,指“去睡觉”。(2)go to sleep也表动作,指进入“睡着”状态。(3)fall asleep表动作,意为“刚刚入睡”,指“刚睡着”这动作。(4)be asleep表状态,意为“睡着的”。例如:He fell asleep when there was a loud knock at the door. 他刚睡着,这时有人大声敲门。The baby has been asleep for an hour.这孩子睡着一个小时了。He found it difficult to
34、 go to sleep.他发现很难入睡。从 H. 1. how often/how soon/how long/how far 这几组词都是用来提问时间或长度的但用法不同。how long 意为“多长 /久时间”,是对句子“for ” ,“since ” , “from to ”等表示一段时间的状语的提问,可用于过去时,将来时或完成时。如:-How long will he be away? 他要离开多长时间?-He will be away for two days.两天时间。-How long have you been a teacher? 你当老师多久了?-For about ten
35、 years.大约 10 年了。注意: how long 引导的句子动词一般为延续性动词。how soon 意为 某事多快能发生或完成, 常对句子中的in 时间状语进行提问。如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 37 页-How soon will the building be finished?大楼过多久才能完工?-In a month.一个月吧。how often意为 多长时间一次 , 每隔多久 , 是对句中的often, usually, every day, sometimes, never, once a we
36、ek等表示频率的副词提问, 多用于一般现在时。如:-How often do you go to see a film? -Once a week. -你多长时间看1 次电影? -1周 1 次。how far 是对距离的提问,意为“长达千米/ 米”等。如:-How far is it from here to the park? It is two kilometers.-从这里到公园有多远?两千米远。. 2. hard / hardly (1)hard adj.& adv. 作形容词时,有“难的”,“硬的”意思,作副词时,有“努力地”、“猛烈地”等意思。We must work hard f
37、or our country.我们必须为祖国努力学习。It rained hard yesterday.昨天雨下得很大。(2) hardly adv. “简直不”、“几乎不”,在句中起否定作用。I could hardly write at that time.那时我几乎不会写字。. 3. hear/ hear of/ hear from (1)hear 为及物动词,“听到”,表结果。I can hear you clearly.我能清楚听到你说的话。(2)hear of = hear about 为不及物动词 , 指某人间接地“听别人说起”,如:I have heard of the wri
38、ter but I have never seen him. 我听人们说起这位作家,但没见过他。(3)hear from 一般后接 sb. 指“收到来信”。如:Have you heard from Jim? 你收到吉姆的来信了吗?4. hear sb. doing sth. / hear sb. do sth. (1)hear sb. doing sth. 结构中为 -ing 作宾语补足语,指动作在进行当中。如:I hear him talking next door.我听到他正在隔壁房间讲话。(2) hear sb. do sth.这里 do sth.为宾语补足语,指动作已发生,完成了,意
39、思是“听到某人做了某事”,动作不再呈现,只能靠想象或回忆来叙述发生的事情。如:I heard her sing the song yesterday.昨天我听见她唱这首歌。(3) 大多数的感官动作(如see、watch、notice等)都可以用于这两种结构,但意义是不相同的。要注意加以区别。. 5. have/ have got (1) 在英语口语中,常用have got 代替 have ,作“有”解。I have a bike. = I have got a bike. 其否定式为:I don t have a bike. = I havent a bike. I haven t got a
40、 bike. () I don t have got a bike. () 其疑问形式为:Have you a bike? / Have you got a bike? Do you have a bike? () Do you have have a bike? () (2) 在下列情况下不能用have got来代替 have。A. 在情态动词,助动词或动词不定式之后, 只能用 have, 不用 have got 。如:May I have some more tea? 我可以再喝点茶吗?Would you like to have another apple? 你想再吃一个苹果吗?. B.
41、 在过去时,完成时或进行时中,不用 have got, 而用 have。如:Li Hong had a problem.李红有一个问题。I have had the bike for three years.我买这辆自行车已经3 年了。C. 固定短语中不用have got 。have a rest/ a swim/ a wash/ a drink have lunch, have a meeting, have a party, etc. . 6. hope/ wish 这两个词都有“希望”的含义,hope 一般指“希望”,wish 指的是“愿望”。二者在使用上有如下区别:(1) 相同点: w
42、ish 和 hope 都可接宾语从句。如:I hope that he can help me.我希望他能帮助我。I wish that I knew the answer.我希望我知道这个答案。但 hope 所表示的希望一般是能够实现的,而wish 所表达的愿望一般是难以实现的或根本不可能的,所以其所接宾语从句中的动词用虚拟语气。(2) 不同点:A. hope to do sth. () hope sb. to do sth. () wish sb. to do sth. () B. hope sb. sth. () wish sb. sth. () I wish you to have a
43、 good time at the party.我希望你在晚会上玩得愉快!I wish you a Happy New Year! 祝你新年快乐!从 I. 1. interesting / interested 这是两个由动词interest转化而来的分词形容词,现在分词表示进行,表示主动意义,过去分词表示完成,表示被动意义,因此:(1) 物作主语时,表语要用-ing 形容词。如:The news is interesting.这消息是有趣的。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 37 页(2) 人作主语时,表语要用-ed 形
44、容词。如:I am interested in the book.我对这本书感兴趣。. 2.in all/ at all/ of all/ after all 这些含有 all 的短语的意义与all 的本意无关,极易混淆。(1)in all“总计、总共”,在句中作状语There are 60 students in our class in all.我们班共有60 个学生。(2)at all“全然,根本不”,一般用于否定句中加强语气。She doesn t like football at all. 她一点也不喜欢足球。(3)after all “毕竟、终究、到底”,一般置于句首或句尾作状语。
45、After all, he is a child.毕竟 , 他还是个孩子。They finished the work after all.他们最终完成了工作。. 3.in time/ on time/ at times (1)in time 指“及时”,表示动作“在规定时间内”或提前发生。We have just in time for the bus.我们正好赶上那班车。(2)on time强调“准时,正点”。The train came into the station on time.火车准点进站。(3)at times = sometimes . 4.in front of 相对某物
46、体的外部而言,说明某人或某物体在某个地方的外部的前边。反义是:behind 。如:There are some trees in front of the classroom.教室的外面有一棵树。(2)in the front of 想对于空间而言,说明人或某物在某空间的最前面,意为“在前部”,方位较具体。如:The teacher s desk is in the front of the classroom. 老师的讲台是在教室里的前方。(3)before 意味“在的前面”,可用作介词、连词、副词,反义是 after。before 多用于指时间,但也可表位置。如:Tuesday comes
47、 before Wednesday.星期三之前是星期二。She sits before me.她坐在我前面。从 J. join / join in/ take part in 这三个词组在汉语中都表示“参加”,但在英语使用中是有区别的:(1)join通常指参加某种固定的组织、团队、军队等,强调成为其中一员。He joined the party in 1927.他 1927 年入党。(2)join sb. (in) doing sth.“和某人一起干某事”。Why not join us in buying Susan gift? 为什么不和我们一起去给苏珊买礼物呢?(3)join表示“参加某
48、项活动”时,和take part in 可换用,但前者侧重娱乐、欣赏,而后者更侧重身体力行,参加在其中。例:She has never joined/ taken part in such an interesting game. 她从未参加过这么有趣的游戏。(4)take part in 指参加各种活动,包括文娱、体育、比赛、斗争、罢工等。如:Are you going to take part in/ join in the discussion? 你要参加讨论吗?(5) 这几组词都是终止星动词,用于完成时的句子时不能跟延续的时间状语连用。如:He has joined the leagu
49、e for five years. () He has been a league member for five years. () 他入团已经有5 年了。从 K. keep doing sth./ keep sb. doing sth. 在这两个结构中,keep 后有无 sb. 意义是不相同的。(1) keep doing sth. 意为“不断 / 反复 / 坚持做某事”,动作是主语本身发出来的。如:He kept asking us to remember teamwork.他不断地叫我们记住合作。Keep doing sth. = keep on doing sth. (2) keep
50、 sb. doing sth. 意为“让某人做某事”,keep 在这里有使.处于某状态”之意,doing的动作不是主语来完成, 而是由宾语sb. 来完成的 . 例如:I keep them waiting at the gate.我让他们在大门口等候。从 L. 1. loud / loudly 这两个词都可作adv. ,意为“响亮地,大声地”但loudly多含有“吵闹”之意。另外, loud 有比较级。如:Please speak louder.请大声点说。Who is knocking at the door so loudly? 谁在那么使劲地敲门?. 2. lift / rise 这两个
51、动词均可表示“升高”的意思,但用法有差异。(1) lift vt. 是指用人力或机械力量“举起、升起”某具体物件。Please lift your hands if you know the answer.如果你们知道答案, 请举手。(2)rise vi. 常用于表示某物本身“由低处升到高处”,其主语常是日、月、水、云、雾、物价、温度等。The waters of the river has risen a lot after the heavy rain. 大雨之后 ,喝水上涨了许多。. 3.lose / miss 这两个词都有“丢失、失去”的意思,但程度上强弱不同。(1)lose语气较强,
52、一般指失去不易找回。He lost his parents when he was young.他小时候失去了父母。(2)miss有“发现失去”的意思,指东西找不到,但有找到的希望。I am afraid that Jim will miss a lot of lessons.我担心吉姆将会缺很多课。(3) 作定语、表语时,用lost或 missing 表示“丢失了的,不见了”Who has found my lost/missing pen? 谁发现我丢失了的钢笔?精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 37 页My mone
53、y is lost/missing.我的钱丢了。. 4.laugh / smile 这两个词都有“笑”的意思。(1)laugh vt.表示出声地笑 , 有时是大笑。The baby laughed and laughed.那婴儿笑了又笑。His joke made us laugh.他的笑话使我们大笑起来。(2)smile vi. 微笑,指面部露出高兴的表情,也可以用作及物动词,意为“以微笑表示”。He smiled when we won the match.当我们赢得了比赛时她笑了。She smiled her thanks.她微微一笑表示感谢。(vt. )(3) 短语: laugh at
54、 sb.讥笑 , 嘲笑某人. 5.look / look like/ see (1)look与 seem均可作连系动词,意为“看起来”,但look 着重于由视觉得出的印象;seem暗示有一定的根据,这种判断往往接近事实。这时结构是look/ seem+ 形容词。Mr. Smith looks/ seems young very much.史密斯先生看上去很年轻。(2)look可与介词 like连用构成习语,表示“看上去像”,如:The girl looks like her sister.这女孩和她姐姐长得相像。(3)seem 后接 to do 或用于句型It seems that或 Ther
55、e seems to be句型中。如:John seems to know much about China.约翰好象很了解中国。It seems that they know each other.好象他们彼此很熟悉。There seems to be something wrong with my watch.我的手表好象有些毛病。. 6.look for/ find/ find out (1)look for “寻找”,强调动作。I am looking for my pen.我在找钢笔。(2)find “找到”,强调结果。I looked for it everywhere but I
56、 couldnt find it.我到处找了可就是找不到它。(3)find out “查明真相,弄清缘由”,强调经过费时、周折、调查到最后得到认证的一种结果。如:At last the police found out who murdered the old woman. 最后警方查明了是谁谋杀了老太太。. 7.look / see/ watch/ notice 这五个词都有“看”的意思,但用法不同:(1)look为不及物动词,一般后接介词at 使用,表动作。如:Please look at the blackboard.请看黑板。(2)see 指人肉眼所能涉及的范围,表示结果“看见”。Ca
57、n you see the word clearly? 你能清楚看到这个字了吗?固定短语: see a film; see sb. off (给某人送行);let me see. (3)watch = look at sb./ sth. carefully“仔细观看,注视”。May I watch TV now? 我现在可以看电视吗?固定短语: watch TV; on watch(值班、守望);watch a football match (4)notice“注意到,提醒别人注意”等意思,汉语中常有“通知、启示、告示”之意。例如:The thief looked around the hou
58、se. When he made sure that no one was noticing him, he jumped into the room through the open window. 小偷向房子四周张望,当他确信没人注意他的时候,迅速从开着的窗户跳进房间。从 M. may be/ maybe (1)maybe 是副词,“也许”,相当于perhaps 。maybe只能放于句首,不能放于句中,如:Maybe he wont come. 也许他不会来。(2)may be 是谓语形式,其中may是情态动词, be 是连系动词,表示“也许是”、“可能会有”等。如:He may be a
59、 middle school student.他可能是个中学生。She may be watching TV now.现在她也许在看电视。从 N. 1.near / nearby near 用作形容词或副词,表示“近”、“接近”,也可作介词,表示“在附近”。Come near, please.请走近些。He lives near the school.他住在学校附近。nearly是副词,意为“几乎”、“将近”,相当于almost. The seasons of the year in England and the U.S.A. are nearly the same. 美国和英国的四季几乎是
60、一样。. 2.no/ not (1)no 作副词时,对一般疑问句作否定回答,与yes 相对; no 作形容词时,可修饰可数名词或不可数名词,等于not a 或 not any 。如:We have no classes on Sunday.= We dont have any classes on Sunday. 我们星期天没有课。(2)not只作副词用,用在be动词,助动词,情态动词后,与谓语动词使用,构成否定意义。例如:I don t think chickens can swim.我想鸡是不会游泳的。I don t know your names.我不知道你们的名字。. 3.neithe
61、r / none (1)neither指“(两者)都不”,用于人或事物,表示全否定。I know neither of them.他们俩我都不认识。(2) “neither of + 代词”构成主语,谓语动词用单数。Neither of them is here.他们俩没有一个人在这里。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 37 页(3)none 指“(三着或三者以上)都不”,表示全否定,用于代三者或三者以上的人或事物。例如:None of us three knows where he lives.我们三个人谁也不知道他住在
62、哪里。从 O. on / about 这两个介词引导的介词短语一般作后置定语,表示“关于”的意思,但各有侧重。(1)on 侧重论述,多用与论述涉及比较深广的重大国际、政治、学术、专著等问题。如:This is a book on the radio.这是一本关于无线电方面的专著。(2)about侧重叙事,多用与个人事迹,故事内容一般的文章等较肤浅的问题。如:This is a book about the radio.这是一本关于无线电的书。This is a film about the woman star.这是一部关于那个女影星的电影。从 P. 1.put on/ wear/ be dr
63、essed in/ dress up (1)put on 表动作,“穿上、戴上”,宾语为衣物;(2)wear 表状态,“穿戴着”;(3)be dressed in 也表状态,强调一种呈现的结果;(4)dress up 有“盛装、乔装、打扮”之意,表动作。dress 常与介词搭配。如:The boy wears a new coat today.这男孩今天穿着一件新大衣。It s cold outside. Put on more clothes.外面冷,穿多一点衣服。The girl is dressed in a red coat today.小女孩今天穿着一件红外衣。She has dre
64、ssed up in a red skirt for the party. 为了参加这舞会,她穿了一条红裙子。. 2.play/ play with play 作为及物动词和不及物动词意义是不相同的。(1)play vt. 后接人作宾语,意为“和比赛”;后接球类名词作宾语(无冠词),意为“打球”;跟乐器名词(有定冠词the )意为“弹(拉、奏)”。如:Who are you going to play? 你将和谁比赛?I like playing tennis.我喜欢打网球。Can you play the piano? 你会弹钢琴吗?(2)play with 短语中 play 为不及物动词,
65、后接介词with + sb./ sth. 意为“玩弄、玩(玩具)、玩耍”,多指不自觉、不严肃的行为。如:It s dangerous to play with fire.玩火是危险的。The boy is playing with his toy train.小男孩在玩他的玩具火车。3. point at/ point to 二者都含有“指向”的意思,但有一定的区别:(1)point at含有“指准某个方向”的意思,目标性很强。如:She pointed at one of the things.她指着其中一件东西。(2)point to只表示“指向某一个方向”,不一定很准确。如:He poi
66、nted to the mountains far away.他指了指远处的高山。(3) 联想: shout at sb. 冲着某人喊; throw at 把砸向. 4. plant / grow 二者用作及物动词,都有“种”的意思,但侧重点不同。(1)plant指“栽入土中”,是一种涉及时间较段的动作。(2)grow不仅指“种下”,还包括其后培育的过程,涉及的时间较长,即“种植”,可看做是一种过程或状态。-What does your father do? 你父亲是干什么的?-He grows flowers. 他是个种花的。Dont plant the flowers before mid
67、-April.不要在四月中旬种花。. 5.problem / question/ matter (1)problem多指“习题,问题”,通常也指要解决或决定的问题,尤其指比较困难的问题、社会问题。He is thinking about a maths problem.他正在想一道数学难题。You are getting fatter. Its a problem.你长胖了,这可是个问题。(2)question 常指由于对某事感到疑惑不解而提出需要解答的问题,常与 ask 和 answer 连用。May I ask a question?我可以问个问题吗?(3)matter意为“事情”、“问题
68、”,常指遇到意外的麻烦或令人烦恼的“问题”如:Whats the matter with you?你怎么啦?从 R. 1.receive/ accept 这两个词都是及物动词,表示“接到、收到”的意思,但有区别:(1)receive强调“收到、接到”这一动作。I received a letter yesterday.昨天我收到了一封信。They received a warm welcome.他们受到了热情的欢迎。(2)accept强调立场上的结果,表“领受、接受”意义。如:I received his gift but I didnt accept it.我收到了他的礼物,但我没有接受它。
69、. 2. raise/rise (1)raise vt. “举起,升高”。指把东西升高些或促使某物上升。Please raise your hand when you know the answer.你知道问题答案就请举手。(2)rise vi.“上升”,指向上走动或移动,如河水上涨等。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起,西方落下。rise还可作“起床,起身”解。He rise early.他起得早。. 3. right away/ right now/ at once/just now (1)right away, a
70、t once侧重动作,有多种时态,谓语动词随时态变化而变化。I ll return the book right away.我马上还书。(2)right now 侧重时间,时态只限与一般现在时和一般将来时。The doctor is busy right now.医生此刻正忙着。I ll give you one or two instances just now.我正要给你举一两个例子。但当 just now 用于过去时的句子里时,表示“刚才”。如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 37 页He came back ju
71、st now.他刚才回来了。从 S. 1. send/ send for (1)send 含有“派遣、寄送”的意思,是及物动词,其后接宾语或双宾语。如:I ve thought about it. Ill send you there.我考虑过了,我将派你去那里。Tom sends his mother some money every month.汤姆每个月给他母亲寄点钱。(2)send for 意为“派人去请,派人去拿”,不是本人去请去拿。其宾语可以是人,也可以是物。如:Please keep it until I send for it.请把它保存好一直到我派人去拿。One day hi
72、s mother was ill; she sent for a doctor. 一天他母亲病了,她派人去请来了一位医生。. 2. spend/ take/ cost 这三个动词都可用来表示“花费”时间,使用时应注意:(1)take常用 it作主语。句型: It takes sb. time to do sth. 如:It took me three hours to finish my work.完成这项工作用了我3 个小时。(2)spend则用人作主语,常用的句型是“sb. spends time (in) doing sth.”。He spent 30 minutes (in) writ
73、ing the letter.他用了 30 分钟写那封信。(3)cost 表示花时间时不能用于表示花具体时间(如几个小时、几天等),其宾语多是表示含糊的时间(如 a long time, much time等),再就是它不能用表示人的词语作主语,如:Doing the work cost the workers a long time.做这项工作花了工人们很长的时间。cost 后面更多地用于句型“It /sth. cost sb. + 金钱”,表示“某人花钱做某事”。The TV set cost him 5000 yuan.这台电视机花了他5000 元。注意: cost cost-cost
74、过去式、过去分词和原形一样。. 3.so that/sothat (1)so that“以便”、“为了”,常引导目的状语从句。如:He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.他起得早为了赶第一班车。so that所引导的状语从句中谓语动词前一般有情态助动词can/may 等。(2) sothat “如此以至”,that 后常跟结果状语从句。例如:He is so tired that he cant walk any further.他非常疲劳,走不动了。The film is so interesting that he want
75、s to see it again. 电影太有趣了,他想再看一遍。. 4. sound/voice/noise 这三个词都表示“声音”,但使用起来有区别:(1) sound一般指“声音”,指物体间互相碰撞发出的声音。(2) voice一般指人或鸟儿发出的声音。(3) noise指的是“嘈杂的声音”,即引起人们不愉快的喧闹、嘈杂音。Can you hear the terrible sound just now?刚才你听到那个可怕的声音了吗?The famous singer has a beautiful voice.这位有名的歌唱家有一副好嗓子。Please stop making nois
76、es, boys.孩子们,请停止吵闹了。. 5.say/ speak/ tell/ talk 这几个词都有“说”的意思。(1)say为及物动词,表示“说的内容”,有引用别人原话之意。Wang Fang says, ”I am a student.”王芳说:“我是一个学生。”(2)speak为不及物动词, speak at the meeting,在会上发言, speak 后接语言时才作及物动词,speak English说英语。(3)tell vt. 有“告诫、吩咐、讲述”的意思,tell sb. to do sth.告诉某人做某事,tell a story 讲故事, tell a lie 说
77、谎。(4)talk vi. 主要侧重双方“交谈”,指双方活动;talk with/ to sb. 和某人交谈;talk about sth.谈论某事。. 6.some/ any (1) 一般情况下, some用于肯定句,后接可数或不可数名词;any 用于否定句和疑问句,也后接复数或不可数名词;如:There are some books on the desk.书桌上有一些书。Is there any water in the bottle?瓶子里有水吗?(2) 表示征求对方意见,并希望对方给予肯定答复时,即使是一般疑问句,也通常用 some, 不用 any。如:Would you like
78、some tea?喝点茶,怎么样?May I have some more bread. I am still hungry.我能再吃点面包吗?我还饿。从 T. 1.try to do/ try doing try to do 和 try doing 两者意义不同,区别在于:(1)try to do sth.“努力去做,尽力做”=try ones best to doHe tried to climb the tree.他试着努力爬那棵树。(2)try doing sth. 指“尝试做看看,有何结果”,暗示在这之前已试过某种方法但不奏效,另试其他方法。If no one answers the
79、 door, why not try knocking the back door? 如果没有人开门,为什么不敲后门看看呢?. 2.till/ until 这是一组困绕初中生的连词,它们既可作连词又可作介词,其用法归纳于下:(1) 用于肯定句中,意为“到(的时候)为止”,谓语动词一般是延续性的,表示动作一直延续到till(until)所表示的时间为止。如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 37 页Youd better stay in bed till tomorrow.你最好卧床到明天。We worked till/ u
80、ntil lunch time.我们一直工作到吃午饭的时间。(2) 用在否定句中,意为“直到才”,表示谓语动词的动作直到till/ until 所表示的时间才发生。如:I didnt know the fact until I read your letter.我读了你的信后才知道真相。She didn t go to bed till/ until she finished her homework. 昨天晚上她做完家庭作业才睡觉。(3) 用于句首时,只能用until,不能用 till。如:Until he was 16, he had never been away from his vi
81、llage. 十六岁以后他才离开家乡。(4) 在下列句型中只能用until, 而不能用 till。A. 在倒装句中Not until 9 oclock did the meeting begin.直到九点钟会议才开始。B. 在 It is not untilthat 强调句型中。如:It was not until the bell rang that the students stopped talking. 直到上课铃响了,学生们才停止谈话。. 3.thanks for/ thanks to (1)thanks for 表示“因为而表示感谢”。Thanks for your help. 谢
82、谢你的帮助。(2)thanks to 有两种意思,作为非惯用法,其一意为“对的谢意”,thanks 作名词用;其二意为“多亏了”。例如:Please give my thanks to your parents.请转达我对你的父母亲的谢意。作为惯用法,意为“因为”、“多亏”。如:Thanks to space satellites, the world itself is becoming a much smaller place.多亏有了太空卫星,世界自身才变得小多了。. 4.think about/ think over/ think of (1)think about 一般情况下可以与t
83、hink of互换,表示“考虑”、“对有看法”。如:What do you think of(about) the film?你认为这部电影怎么样?(2) 表示下列意义时,think of 不能被 think about所代替。打算Helen, are you thinking of marrying Jim?海伦,你打算和吉姆结婚吗?想出、想到Who thought of this good idea?是谁想出这个好主意的?想起I can t think of his name at the moment.此时此刻我想不起他的名字。(3)think about 在表示“回想”,表达“考虑某事
84、是否切实可行”时不能用 think of 代替。如:We mustnt think about this matter any more.我们不许再想此事。(4)think over意为“仔细考虑(一遍)”。Let me think it over. I will give you an answer tomorrow. 让我考虑考虑,明天再答复你。5.towards/ to 这两个词都有“向、朝、对于”之意,但用法不同。(1)towards 表示“向着某个方向”,没有“到达”之意。如:They saw a dog coming towards them.他们看见一只狗朝他们走过来。(2)to
85、一般接在 comegomovereturn等动词后 , 表示“向、往”, 有“到达”之意。如:It was raining when I came to school this morning. 今天早上我赶到学校的时候,正下着大雨。从 V. very/ quite/ rather/ too 这四个词都是副词,表示“很、十分”之意。(1)very没有褒贬之义,中性词。very good/ bad/ beautiful; (2)quite带有褒义,有“赞扬、赞美”之意。quite good/ well; (3)rather 带有贬义,有“批评”、“鄙视”之意。rather fat/ bad; (
86、4)too也带有贬义,在这些词中程度最大,有“过于”、“太”。如 too noisy 太噪, too fat 太胖。从 W. 1.what for/ why whatfor 和 why都可译为“为什么”,但前者重提问目的,往往用含有目的的动词不定式来回答;why侧重提问原因,往往用表示原因的because 从句来回答。如:What do you want a science lab for?你要实验室干什么?-What did Tom come here for?汤姆为什么到这里来?-He came to borrow my bike.他来是为了借我的自行车。-Why were you lat
87、e for school?你为什么上学迟到?-Because I didnt catch the bus.因为我没有赶上公共汽车。. 2.whether/ if 这两个词都作“是否”解,引导宾语从句时,二者可互换。如:People often ask me whether/ if I like football.人们常问我是否喜欢足球。但在下列情况中不能用if, 只能用 whether 。(1) 当 whether 与 or not连成一个词组时。如:I don t know whether or not he would come for our help. 我不知道他是否来帮助我们。(2)
88、whether 引导的(主语)从句放在句首时。如:Whether this is right or not, I cant say.这事对与不对,我说不准。Whether you will go is none of my business.你是否要去与我无关。(3)whether + to do sth. 复合结构,可以作宾语。He hasnt decided whether to go or not.他没有决定是否要去。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 37 页.同义词语辨析总结:1.smile-laugh *smi
89、le 的意思是“微笑”,强调“笑”的时候不发出声音。例如:She smiled at me. 她向我微笑。(动词)I was welcomed with a smile. 我受到了笑脸相迎。(名词) laugh 的意思是“大笑”,强调“笑”的时候发出声音。例如:He laughed at my joke. 他听了我讲的话笑起来。I gave a hearty laugh.我发自内心地笑了起来。. 2.noise, sound, voice 这三个词都表示声音,但意思上有区别:noise 指的是人们不愿意听到的“噪声”表示“噪音,喧闹声”,一般指嘈杂,吵闹等令人不快的声音。如:The noise
90、 of the street kept me awake.街上的吵闹声让我睡不着。The noise of the rain nearly drowned out our conversation.雨声大得几乎超过了我们的谈话声。sound 泛指你能听到的“声音”。表示“声音”,含义很广泛,指任何可以听到的声音,包括悦耳及令人不快的声音。如: All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. 突然,有了枪响声和哭声。如:Did you hear the strange sound from the next room this mo
91、rning?今天早上你是否听到隔壁房间发出的怪声音?voice 则指说话和唱歌的“嗓音”。一般指人说话,唱歌或笑的声音。如:The little girl has a beautiful voice.这个小女孩有一副好嗓子。The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.这位歌手因重感冒而失去了银铃般的嗓音。. 3.queue, row, line 这三个词都有“排;行”的意思,但用法不同。queue 表示“行列” 、 “长队” ,指由排队等候的人或车辆组成的队列,queue 是英国英语、 美国英语用line.例如
92、:They are waiting in a queue. Or, They are waiting in (a) line. 他们正在排队等候。row 表示“排;行”,指很整齐的一排(行)人或事物。例如:I am in Row One. 我在第一排。line 表示“排;行” , 指一排(行)人或事物,有时 queue, row 可以通用。 但 line 前面的不定冠词可以省略,而 queue,row 前面的不定冠词不能省略。例如:Please look at page 8, line 5. 请看第八页第五行。 They are standing in (a) line.(They are s
93、tanding in a row.) . 4.sick, ill 这两个词都表示“生病的,有病的”意思。ill 是英国用语,比较级和最高级分别是worse 和 worst, 它是一个表语形容词。例如:She was ill in bed yesterday.她昨天卧床不起。She is ill with a cough.她患咳嗽。sick 表示“生病的”意思时是常见的美语用法。其实它还表示“作呕的、厌倦的、渴望的”,在句中既可以作定语,也可以作表语。例如:The sick man is my uncle.那个生病的人是我叔叔。He is sick of cleaning the classro
94、om.他讨厌打扫教室。. 5.in hospital, in the hospital in hospital 在英国, in hospital 是“住院”的意思,hospital 具有抽象化的涵义,不指某个具体的医院,故前面不用冠词。in the hospital 意为“在医院”,在这里, hospital 指一家具体的医院。例如:He is ill in hospital. 他生病住院了。In the hospital, the woman finds her husband.在医院里 , 那位妇女找到了她的丈夫。. 6.reach, get (to) , arrive(at, in) 这
95、三个动词都可解做“到达”。 reach 是及物动词,后面跟表示地点的名词。例如:They reached Wuhan on October 6th,2004. 他们于 2004 年 10 月6 日到达武汉。 get 是不及物动词,后面需接介词to ,再和表示地点的名词连用。例如: Write to us when you get to the place.到那里后请来信。 arrive 是不及物动词,后面需接介词 at 或 in ,再和表示地点的名词连用.arrive in 常用于较大的地方,如:城市、国家、地区等。例如:We arrived in Shanghai the this morn
96、ing.我们是今天早上到达上海的。arrive at 常用于较小地点,如:车站、学校、邮局、机场等。例如:When does the train arrive at the station?火车什么时候到站?. 7.after,in 这两个介词都可以表示一般时间“以后”的意思。其区别是:after以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子。如She went after three days。她是三天以后走的。In 以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子。如:She will go three days。她三天以后去那儿。. 8.ago ,before 这两个副
97、词都有“若干时间以前”的意思。 ago 的意思是“距今以前”,通常与一般过去时连用; before的意思是“距过去某时以前”,通常与过去完成时连用。如I visited him three days ago,but he had gone to Shanghai a week before.我三天前去访问他,但他已于那时一周前到上海去了。. 9.as ,since ,because,for because 表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句是全句的重心,它引导的从句一般放在主句的后面;回答以 why 引起的特殊疑问句,只能用because。如: He is absent today
98、 because he is ill。他今天缺席,因为他病了。Why didn t he come? Because he had an important meeting to attend。他为什么没来?因为他有个重要的会议要参加。 As 只说明一般的因果关系,语气比because 弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句通常放在句首,有时也放在句尾。如: As everybody has arrived, now, we can set off。既然大家都到了,我们可以动身了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 37 页
99、 since意为“既然”,表示对方已经知晓,无需加以说明的原因或事实(有时为天经地义的事实或格言、谚语等),语气比 because 稍弱,全句重点落在主句上。如:I ll do it for you since you are busy。既然你忙,我来替你做吧。 for是并列连词, 它的语气最弱, 常用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。它引导的句子不能放在句子的开头。如:We must leave now,for the film begins at seven.我们得走了,因为电影七点钟开始放映。. 10.become,get ,go ,be ,grow ,turn 这几个词用作连系动词时,都可
100、以表示“变成”的意思,但具体用法有所不同。 become 通常不用来表示未来的事,而表示变化过程已经完成,用法比较正式。如:I became ill.我病倒了。 get 也表示变化的过程已经完成,比become口语化,通常与形容词连用。如He has got rich.他变富了。 go 与 get 用法差不多,特别用于某些成语中。如:go、bad 变坏, go hungry挨饿。 be 表示“成为”的意思时,多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。如:He will be a scientist.他将成为一名科学家。I would like to be a bus-driver.我想成为一名公共汽车司
101、机。 grow 表示“逐渐变成新的状态”的含义。如:My younger brother is growing tall.我的弟弟渐渐长高了。 turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。. 11. farther, further 在谈论地点、方向或距离时,farther和 further可以互换使用,但further还有“更多;进一步;稍后;额外”等含义,此时不能与farther互换使用。如: The problem must be further discussed next time.这个问题下一次还要进一步讨论。 We mus
102、t get further imformation.我们必须获得更多的信息。. 12. few, a few, little, a little, several, some few 和 little的意思是否定的,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a few 和 a little的意思是肯定的,表示“一些”,“有一点”。 few 和 a few 用于修饰可数名词;little和 a little用于修饰不可数名词。 several用于修饰可数名词,语意比a few ,some更肯定,含有“好几个”的意思 some 可用于修饰可数名词也可用于修饰不可数名词,从数量上说,它有时相当于a few 或
103、a little,或更多些。. 13. if,whether whether可引出各种名词性从句及让步状语从句,而if只能引出宾语从句及条件状语从句. 下列情况只能用whether ,不可用 if ;引导位于句首的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时;引导的从句作介词宾语时;后接不定式短语时;位于句首时;引导让步状语从句时;在动词 discuss等后面; wonder ,not sure等后的宾语从句是否定句时;有些语境中 , 用 if易产生歧义时 ( 如: Please let me know if you need my help.)。. 1. many, much, a lot of(lot
104、s of),plenty of, a number of, a good(great)dealof many 用来修饰可数名词,表示数目,反义词为few。如: There are many apples in the basket.篮子里有许多苹果。 much 用来修饰不可数名词,表示量,反义词为little。如: I m sorry to give you so much trouble.真对不起,给你添了这么多的麻烦。 a lot of(lots of)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。修饰可数名词时可与many换用;修饰不可数名词时,可与 much换用。如: A lot of(Lots
105、 of)people think so.很多人都这样想。 plenty of 意为“足够”、 “许多”、 “大量”,它既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。如:I didn t hurry because I had plenty of time.我没有匆忙,因为我有足够的时间。 a number of 修饰可数名词的复数形式,它修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。它意为“有些”时可与some换用;意为“许多”时,可与many ,a lot of,plenty of换用。如: I have a number of letters to write. 我有一些信要写。 a good (great
106、) deal of 只用于修饰不可数名词,可与much 换用。它修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:I spent a great deal of time (in)doing my homework.我花费了相当多的时间做家庭作业。. 2. spend ,take ,cost ,pay spend 的宾语通常是时间、金钱。在主动语态中,句子的主语必须是人,而且后面不能用动词不定式作其宾语。如:She spent the whole evening reading.她把整个晚上都用来读书。 take常常用来指“花费”时间,句子的主语通常是表示事物的词语。如:How long will t
107、his job take you?你做这项工作要花多长时间? cost指花费时间、 金钱或力气等, 只能用表示事物的词作主语,且不能用被动语态。如:How much does the jacket cost?这件夹克多少钱? pay 主要指主语(某人)买某物(或某事)付多少钱(给某人)。如I pay for my rooms by the month.我按月支付房租。. 3. sport,game ,match,race sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,如篮球、足球、田径运动、划船、赛马等都属于sport 。如 :People all over the world enjoy spo
108、rts.世界各地的人们都喜欢运动。 game 意为“运动”,“比赛”,通常指为了娱乐而运动,根据某种规则进行的具体表演,或指以比赛胜负为主的运动。不管是户内或户外,脑力或体力的比赛,都可以叫game 。game还可以表示“运动会”,如Olympic Games( 奥运会 ) match 意为“竞赛”,“比赛”,大多数是指正式比赛。如:Our team won the football match.我们队在足球比赛中获胜。 race主要用于赛跑、赛马(车等)的比赛。如:They won the boat race.他们在划船比赛中获胜。. 4. start,begin begin用法较广,在很多
109、情况下可以替代start ,反义词为end。后面可接动词不定式或动名词,意思没有多大差别。 start的意思是“开始”,含有“突然开始”的意味,给人以动的感觉,因此常表示“开动”、“发动”的意思,其反义词为 stop 。当表示某一动作中止后又重新开始,一般用start。. 5. very ,much 这两个词都含有“很”的意思,但有以下区别: very 修饰形容词和副词的原级和作形容词用的现在分词。如:He is very clever.他很聪明。 It is very exciting.那十分激动人心。much修饰形容词和副词的比较级。如:You must work much harder.
110、你必须更加努力的工作。 much 可以在疑问句和否定句中修饰动词,very 不能。如: I don t like him much.我不大喜欢他。. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 37 页6. while,when,as while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句的动词和从句的动词所表示的动作和状态是同时发生的。如Please keep quiet while others are studying.在别人学习的时候,请保持安静。 when 既可指较短的时间(即某一具体时间),也可指一段时间。主句和从句中的动
111、作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生,如: I ll go home when I have finished my job.我完成了工作再回家(动作先后发生)。 as 与以上两词同义,常可与when或 while 通用,但它着重指主句和从局中动作同时发生,不是一前一后。因此,常作“一面一面”解。如:As we walked ,we talked.我们边走边谈。. 7. wish ,hope hope 表示实现某一愿望有把握或有信心,它后面一般直接跟动词不定式或从句,不能接不定式的、复合结构和动名词。如: We hope to hear from you soon.我们希望不久能收到你的来信。I h
112、ope it will be fine tomorrow.我希望明天是好天气。 wish 所表示的愿望实现的可能性不大,它可以跟名词、不定式复合结构或从句。如:How I wish it wasnt raining!现在要是不下雨多好!. 1. put on,wear,dress put on着重于“穿”这一动作,即由没穿到穿这一过程,意为“穿上”。如:Please put on your new coat.请穿上你的新大衣。 wear 强调“穿着”这一状态,也可表示“戴着”。如:He swearing a white shirt.他穿着一件白衬衫。 dress既可表示动作,又可表示状态,但在
113、搭配和语态上与wear 和 put on有明显的区别:当dress 表示动作时,常由人作宾语,意为“给穿衣服”。如:Could you dress the child for me?你能不能替我给小孩穿上衣服?当表示自己穿衣服时,一般要用“get dressed(dress one self )”。如: He cannot get dressed(dress himself).他不会自己穿衣服。当 dress 表示状态时,一般要用“be dressed in”的形式。如: She was dressed in a red coat.当时她穿着一件红色的上衣。 dress up 强调着意打扮,意
114、为“穿上盛装;乔装打扮”。如:Will this be a birthday party or do we have to dress up?这是一个生日宴会吗?或者我们得打扮打扮?. 2. football,soccer 两者都可指 “足球” ,但美国人和英国人交往时一般更喜欢用soccer 来指足球, 而用 football指“橄榄球 (美式足球) ”。英美人对此称呼上的区别如下:足球英: football;soccer 橄榄球:英: rugby;rugby football 美: soccer 美: football,American football 23quite, rather 这
115、两个词同very 一样 , 用以改变紧跟着的形容词或副词的力度, 但他们的含义不同: quite是“不到最高的程度”,但“比预料的要好”; rather比 quite 更接近 very 的含义, 不过它带有惊讶的成分,有种出人意料的意思,有“倾向于” 的含义, 虽常与“消极”意思的形容词连用, 但也常用倾向于好的积极性形容词连用,表示“惊人地” 的含义。 如果说某一影片quite good,可能意味着它可能不是一部最好的电影,但确实值得看看;rather good则意味着它比大多数电影都好。请看下图:not (fairly)quiterathervery nicenicenicenicenic
116、e (程度逐渐加强)请看例句: It s rather a/a rather long way.那是段很长的路。This is a quite/quite an interesting film.这是一部很有趣的电影。. 24. by,with ,in 表示“工具”、“手段”时, by 表示“以方式(方法、手段)”和“乘某种交通工具”。如:We had to do all the work by hand.所有的活我们都要用手工完成。They go to Harbin by train.他们乘火车去哈尔滨。 With 指“借助于具体的手段或工具”。如:He wrote it with a pe
117、ncil.他是用铅笔写的。 In表示“以方式;用(语言、文字等)媒介”。如:We can sing the song in English.我们会用英语唱这首歌。. 25. as,like 两者都可以用来表示人与人、东西与东西、动作与动作、状态与状态之间有相似之处。 as 作介词时往往表示职业、职务、作用,表示的是事实(可译为“作为”,而 like只表示“像”,不是事实。试比较 Let me speak to you as a father.我作为一位父亲同你说话。Let me speak to you like a father.让我像一位父亲一样同你说话。. 26. be made of
118、,be made from ,be made into ,be made in be made of表示某一物品被制成以后可以看出原料. be made from表示制成品中看不出原材料,两者在口语中可以用be made out of替换。 be made into意为“被制成”,其主动形式为make into (把制成)。如:We can make glass into bottles./Glass can be made into bottles.玻璃可制成瓶子。 be made in后接地点,表示是有某地制造(出品)的。. 27. be used for,be used to be us
119、ed for后接名词(代词)或动名词. be used to 后跟动词原形,两者含义相同。如:A knife can be used for cutting bread./A knife can be used to cut bread. 刀子可以用来切面包。另外be used to还有“习惯于”的意思,表示状态,used 为形容词, to 为介词,后接名词(代词)或动名词。如:He is used to getting up early.他习惯于早起。. 28. other ,else 两者都可作为形容词,但用法不同. other修饰名词,位于名词之前. 精选学习资料 - - - - - -
120、 - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 37 页 else修饰不定代词( something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody等),疑问代词( who,which,what 等)和疑问副词(when,where 等),必须位于这些词之后。如:The other students are all on the playground.其他的学生都在操场上。Where else did you go and who else did you see?你还去了别的什么地方?还看到了谁?It s somebody
121、elses money. 这是别的什么人的钱。. 29. none,no one ,nobody nobody 和 no one指人,后不跟of 短语,在句中不作主语时,可用单数或复数替代,作主语时谓语动词用单数。None既可指人也可指物,后可跟of 短语,后面的谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数,但若of 短语中的名词为不可数名词,则谓语动词用单数。如:None of my friends come to see me.我的朋友一个也没来看我。/None of the meat was left.一点肉也没剩。 /Nobody was hurt, were they? 没人受伤,是吗?/No on
122、e likes his friends to come late.没人喜欢他的朋友迟到。. 30. across , over ,through across和 over 都可表示“处于或达到某一物体的另一侧”,可换用。如:They built a bridge across/over the river.他们在河上造了一座桥。 over还可表示“翻越”这样的动作,across 不能这样用。如:If we can t go over the mountain we must go around it.如果我们不能从山上翻过去,我们就得从山脚下绕过去。Across 和 through 都可表示“
123、从(一定范围的) 一边到另一边” ,其区别在于across 表示某一范围的表面进行某一动作。 through表示在某一范围的内部空间进行某一动作。如It took us two hours to walk through the forest.穿过森林花了我们两小时。/Do be careful while walking across the street.过街时一定要小心。. 31. another ,more,other 三个词均可表示具有增加意义的“还”、“再”. another置于数词前,而more,other 置于数词后。如:We need five more men.我们还需要五
124、个人。/I want another three books.我还需要三本书。/He works on the Great Green Wall with many other people.他和其他一些人在“绿色长城”上工作。最后这个例句中的other 并不表示增加之意,而是表示除自己以外的别的人。. 32. grow, plant, keep plant着重指“种植”这一行为. grow 着重指种植以后的“栽培、管理”过程。 keep 表示“饲养、赡养”,后可接人或动物,不可与plant/grow互换。如: He grows many kinds of flowers in his gar
125、den. 他在他的花园里栽了很多种花。/He planted a pine tree last year, but it is dead now.他去年种了一棵松树,但是现在死了。/My grandma keeps hens and a dog.我奶奶养了几只鸡和一条狗。. 33. at the end of ,by the end of ,to the end ,in the end at the end of 可表示时间,也可表示地点,指“在末(底)”、“在末端(尽头)”; by the end of 仅表示时间,指“在前”、“到为止”;at the end of指过去或将来时间上的一个点
126、,往往与一个行为动作相关,常与一般过去时或一般将来时连用;by the end of 不指一个时间点,而是指某一时间点以前或到某一时间点为止,强调的是状态或结果,而不是行为,常与完成时连用。如:We had a class meeting at the end of last week. 上周末我们开了一个班会。/By the end of this term we has learned sixteen units.到这个学期为止,我们已经学了 16个单元 . to the end常与运动性或持续性动词连用,表示“到(某一)终点为止”,指地点,也可指时间。如:We should go on
127、with the work to the end.我们应把工作进行到底。/Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.走到这条路的尽头,你会看到一家邮局。 in the end后不接任何单词,表示“最后、终于“,相当于at last ,finally.如: They won the game in the end.我们最终赢得了比赛。. 34. win ,beat win 的宾语一般是比赛、竞赛、战斗等名词。 beat后接的是球队或某人等。如:We know it s easy to beat him. 我们知道要打败他
128、们很容易。/We won the game in the end.我们最终赢得了比赛。. 35. lone ,lonely ,alone lone “孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的“,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely 。如: She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。In that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。 lonely “孤单的,寂寞的”,但更强调指渴
129、望陪伴的孤独感受。如:A lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him. 孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。/He spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。Alone 意为“单独的, 一个人的” ,表示客观上无人陪伴,一般只作表语。 如:He was alone, but h
130、e didn t feel lonely.他虽独自一人,但并不感到孤独。. 36. especial ,special 在表示事物不寻常,过分或特殊时,这两个词可以互换使用,只是special较 especial普遍。不过,我们通常用special表示一种特别的目的。如:She paid special(especial) attention to clothes.她特别讲究穿着。That s my fathers special chair in his office.那是我父亲办公室的专用椅子。These are special shoes made for John.这是专门为约翰做的椅
131、子。. 37. fall,drop 两者均表示“落下”。 fall表示物体由于本身的重量失去平衡或其他原因向下坠落,多为无意识的行为。它是不及物动词。fall也常作连系动词,表示“变得,进入某种状态”。 drop 表示物体由高处往低处落下,或让物体落向低处。它既可指有意识的行为,也可指无意识的行为,当指无意识的行为时,可与 fall交换使用。 drop 为及物动词或不及物动词。如:The man fell(dropped) from the top of the building.(两者都指无意识的行为。)Her hair falls to her shoulders.(指无意识的行为。)Ma
132、ny trees fell in the storm.(指无意识的行为。 )One after another, all three of them fell asleep.(fall作连系动词。 )He dropped a letter into the post box.( 指有意识的行为。)The enemy plane dropped several bombs.(指有意识的行为。). 38. for a moment ,for the moment ,in a moment ,at the moment for a moment常与持续性动词连用,表示“一会儿,片刻”的意思。如:Pl
133、ease wait for a moment.请等一下。 /He read the paper for a moment and went out.他看了一会儿报纸,就出去了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 37 页 for the moment常用于进行时,意为“暂时,目前”。如:Stop discussing for the moment, please.请暂停讨论。/Let s leave things as they are for the moment.让我们暂时维持现状吧。 in a moment常与终止性
134、动词连用,一般用于将来时,表示“一会儿,立即,马上”等意义。如:I ll come back in a moment.我马上就回来。/Hell meet you in a moment .他一会就见你。at the moment用于现在时,表示“此刻”的意思;用于过去时,表示“那时”的意思。如:Im busy at the moment.我此刻很忙。 /I was busy at the moment.我那时很忙。. 39. festival ,holiday ,vacation festival意为“节日”,指喜庆日和持续一段时间的文娱活动,如the Spring Festival(春节 )
135、 ,the film festival(电影节), the TV festival(电视节 ) 。 holiday为“假日, 休息日” ,主要指按风俗习惯或法律规定的纪念日或休息日。其复数形式可表示延续一段时间的“假期”,美式英语中则习惯用单数。如:a pleasant Roman holiday(愉快的罗马假日),the Christmas holidays(圣诞节假期 ) ,the school holiday(学校的假期 ) 。 vacation为“假期”,指放下工作和学习的一段较长的休息时间,常可用holidays替换。如 a paid vacation(带薪假期), the wint
136、er vacation/holidays(寒假), the summer vacation/holidays(暑假 )。. 40. gone , lost ,missing gone 表示“丢了,没了”,含有一去不复返的意味,在句中可作表语和补语,但不能作定语。如:My fever is gone, but I still have a cough.我的烧已经退了,但还有些咳嗽。She looked down at her dress and found her necklace gone.她低头看了一下自己的衣服,发现项链不见了。 lost表示“丢失” ,含有失去后难以找回的意味,在句中可作
137、定语, 表语和补语。 如:The parents found the lost child at last.父母亲终于找到了自己丢失的孩子。His elder brother was lost at sea.他的哥哥在海里失踪了。 missing表示“失踪了, 不见了”,强调某人或某物不在原处,在句中可作定语, 表语和补语。 如:My JapaneseChinese dictionary is missing.我的日汉词典不见了。 The police are trying their best to find the missing schoolgirl.警方正在尽力寻找这个失踪的女生。.
138、41.j oin ,join in ,take part in 这一组词都有“参加”的意思。 join多指加入组织,团体,党派等,有作为其中的一个成员的含义。join后也可接人,表示和某人一起参加某项活动。如: It s been two years since he joined the club. 他参加这个俱乐部已两年了。He joined the army in 1945 and joined the Communist Party the next year.他于一九四五年参军,并在第二年入党。Will you join us?跟我们一起来,好吗? join in指参加某项游戏,活动
139、,讨论等,in 为介词或副词。此短语常用于join sb.in结构, in 后可接名词或动名词,介词 in 短语有时可以省去。如:Do join us(in the game ). 跟我们一起做游戏吧。They joined me in congratulating you. 他们与我一道向你表示祝贺。Let s join in and give them a warm welcome.让我们也一起给他们以热烈的欢迎。The whole crowd joined in singing the popular song.整个人群都唱起了这首流行歌曲。 take part in 多指参加和参与群众
140、性的活动、运动、会议及战争等,含有以主人翁的态度加入其中并发挥一定作用的意思。如: The Union took an active part in the strike.工会在这次罢工中发挥了积极的作用。They took a leading part in the efforts to strengthen national defense.他们在加强国防力量方面出了很大力。He took part in the studentsmovement in the early forties.在四十年代初,他参加了学生运动。Switzerland didnt take part in the
141、two World Wars. 瑞士没有参加两次世界大战。. 42、journey, tour, trip, travel 这一组词都表示旅行。 journey一般指在陆地上进行的长途旅行,常表示所花的时间及所走的路程相当长,而且有最终不一定要回到原出发地的含义,常蕴涵辛苦的意味。有是它也被用来指海上与空中的旅行。如:He decided to make the journey to Dunhuang, and it was rather difficult.他决定去敦煌旅游,但旅途会很艰难。Life is a long journey from birth to death.从出生到死亡,人
142、生是一个漫长的旅程。 tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,距离可唱可短常用来指观光与商业旅行等。如:She took a tour of Korea. 她去韩国旅行了一次。He has gone on a walking tour.他去参加了步行旅游。 trip 通常制往反定时的短途旅行,如因公出差及游览渡假等,它可指海路空的旅行,并往往暗示会回到原出发地。在比较通俗的用法中,常可代替journey表示长途旅行。如:I am going to make a trip to Hangzhou .我准备去杭州旅行。He took several trips to Shanghai i
143、n 1997.在一九九七年他去了几次上海。 travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤指到国外的旅行,他无定向的目的地,有到各地游历的意味。它表示具体的旅行时常用复数形式。作不可数名词时,常被用来泛指旅行这一行为。如: Did you go to Santiago during your travels/这次旅行你去了圣地亚哥了没有?Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.在茂密的森林中穿梭是很危险的。. 43. beat ,hit ,strike 这三个词都有“打,击;敲”的意思,但仔细分辨,还是有各自的用法。 beat表示“连续不断地打击”
144、;尤指心脏的跳动。Hit 表示“撞击”(尤指一次性的)或“命中(目标)”。 strike除了与 hit 同义外, 还可以理解我 “划(火柴) ”;“给人深刻印象”等。如:The man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了,可心脏还在跳动。He hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球,结果球越过了墙。She struck(or:hit) him hard on the head with a vase.她用一只花瓶使劲地往他头上一敲。 He went i
145、n ,struck a match and lit a candle to give off light.他进屋,划了根火柴并点燃了蜡烛照亮了房间。 The foreigner was deeply struck by the beauty of the West Lake.外宾对西湖之美, 印象极深。. 44. living ,alive ,live ,lively 这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。 living有三种意义和用法:1)表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置;2)表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“
146、一模一样,逼真的”之意;3)相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。如A living language should be learned orally.一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。We have a living hope that you will succeed.我们强烈地希望你成功。 alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。如: Is she still alive?她还活着吗? They ar
147、e the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。The lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。 live作形容词时读作 /laiv/,只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。如: This is a live fish (mouse).这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。Dont play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。A live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。It was live broadcast,not a recording.那是实况广播
148、,不是录音广播。 lively读作 /laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1)有生气的,活泼的,快活的;精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 37 页2)(颜色)鲜明的;3)生动的,真实的。例如:She is as lively as a kitten.她快活的像只小猫。The patient seems a little livelier this moring.那为病人今晨似乎好些了。What lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩!He gave a lively description o
149、f the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。. 45. maybe , possibly ,perhaps 这三个词都可表示“可能性”。 maybe“可能,也许”,比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式,可能性不大,也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如: you could put it over there,maybe.也许你可以把它搁在那边。He didn t feel quite right;maybe he got sunstroke.他觉得不太好,也许是有点中暑。The doctor thinks maybe wed better have a minor
150、 operation.医生认为我们最好做个小手术。 possibly“可能地, 或者,也许”,可能性较大用于否定句和疑问句时表示“无论如何” 之意。如:She expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.她为任何可能造成的不便而深表歉意。I couldnt possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time.无论如何,我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。 perhaps “可
151、能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。如: I thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。Perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble.当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。. 46. most , mostly 无限定词搭配的most 可用作形容词和名词。前者通常修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词time ,表示“大多数的,大部分的”意思;后者常接o
152、f 引起的介词短语或定语从句,表示“大多数人(东西,时间)”的意思。此外,most 还可作副词,用来修饰副词,形容词或动词,表示“最,十分,非常,很”的意思。如Most students like English.大多数学生喜欢英语。 I was in Shanghai most of the time. 。我大部分时间在上海。The present world situation is the most favourable for the people.当前世界形势对人民非常有利。 mostly是一个副词,只用作状语。一般放在所修饰的词或短语之前,主要表示“主要地;多半;大部分地”意思。如
153、She is mostly out on Sundays.星 期天她多半不在家。She uses her car mostly for going to the shops.她用车多半是去商店买东西。. 47. though , although这两个词都有“虽然”之意,均不能与but 连用,但可加yet ,still等词以加强语气。 although:“尽管;虽然”,只作连词,较正式,一般情况下可以用though 替代。如: He passed the exam although illness prevented him from attending class.虽然他曾因病耽误了学习,但
154、他考试还是及格了。Although he was seriously wounded, he still held out on the battlefield.他虽然身负重伤,但坚持不下火线。 though :“虽然,尽管,即使”,还可以与even 连用, even though 即使,纵然。作副词时,一般不能置于句首,译作“然而,不过”,相当于nevertheless.如:I can see that New York must seem dull to her,though the family wont admit it.我看得出来纽约对她来说一定很单调乏味,虽然家里人不愿承认这一点。
155、She wont leave the TV set,even though her husband is waiting for his supper.即使丈夫等着吃饭,她也不愿意离开电视机。. 48. even ,even though ,though 这一组词十分容易混淆。 even 是副词,作“甚至”解,用来强调语气。它在句中的位置应靠近所强调的词或短语,否则会引起歧义。体会以下各句意思: She would not even enter my room.她甚至不进我的房间。Even she would not enter my room.甚至连她也不进我的房间。 She would n
156、ot enter even my room.她甚至连我的房间也不进来。 even though(=even if)和 though 都为连词,前者为“即使,纵使”,表示退一步设想,引导一个条件状语从句,含有不肯定的意味;后者为“虽然”,引导一个让步状语从句,表示的是一种事实。参见下列两个例句,前一句表示一种设想与假设,后一句表示“他确实知道”的事实。如He will not tell us the secret, even though(even if) he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。He will not tell us the secret though he
157、 knows it.虽然他知道这个秘密,但却不肯说出来。. 49. till ,until till和 until都可以用作连词和介词,用于肯定句和否定句。用于肯定句时, 只与持续性动词连用, 表示“到为止” 。用于否定句时,通常与瞬间动词连用,也可与持续性动词连用,表示“直到才”的意思。这两个词一般情况下可以相互使换用。如:We waited for him until/till six oclock. 我们等他一直等到六点钟。The pupil will not begin the meeting till/until their class supervisor comes.学生们等到班
158、主任一到就开始开会。They didn t talk until/till the interpreter came.知道译员到,他们才交谈。He did not go to bed until/till he had made sure that nothing was wrong with the pipes.他检查水管,确准它们没有毛病,才去睡觉。当until用于句首时,一般不能用till代替。在以not 开始的从句或短语时, till一般也不可代替until, 而且这种句式要用倒装语序。如 Until the last minute of the match we kept playi
159、ng.直到比赛的最后一分钟,我们仍然坚持奋战。Not until he had finished his work did he go home.他直到把工作做完,才回家去。. 50. carry on ,carry out carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,另可作“经营”解。如:Don t let me interrupt you ,just carry on.别让我打断你,请继续。I ll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管
160、有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。Rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。 carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。 此词语相当于put into practice。如:I have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。. 51instead , instead of两者都有“代替”之意。但两者词性不同,用法各异。
161、不可互换替换使用。 instead 意为“代替”,是副词,通常单独位于句首,作状语用。例如:1)Now you are very busy. Ill clean the windows instead.现在你很忙,我来(替你)擦窗户。2)Give me this instead.请改拿这个给我吧。 instead of 是介词短语,主要有两个意思:1)表示“代替”后接名词或代词。例如:Mr Li teaches us English instead of Mr Wang this month.这个月李老师代替王老师教我们英语。He was ill yesterday. I went there
162、 instead of him. 他昨天病了,我替他区了那里。2)表示“而不是”之意,后接名词或V-ing 形式。例如: I ll go to Guilin instead of Hangzhou during the summer vacation. 今年暑假我要去桂林,而不是去杭州。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 37 页Li Mei went to see Granny Li instead of staying at home.李梅没有呆在家里,而是去看李奶奶了。. 52. except ,except for
163、, besides 这三个词都表示“除之外”的意思,其含义和用法有别。 except是一个介词,指从整体里“减去”一部分,与介词besides (“除了还”)相对。其后可接名词,代词,副词,介词短语等, 如:All except Comrade Wang are present.除了王同志全体都到了。I looked everywhere except there.除了那里以外,我到处都看了。I went nowhere except to the factory.除了去工厂外,我哪儿都没去。His books seem to be everywhere except where they o
164、ught to be.他的书似乎放得都不是地方。 except for 是一短语介词, 常常用来引述一个相反的原因或细节,因而部分地修正了句中的主要意义。如:This machine is perfect except for a few shortcomings here and there.这台机器是完美的,除了某些地方有些缺点。Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.你的作文除了少许拼写错误外,写得很好。 besides 除了还,例如: Lucy went to the park besides Lin Ta
165、o. 除了林涛以外,Lucy 也去了公园。. 53. worth ,worthy to ,worthy of ,worthwhile worth是“值得”的意思,一般看作介词(也有人认为是形容词),后面通常接(金额,时间,精力之类的)名词或动名词。接动名词时,要用主动形式,表示的却是被动的意义。有时为了强调,worth 前还可以用适当的副词修饰。如:What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。This precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan. 这台精密仪器值一万元。The
166、 research work is worth our while.我们在这项研究工作上花的精力是值得的。 worthy to和 worthy of除表示“值得的”意义外,还有“配得上,相称的”等意思。前者后面通常接被动不定式,间或接主动不定式。后者通常接名词(但不能接有关钞票数目的名词)或动名词的被动形式,有时也动名词主动形式。如:It is a thing worthy of being seen.这件东西值得一看。Nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.没有发生什么值得一提的事。She is worthy of his necklace.她是
167、配得上这条项链的。 worthwhile是形容词,可用作表语,其主语可以是名词,代词,动名词或不定式;它亦可用作定语。此外,worthwhile还可以分开,在while 前加物主代词。如:Visiting Hangzhou is worthwhile.杭州值得一游。This is a worthwhile experiment.这是一项值得做的实验。It is worth our while to read the book.我们读这本书是值得的。. 54. mi ssing, lost 两者均为形容词,都含有“丢失”之意. missing 表示“失掉,不见”,强调“应该有而缺少”; lost
168、 有“遗失,不易找到”的意思。例如: We try to find missing persons. 我们要设法找到失踪的人。My keys are lost. 我的钥匙丢了。. 55. no longer, not.any longer, no more, not.any more它们都是“不再”,但用法不同。 no longer = not.any longer 表示时间或距离的“不再”(延长),通常修饰延续性动词,多指现在情况与过去相比,故常用于现在时态中。往往放在行为动词之前,连系动词、情态动词之后。例如:Mr. Wang no longer lives here.王先生不再住在这儿了
169、。You cant stay here any longer. 你不能留在这儿里了。 no more = not.any more 表示数量和程度的“不再”(增加),通常修饰终止性动词,一般指今后“不再”,故多用于将来时中。在句中的位置与前两者相同。例如:They baby watched and listened, and she cried no more. 那个婴儿看这、听着,不再哭了。We won t go there any more. 我们不再去那了。. 56. look for, find, find out look for 是“动词 + 介词”结构,意为“寻找”,表示正在进行
170、的动作; find 意为“找到,发现”, 多指偶然性的,表示look for 之后的结果; find out 是 “动词 + 副词”结构,意为“找出查,明”,指通过观察而发现事实的真相,调查后找出原因等。同时要注意课文中出现的find句型:find sb. / sth. doing sth. 发现某人(某物)在做某事;find it hard / difficult to do sth. 发现做某事是难的。例如:What are you looking for? 你在找什么?They found the lost child hiding in the cave.他们发现走失了的孩子藏在山洞里
171、。Did you find out why he was late? 他迟到的原因你查清了吗?.这里是典型词汇与例题: 57. worth 的用法worth ,worthy ,worth-while都为 adj.意为 值得 。1. worth: be worth + n.当名词为金钱时,表示 值得 be worth doing sth.某事值得被做 The question is not worth discussing again and again. 2. worthy:be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示值得 be worthy to be done 某事值得被做 Th
172、e question is not worthy to be discussed againand again. 3. worth-while: be worth-while to do sth 值得做某事 worth while: It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth. . 典型例题It is not _ to discuss the question again and again. A.worthB.worthyC.worth-whileD.worth while 答案 C. 由 worth 的用法可知,此句
173、只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选 C。. 58.Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, 精选学习资料 - - - - - -
174、 - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页,共 37 页right。Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。for 与 of 的辨别方法:用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of ,不通则用for 。如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of) 。He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for 。) . 60. 表示 据说 或 相信 的词组believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, s
175、uppose, think, understand It is said that据说It is reported that 据报道It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that 众所周知It is thought that大家认为It is suggested that据建议It is taken granted that被视为当然It has been decided that 大家决定It must be remember that务必记住的是It is said that she will leave f
176、or Wuhan on Tuesday. . 1introduce?intr+dju:svt1)make persons known by name to one another :介绍,表示“把介绍给”常用下列结构:introduce sb. to sb. ,其中“ to sb. ”也可省略。例如:He introduced a new teacher to us at the welcome meeting.在欢迎会上,他给我们介绍了一位新老师。At the beginning of the class, the teacher usually says, “Let me introduc
177、e myself to you first. ”在一开始上课时老师通常说:“让我先来做一下自我介绍。”When one friend was introduced to another, they often say“How do you do ?” to each other.当一个朋友被介绍给另一个朋友的时候,他们常常时互致“你好?”。Id like to introduce my teacher Miss Zhang to you here我想把我的老师张小姐给你们介绍一下。( 注意:本句中 Miss Zhang 是 my teacher的同位语。 ) 2)bring into use:
178、引用 He introduced a new method in teaching他在教学上引用了一种新的方法。3)bring in for the first time 第一次引进 Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America.土豆是从南美传入欧洲的。 Coffee was introduced to England from the Continent.咖啡是从欧洲大陆引进到英格兰的。【注意】 introduce的名词形式是introduction,意为“介绍”。例如:This is a letter of introduc
179、tion. 这是一封介绍信。Im very glad to have an introduction at the beginning of the class.一开始上课,我很高兴做一下介绍。2nicenais adj. good, pleasant, kind:美好的;令人愉快的;友好的 a nice day(book, taste, etc. )好天气 ( 书,味道等 ) The weather is very nice here. 这儿的天气很好。 a nice trip to the Great Wall去长城的一次畅游Its nice of you to invite us. 你邀
180、请我们真是太好了。They are very nice to us. 他们对我们很友好。【注意】 nice 的副词形式是 nicely;最高级形式为 nicest,意为“最令人愉快的”。例如:This job fits me nicely. 这项工作很适合我来做。What is the nicest part of your holidays?你假期中最愉快的是哪一段时间?3everydayevrideiadj. happening or used daily: 每天的,日常的 Knowing some everyday English will be helpful.会一些日常英语会有所帮助
181、的。 The film is about the everyday life of the people in the U. S. A. 这是部关于美国人日常生活的电影。【注意】 everyday 仅仅用作定语;当其分开写成 every day时,是名词短语,意为“每天”,在句中用作时间状语。例如: Every day they went to the road nearby and stood there begging.他们每天到附近的路上,站在那里要饭。4employimpl&:ivt. 雇用He employs four men during the vacation. 假期期间他雇了
182、四个人。 Li Ming is employedin a restaurant. 李明受雇于一家饭店。Do you know the man who employed two children?你认识那个雇佣了两个童工的人吗?【注意】1)employer n. 雇主;雇用者。2)employee n. 受雇者;雇员3)employment n. 雇用;职业;工人(不可数 ) 。如:He is looking for employment. 他在找职业。4)unemployed adj. 失业的5)unemployment n. 失业。又如: The employer is a person w
183、ho employs others. 雇主是雇佣别人的人。In China the people who are unemployed are called laid-off workers.在中国失业的人员被称为下岗职工。5more m&: 1)adj. greater in number,quantity,quality,degree ,size ,ect ;additional:数目更多的;更大量的;更佳的;程度更高的;更大的;附加的。例如:More than one person has made the suggestion. 不止一个人提出这个建议。Instead of fewer
184、 accidents there are more.事故不但没减少,反而增加了。 He has more money (chance,etc. )than ever.他的钱 ( 机会 ) 比任何时候都多。【注意】 more为 many或 much的比较级形式。many-more-most修饰可数名词。much-more-most修饰不可数名词。2)n. a great account or number 更大的量或数精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页,共 37 页-What more do you need?你还需要什么?-I
185、 dont need any more. 我不再要了。3)adv. 放在多音节的形容词或副词前,构成形容词或副词比较级形式。例如:more useful-wonderful-beautiful; more easily-slowly-foolishly 4) 与 more有关的一些短语:(1)and what is more 更重要者;再者;更有甚者(=more important;serious) He told his classmates the matter, and what is more, he even told the teacher about it. 他把这件事告诉了他的
186、同学,尤为严重的是,他还将此事告诉了老师。(2)more or less大致;差不多 (=about ;or so) 。例如: It is five dayswork more or less. 大概得做五天左右。 It is an hours ride more or less from here to the centre of the city.从这儿开车去市中心大约需要一个小时。(3)no more 再也不 (=no longer) He broke away from our company last year,since then I have seen him no more.
187、他去年脱离了我们公司,此后,我再也没有见过他。(4)no more than 仅仅 (=only) His whole school education added up to no more than one year.他的整个学校教育加起来仅仅一年。(5)not more than 不多于;不超过(=at most;just not asas) 。例如:There are not more than twelve people in the meeting room.会议室至多不超过十二个人。(6)more and more 越来越多 (=increasingly)。例如:Our coun
188、try is becoming more and more beautiful.我们国家正变的越来越美丽。It seems that I spend more and more money on books.我好像在买书上花的钱越来越多。(7)once more 再一次 (=again) Would you please tell the story once more?请再讲一遍这个故事好吗?6waterw&:t+ 1)n. the liquid in rivers, lakes, seas, etc. 水Fish cant live without water. 鱼儿没有水就不能生活。 s
189、ea-water海水mineral water 矿泉水【注意】当 water用作复数 (waters)时,意为“水域或海域”(=the body of water)。例如:The waters in Changjiang rivers broke some of the banks. 长江的洪水在有些地方冲破了大堤。2)v. give water to sth. or produce water “浇水,灌溉;加水;泪水流出;流口水”。例如: Its very dry, and we must water the vegetable garden. 天很干,我们应该浇菜园了。 They wer
190、e watering the streets. 他们正在街上洒水。Our ship watered at every port we visited.我们的船每到一港口,就加水一次。 The smoke made my eyes water. 烟使我眼睛流泪。 The smell from the kitchen made my mouth water. 厨房的气味使我直流口水。7along+l&R 1)prep. following the line of:沿着along 常跟 road ,street,river ,line等表示狭长的名词连用。例如:I saw her running a
191、long the street. 我看见他沿着大街奔跑。 After supper we usually take a walk along the river.晚饭后我们通常沿河散步。2)adv. forward:向前along 常跟 walk ,move ,run 等表示位移的动词连用。例如:He shouted aloud as he ran along. 他一边往前跑,一边高声的呼喊。Come along, please. 请过来吧。8情态动词have to表示客观需要做的事情,意思是“必须”,“不得不”。后跟动词原形;而情态动词must 表示说话人的主观的看法。例如:Oh, I ha
192、ve to wash all my clothes, clean the floor, and keep everything clean and tidy. 噢,我只得我所有的衣服,清理地板,而且使一切干净整洁。I must be off/leaving now. 现在我必须走啦。I must stop and get some sleep. 我必须停下来,睡上一会儿。9partnerpa:tn+n. 搭档,合作伙伴;舞伴。例如:Yang Mei is the partner of Zhou Lans oral practice.杨梅是周兰口语练习的伙伴。We have been partn
193、ers for many years since we knew each other.我们从相识以来,是好多年的合作者了。10vacationv+keiM+n为美国英语,用作名词,意为“休假,假期”(=a time of rest from work),在英国英语中用holiday 。例如: They are on vacation in Auckland. 他们在奥克兰度假。 I took a vacation at Qingdao last summer. 我去年夏天在青岛度假。【注意】请病假不用 vacation或 holiday,而使用 take a day off。例如: Tang
194、 Lin took a day off yesterday because of illness. 唐林昨天因病请了一天假。11hope 和 wish 的用法区别1)hope 用作动词时,后面可接不定式或 that从句,但不能接“宾语+不定式”。We hope to see you again. =We hope we can see you again.我希望再次见到你。 I hope you can help me with my maths. 希望你能帮助我学数学。( 不能说: I hope you to help me with my maths. ) 2)wish 后面接不定式或“宾
195、语+不定式”都可以,其意义相当于“想要”,“希望”(=would like或 want) 。wish 接 that从句时一般表示某种强烈而又难以实现的“愿望”,而hope 表示的是可以实现或能达到的“希望”。例如: I wish to place an order right now. 我想马上订购。I wish him to make progress. 我希望他取得进步。I wish I could fly like a bird. 但愿我能象鸟一样飞。( 从句中的could 表示其动作不可能实现,不能用can。) 试比较: I hope he can do that. 我希望他会干那件事
196、。( 这句中 can 不能用 could 。) 3)wish 可表示良好的“祝愿”,后面接“宾语+宾补 ( 形容词或名词 )”,而 hope 不能这样用。 I wish you happy. 祝你幸福。 I wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19 页,共 37 页【注意】不能说 I hope you happy/a pleasant journey. 4) 在简略句中,如要表示希望某事不会发生时,应说 I hope not ,而不说 Idont hope so。表
197、示希望某事会发生时,说 I hope so 。12grow,plant ,keep 和 raise的用法区别1)grow 和 plant都可表示“种植”,如种植草、树、苗、花卉、粮食等植物。plant着重指“种植”这一行为,grow 着重指种植以后的栽培、管理过程。某人 plant之后树是死是活不一定管,但某人grow a tree 则包括培育管理,使其生长的过程。试比较: The students are planting trees on the hill.学生们正在山坡上栽树。( 不用 ) How many trees have you planted this year?你们今年植了多
198、少棵树?(不用 grow) The farmer grows wheat in this field.那位农民在这块田里种植的是小麦。(不用 plant) People grow bananas in Hainan.海南种植香蕉。( 不用 plant) He grows many kinds of flowers in his back garden.他在他的后花园里种植了各种各样的花。2)keep 可表示“赡养”,后面可接表示人或动物的名词。不用来代替 plant 或 grow。如: He has a wife and three children to keep.他要养活妻子和三个孩子。M
199、y grandma keeps pigs and hens. 我奶奶养猪养鸡。 My uncle has a large family to keep.我叔叔有一大家子人要养活。3)raise除表示“词养” ( 动物 ) 以外,还可用来表示“养育”( 子女 ) ;“培育” ( 植物 ) 。We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.今年我们种的西红柿长得很好。My grandmother raised a family of five.我祖母养育了五口之家。 Where were you raised?你是在哪儿长大的?He raised some
200、flowers in the back garden.他在后花园里种了一些花。 That was how the Chinese first raised silkworms.中国人就是这样开始养蚕的。【注意】 raise强调从小精心培养到大,通常指培养花卉以及较难管理的植物。 Lets grow/raise some flowers in the garden. 咱们在花园里种些花吧。 We grow rice,wheat and cotton in my hometown.在家乡,我们种植水稻、小麦和棉花。(不宜用 raise) 13drive 词的用法1)=travel or go in
201、 a car意思是“驾车旅行”。如: I didnt drink,because I had to drive home after the party.我没喝酒,因为晚会以后我得开车回家。 He drove me to the station. 他开车送我到车站。I drove eight hours/400 kilometres yesterday.昨天我驾车行驶了八个小时/400 公里。The policeman drove my car to the police station.警察把我的车开到派出所。2)=make people or animal go 意思是“赶”、“驱”。如:
202、The farmer is driving many sheep to market.那位农民正把许多羊赶到市场去。The Chinese people drove their enemies from/out of their country.中国人民把敌人从他们的国土上赶了出去。3)=cause sb. to be in a state意思是“迫使”,“逼迫”。如:The loud noise of the people in the street almost drove me mad.街上人们的喧闹声几乎使我发狂。He was driven by hunger to steal. =H
203、unger drove him to steal.他因饥饿而被迫行窃。4)drive用作名词主要表示“开车”或“乘车”。如:The town is about half an hours/forty minutes/a two-hour/a 9-mile drive from here. 那镇离这儿开车( 或坐车 ) 大约半小时 / 四十分钟 / 两小时 / 九英里的路途。Lets go out for a drive,shall we?我们出去开车兜兜风吧,好吗?14behind 词的用法1) 作为介词 behind 主要有下面三种用法。(1)=at the back of意思是“在后面”,
204、指地点。如: A dog ran from behind the tree.一条狗从树后面跑了出来。Walk close behind me. 紧跟在我后面走。Theres a vegetable garden behind the house. 屋后有个菜园。(2)=later than意思是“迟于”,指时间。如: The postman is behind his usual time today.邮递员今天比往常来得迟。In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. 我们国家的时间比北京时间迟十四小时。(3)=not so a
205、dvanced as意思“不如先进”,“落后于”,如:Thats a small country in Africa far behind its neighbours.那是一个远远落后于邻国的非洲小国家。They are behind us in education and science. 他们在教育与科学方面落后于我们。 2) 作为副词, behind 大致也能表示介同behind 的意思。如:The others are a long way behind.其他人落在后面很远。(=at the back) The teacher asked Tom to stay behind aft
206、er school.老师让 Tom放学后留下来。(=stay after others have left) If you dont work hard,youll fall behind.如果你不努力,你会落后的(=fail to keep up). 15prefer的用法prefer是及物动词,后面应接宾语,意为“更喜欢”(like better)。其过去式、过去分词和现在分词要双写字母r ,然后加 ed 或 ing 。下面就其用法作一归纳。 1) 接名词、代词作宾语。如:-Which would you prefer,tea or coffee?-I prefer tea. 咖啡和茶,你
207、更喜欢哪一种?我较喜欢茶。People in the south prefer rice while those in the north prefer food made from flour. 南方人爱吃米饭,而北方人较喜欢吃面食2) 接不定式、动名词作宾语。在没有明确指出比较对象时,用不定式、动名词意义大致相同。如: I prefer to walk there. (I prefer walking there. )我宁愿步行去那儿。 He chose Spain,but personally Id prefer to go to Greece. 他选了西班牙,但就我个人而言,我倒想去希
208、腊。3) 在词组 prefer to 中, to 是介词,其作用是引出两个比较对象,因此,动词prefer的宾语和介词to 的宾语在形式上应一致,可以是名词、代词或动名词,不可用不定式。如:He said he preferred the country to the city. 他说城市和乡村相比,他更喜欢农村。She prefers dancing to singing. 跳舞和唱歌相比,她更喜欢跳舞。4)preferrather than的结构中,要用“prefer to do rather than do”意为“宁愿做而不做”。如: The soldier preferred to d
209、ie rather than give in before the enemy. 这位战士宁愿死,也不在敌人面前屈服。另外, prefer还可接 that 引导的宾语从句,相当于hope 的用法;也可接复合宾语,即“prefer sb. to do”“更希望某人干”。如: Id prefer you not to go there alone. 我倒希望你不要单独去那儿。We prefer that they(should)do it in a different way. 我倒希望他们用另一种方法去做。 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - -
210、-第 20 页,共 37 页1介词 between 和 among的用法及区别1)between(prep)“在 ( 两者 ) 之间”;一般只指在两者或两部分之间。例如:There is a profound and lasting friendship between China and Korea. 中朝两国之间有深厚和永恒的友谊。The Yalu River flows between China and Korea. 鸭绿江介于中朝两国之间。【注意】偶尔between 也可用来指三个或三个以上之间,这种情况实际上仍是指其中一个和其他中间的一个之间的关系。如:Laos lies betw
211、een China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 老挝位于中国、 缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨和越南之间。 The friendly relations between the peoples are profound and lasting. 各族人民之间的友好关系是深厚的和永恒的。2)among(prep) “在中间”;表示在三个或三个以上的人或物中间,后面通常接集体名词或可数名词复数形式。例如:I saw him among the crowd. 我看见他在人群中。 He came from a village among the hills. 他
212、来自群山中的一个村庄。2whilewail的用法1)while可以用作并列连词,表示对比意义,译为“而”,“却”。例如:Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens, while hens could. 他反而问他父亲为什么他不能孵小鸡,而母鸡却能。Jane was dressed in blue, while Mary dressed in red. 珍妮穿蓝色衣服,而玛丽却穿红色衣服。2)while还可以用作从属连词,作“在期间”,“当时候”讲,使用时应注意它与用作从属连词的when的区别:when引导
213、的时间状语从句,即可表示“一段时间”,又可表示“一点时间”,因此从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的,也可以是非延续性的。如:I hope to see you when(while)I stay in Beijing on business. ( 一段时间 ) 当我出差北京时,希望见到你。When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out. ( 一点时间 ) 当钟敲响十二下时,灯全部熄灭了。【注意】 while 引导的时间状语从句只能表示“一段时间”所以 while从句的谓语动词应是延续性动词( 或状态动词 ) 。例如:While I sta
214、yed(or was) in Shanghai, I saw her three times. 我在上海期间见到她三次。如果从句的谓语动词是延续性的,可以用while 也可以用 when。例如:While(When) we were having a meeting, a stranger came in. 我们在开会时,一个陌生人走了进来。3still, yet和 already的用法比较1)still表示某事仍在进行中,意为“仍然”,“还”。例如:I am still busy, I have not finished my work yet. 我仍然很忙,我没有干完这个活儿。How to
215、 take some useful things out of the waste materials and use them again is still a big problem. 怎样从废料中提取有用的东西并加以重新利用仍然是个大问题。2)yet作“已经”解时,通常用于疑问句或否定句;作“还,仍然”解时,与not 连用,表示还没有。3)already的意思是“已经”,通常用于肯定句。例如:They have already made full use of the waste water. 他们已经充分利用了废水。4助动词do的用法在肯定句中,为了避免重复出现前面已经用过的某个动词时
216、,通常用助动词 do。例如:Its important to listen to people carefully, and I usually do. 仔细倾听别人的意见是重要的,我通常也是这样做的。5over 和 across 和区别1)over 和 across 都可用来表示“向( 或在 )某一长形物体如街道、马路、河流的另一边。”We walked over/across the road. 我们走过马路。He lives just over/across the river? 他就住在河对面。【注意】 over 可用于水面上动作,不能用于水中动作。How long will it t
217、ake to swim across the river? 游过这条河需要多久。(不能用 over) 。2)over 和 across 都可用来表示“在某一高形物体的另一边”,表示状态。If we can be over/across the mountain before sunrise, there will be hope to win. 如果日出前我们能翻过那座山,就有希望获胜。【注意】表示“越过”某一高形物体,用over 与动词搭配,不用across 。When I saw him, he was climbing over the fence. 我看到他时,他正翻过围墙。( 不用
218、across) 3)across可用来表示从某一范围的一边到另一边,如田野、沙漠、房间等。It took him six weeks to walk across the desert. 他花了六个星期走过沙漠。(不用 over) He walked across the room, smiling strangely. 他走到房间的另一边,脸上挂着令人捉摸不透的微笑。(不用 over) 6however 的用法作副词时可放在句首,句中或句尾,但是要用逗号隔开。在句首时逗号与在它后面,在句尾时逗号在其前面,在句中时,其前后均用逗号隔开。与 but 的区别是: but 语气不如 however
219、强,且不需要加逗号隔开。例如:Its raining hard. However, I think we should go to school on time. 雨下得很大,但我认为我们仍然要按时去上学。She waited, however, for no answer. 她仍在等,尽管没有回音。The students thought they had done everything as the teacher did. They were mistaken, however. 学生们认为他们已经按老师的要求做到了,然而他们错了。重要词组短语1in English意为“使用英语”,in
220、 表示“用某种语言”。例如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 21 页,共 37 页Can you speak in Japanese? 你可以用日语讲话吗?This article was written in American English. 这篇文章是用美国英语写成的。2written English意为“书面英语”;spoken English意为“口语英语”;Englishspeaking country意为“讲英语的国家”; spelling differences意为“拼写差异”。例如:He is good at wr
221、itten English. 他的书面英语很好。They practise speaking in English in order to improve their spoken English. 他们练习用英语讲话,以提高英语口语水平。The USA, Canada, Australia, England and New Zealand are all English-speaking countries. 美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、英国、新西兰都是讲英语的国家。 3 more or less 意为“或多或少”,“在一定程度上”,表示自己的意见不那么肯定。例如:We hope our exp
222、lanation will prove more or less helpful. 希望我们的说明多少能有些帮助。I must have given him a hundred pounds more or less. 我给他的钱大约有一百英镑了。His teaching method has more or less improved. 他的教学方法多少有些改进了。The repairs to the house will cost¥5,000 more or less. 修理这座房子将花费大约5,000 元。4for example与 such as 的用法及区别1)for example
223、和 such as 都可当作“例如”解。但such as 用来列举事物,插在被列举事物与前面的名词之间。例如:The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton and rice. 这个农场种植各种各样的庄稼,例如麦子,玉米,棉花和稻米。【注意】(1)such as一般不宜与and so on连用。(2) 对前面的复数名词部分起列举作用,一般不全部列出。故不可以说:He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, French and German. 应将 su
224、ch as 改成 namely, 后面加逗号。即: He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, French and German. 2)for example意为用来举例说明,有时可作为独立语,插在句中,不影响句子其他部分的语法关系。例如:A lot of people here, for example, Mr John, would rather have coffee. 这儿的许多人,例如约翰先生,宁愿喝咖啡。5由 come构成的重要短语观察以下例句中come所构成的短语,理解其意思,掌握其用法。How did these di
225、fferences come about. 这些区别是怎样产生的呢?I came across an old school friend in the street a few days ago. 几天前我在街上碰见一个老同学。Have you ever come across anything like this before? 你以前碰到过这样的事情吗。She came along with us. 她是和我们一起来的。The bear came at the man. 熊朝那个人扑去。Have they came to any agreement? 他们达成协议了吗?The soldie
226、r came to himself in the end. 那战士终于醒了过来。Your wishes will come true one day. 你的愿望总有一天成为现实。Stories about the Nile have come down to us. 有关尼罗河的故事传到了我们这一代。Will the colour come out if the shirt is washed? 这件衬衫洗后会不会褪色?(11)The temperature has come down to the freezing point. 温度已降到了冰点。(12)He said he wasnt c
227、oming back for the holiday. 他说他不准备回来度假了。(13)He came over to meet us. 他跑过来迎接我们。(14)Now lets come to the text. 现在我们来学课文。(15)He came up and asked me the wayto the school. 他走到我跟前,打听去学校的路。(16)Who came first in the exam? 这次考试谁得第一?(17)Oh, come on, Mary, do sing us a song, 来吧,玛丽,给我们唱首歌吧。(18)Im sure the mach
228、ine will come into use one day. 我相信总有一天这种机器会被广泛使用的。(19)The meeting came to an end at ten. 会议十点结束。(20)Several questions came up at the meeting. 好多个问题在大会上被提了出来。(21)Wont you come over/round and meet my family. 过来见见我的家人好吗?(22)A button has come off my coat. 我的上衣丢了个扣子。(23)The seeds havent come up yet. 种子还
229、没有发芽。(24)Leaves and flowers come out when spring comes. 春天到来时,就会长出树叶,开出花朵。(25)When will your fathers book come out? 你爸爸的书什么时候能出版?6a great many等表示“许多”的词语英语中有许多词语可用来表示“许多”,根据性质可分为三大类。1) 修饰可数名词复数形式的有 many, a good/great many, quite a few, a large (或 great)/small number of等,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。如:A great/good ma
230、ny words and expressions have come into the language from American English. 美国英语中的许多单词和短语进入了这门语言。Many have come to visit the old temple. 许多人来是为了看看古庙。Quite a few people didnt understand this. Very few would accept it. 有许多人不明白这一点。很少有人愿意接受。A great/small number of new factories have been set up in my ho
231、metown. 我们家乡建立了许多新的工厂。many和 few, a few在句中可作定语、主语,但不能作表语。如只能说I have many/few books, 而不能说 My books are 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 22 页,共 37 页many/few. very many 相当于 a great/good many, 在程度上比many要强。a number of修饰主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,the number of作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:A number of students have done
232、the work well. 许多学生作业做得很好。The number of the students in our school has risen this year. 今年我们学校学生的数量上升了。句的 A number of作定语修饰主语 students。句的介语短语 of the students in our school作定语,修饰前面的主语 the number, 表示特指, students 前的冠词 the 不能省。2) 修饰不可数名词的有much, a great deal of, quite a little, an amount of等。其后的谓语动词用单数形式。
233、如:He has spent much/quite a little/a great deal of/a large amount of money on his new house. 他在新房子上花费了许多钱。Much/A great deal/Quite a little has been done to stop the noise. 已采取了许多措施来制止污染。much, a great deal 和 many 一样,可作定语或主语,而不能作表语,我们一般说 He has much/a great deal of money, 而不说 His money is much(或 a gre
234、at deal)。a great deal后面不接名词时,不能用介词of 。3) 既能修饰可数名词,又能修饰不可数名词的有 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great quantity of等,谓语动词根据主语是可数或不可数决定单复数形式。如:There are a lot of/lots of people in that room. 那个房间里有许多人。Theres a lot of/lots of rice in the bag. 那只口袋里有许多大米。They dont have plenty of(=enough)rooms to live in/fo
235、od to eat. 他们没有足够的房间住/ 没有足够的食品吃。常用句型结构1“主语 + have +(修饰语: no, little, some, much, great)等+difficulty/trouble +in + doing sth.”是一个常用的句型。例如:Everyone in the town knew him so we had no trouble/difficulty in finding his house. 镇上谁都认识他,因而我们毫不费事地找到了他的家。We had great difficulty in building the house. 我们建房子费了很
236、大劲。The students had some trouble in answering the question. 同学们回答这个问题有些困难。Do you have any trouble in finishing the work within two days? 两天内你完成这项工作有困难吗?【注意】在使用这一句型时应注意以下四点:1)difficulty/trouble为不可数名词,意为“困难”。2) 修饰语主要有no, little, some, much, great等。3) 句中介词为in ,有时可省略。4) 介词 in 后必须跟动词的-ing形式。 2 Id like to
237、 do something.是一个表示“愿意做某事”的常用句型。使用这一句型,应注意:1)d like是 should like和 would like的缩略式。常用来表示“愿意”之意,尤其是礼貌地提出邀请或愿意提供帮助时。 like后可接名词或带to 的动词不定式,但不接动词-ing形式。如:Would you like some bananas? 你想吃香蕉吗?Would you like to go there with me tomorrow? 明天你愿意和我一起去那儿吗?【注意】用这种邀请句时,肯定回答用:“Yes, Id love to.”否定回答用:“Id love to, bu
238、t”Id like to see your ten-speed bicycle. 我想看看你们的十速自行车。Would you like to go to see the film this evening? 今天晚上你愿意去看电影吗?Id love to, but I have a lot of work to do. 我愿意去,但是我有很多事要做。2) 除 would, should外, had也常缩写成 d形式。例如:Youd better put on your coat. Its rather cold outside. (had的缩略式 ) 你最好穿上大衣,外面很冷的。Hed ra
239、ther die than give up his beautiful wife. 他宁死也不放弃他漂亮的妻子。(would 的缩略式 ) 【注意】 would rather do something或 would like to do something均表示主语的意愿,而had better do something则表示说话者的意愿。1in 和 within的用法区别in 后接表示时间长度的名词,意为“过多少时间”或“在多少时间内”,有“不少于”之含意;within后可接表示时间长度或距离的名词,表示在“这一范围内”,有“不到”或“不超过”之意。如:The students will h
240、ave mid-term exams in a few days time. 过几天学生将要期中考试。He will be hack in a week. 他过一星期回来。 He finished drawing the horse in/within five minutes. 他五分钟内画完了那匹马。My uncle lives within ten minutes walk. 我叔叔住在离这儿步行五分钟的地方。( 不用 in) Keep the dictionary within your reach. 把词典放在你够得着的地方。( 不用 in) in 表示“过多少时间”时,通常和一般将
241、来时连用,如句:表示某一动作“在多少时间内”完成时通常用within ,和一般将来时,一般现在时或一般过去时连用。句中 in a few daystime = in a few days. 如要说某一活动或事情离现在还有多少时间,一般说 in time 或 away 。如: Bobs birthday is in five days time.Bobs birthday is five days away. 过 5 天就是鲍勃的生日了。2on,over 和 above 的用法区别 1)on 表示在一物体上, 强调两物相接触, over 也表示在一物体上,但强调覆盖这一物体。试比较: She p
242、ut her coat on the bed. 她把大衣放在床上。 She put her coat over the sleeping baby. 她把大衣盖在那正在睡觉的孩子身上。Theres a magazine lying open on the table.桌上有本杂志翻开着。Theres a cloth over the table. 桌上摊着一块台布。 The woman lifted a big jar on her head. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 23 页,共 37 页那位妇女头上顶着一只大坛子。 Sh
243、e put her hands over her face. 她用手遮住脸。 over表示“越过”某一高度,具有动态之意,on 仅表示“处于之上”,是静态。试比较: They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders. 他们肩背绳索拖拽巨石。( 绳在肩膀两边弯下去,不用on。) To my horror, I saw, over my fathers shoulder, a gorilla, the worst enemy of the soldier in Africa. 使我感到恐怖的是,从我父亲的肩膀上看过去,我发现非洲士兵
244、最危险的敌人-一只大猩猩。 ( 视线越过肩膀后,一直向前方延伸,不用on. ) The farmers walked to their fields with hoes on their shoulders. 农民们肩上扛着锄头,向田地走去。( 仅表示锄头所处的位置。是静态,用on,不用 over. ) 2)over 和 above 都可以用来表示“高于”,相当于“higher than”。例如: The water came up over/above our knees. 水已涨至我们膝盖之上。 Can you see the birds flying above/over the pea
245、r trees? 你看到那一片梨树上空飞翔的鸟吗?如果要表示“覆盖”或“越过”,则用over 。如: Theres thick cloud over the south of England. 英格兰南部地区一片乌云。 Electricity cables went over the fields. 电缆线越过田野。( 这句也可以用across) 指数量时,我们一般用 over(more than) 表示“超过”,但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度时,要用above。试比较: You have to be over 18 to see this film. 你得超过十八岁才能看这部电影。( 不
246、用 above) The temperature is three degrees above zero. 温度在零上三度。( 不用 over) The mountain is over(more than)4,000 metres above (higher than) sealevel. 那座山海拔有四千多米高。over 表示在某人或某物的正上方,反义词是 under。 above 表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方, 反义词是below. 3助动词 do 可用来加强语气助动词 do 可用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定陈述句中,与动词原形连用,以加强语气,在句中要重读。如: You
247、do look nice today. 你今天看起来确实很漂亮。She does talk a lot, doesnt she? 她的确爱说话,不是吗?I did think he was right. 我确实认为他是对的。 She does speak well. 她的确讲得很好。 I dont take much exercise now, but I did play football quite a bit when I wasyounger. 我现在不怎么运动了,但是我年轻时的确很喜欢踢足球。 Do tell me what happened. 请务必告诉我发生了什么事。 Do ha
248、ve another photo! 请再来一份照片吧!4介词 through 和 across 的用法与区别1)through为介词,既可指时间,也可指地点。指时间时表示“在( 整整一段时间 ) 中”,指地点时表示“通过,穿过经过”( 常有较活的译法) 。例如: Sometimes they have to work through the weekend. 有时候整个周末他们都得工作。 All through the night, he waited for news from the front. 整整一夜他等候着前线的消息。 She walked rapidly through the
249、rice-fields. 她快步穿过稻田。 The sunlight was coming in through the window. 阳光从窗口照射进来。 The wind was cutting through his thin prison uniform like a knife. 寒风象一把刀子透过他薄薄的囚服刺入骨髓。2)across 与 through 的区别:这两个介词都有“穿过”的意思,但用法却有所不同。across 的含义与on有关,表示动作在某一物体的表面进行,常指从宽度意义上讲的“横穿/跨”。 through 的含义与 in有关,表示动作在某物体的空间进行。例如: H
250、e hurried across the bridge to Waterloo. 他匆匆过桥到滑铁泸去了。 The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西向东流过这座城市。5love 的用法love 是一个及物动词,意为“爱,热爱,喜欢”。其后通常可跟名词、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式作宾语。例如: We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。 Love me, love my dog. (谚语 ) 爱屋及乌。 He loves to go swimming. 他喜欢游泳。 Do you love play
251、ing table tennis? 你喜欢打乒乓球吗?【注意】 love 后跟不定式作宾语,指一时,一次的动作,表示某一具体的行为。而跟动词-ing形式作宾语时,指经常性的动作,表示一般或抽象的行为。这类动词有:like , prefer ,hate 等。例如: He likes swimming, but he doesnt like to swim this afternoon. 他喜欢游泳,但今天下午他不想去了。 I hate to trouble the old man today because I hate troubling old people. 我今天不愿打扰那位老人,因为我
252、一向不愿打扰老年人。另外, would/should love to would like to。如: Id love to attend the meeting, but Im too busy now. 我很愿意参加会议,但我现在太忙啦!6when用作并列连词when用在并列连词,意为“这时突然;正在时”。( and then ;andjust at that time),它所引导的并列句表示的动作发生在另一并列句中动词表示的动作之后。注意不能将when所引导的句子放在句首。例如: An Arab was walking along in the desert when he met tw
253、o men. 一个阿拉伯人正独自在沙漠中走,这时他碰见两个人。 I was just coming to see you when I ran into Wilson. 我正要去看你,这时我碰到威尔逊。 Peter was on his way home when two boys stopped him. 彼得正往家走,突然两个男孩拦住了他。7fly的用法fly为不规则动词,其不规形式为flew ,flown ,flying。fly over,意为“越过,超越”。例如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 24 页,共 37 页 The
254、 plane was flying over Denmark. 飞机正在飞越丹麦。He will fly to England next month. 下个月他将飞往英国。8请注意理解和掌握如下几个介词的用法1)except表示“除之外”,含有排他的涵义;besides 表示“除之外还有”,有“附加”的涵义。如: He gets up early every day except Sunday. 他每天早起,除了星期天例外。 He gets up early besides Sunday. 除了星期天外,其他日子他也早起。2)except for和 except不同之处是:前者“除开”的部分和
255、论述的部分通常不是同一类事物,而后者则为同一类事物。试比较: This article is easy to understand except for some idiomatic expressions. 这篇文章除了几处习惯用语外,是很容易懂的。 Except this one, the other articles are easy to understand. 除了这篇文章,其他的文章都好懂。3)except for 含有“除之外,其他都”,“如果没有那就”这样一层意思,而except 单纯指“除之外”。此外 except that有“除”之意,that后面所引导的从句通常作介词 e
256、xcept 的宾语。例如: Its a very satisfactory hat, except that it doesnt fit me. 那顶帽子再好也没有了,就是大小对我不合适。4) 介词 but 与 except同义,意为“除之外”(not including),常放在 any,every ,no 以及含有这些词的复合不定代词如 anybody ,anyone,anything ,anywhere,everybody ,everyone ,everything,everywhere ,nobody,nothing ,nowhere 和 no one ,none,all等词后。例如:
257、 Nobody but Li Lei knew something about the result of the discussion. 除了李雷没有别人知道讨论的结果。 He has nothing in the handbag but a copy of dictionary. 他手提包里没有别的什么,只有一本字典。5)but 几乎是惟一可接带to 的动词不定式作宾语的介词。注意:当句中的主要动词是属于to do一类动词时,则but 后面用不带 to 的不定式,即:“介词 but 前有个 do,后面动词不定式不带to ;介词 but 前没有 do,后面的动词不定式带to ”。例如: I
258、couldnt do anything but sit there and hope. 除了坐等之外,我毫无办法。 Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep. 那么它就别无选择,只有躺下来睡觉。9形容词 no 对名词的否定及用法1)no( 形)+ 可数名词 = not a或 not any +可数名词。例如: There is no telephone in the building. 这座大楼里没有电话。(There is not a telephone in the building.) 试比较:2)no( 形)+ 不可数名词或复数普通
259、名词。例如: There is (He has) no water (hope, etc.). ( 他) 一点儿水 ( 希望等 ) 也没有。 No seats are left. 没剩下座位。这类句子的强调说法是: Not a seat is left. 一个座位也没有。10take 的基本用法1) 作 give 的反义词,意为“拿走”。例如: They took the book from him. 他们从他那儿拿走那本书。 Whos taken my raincoat? 谁拿走了我的雨衣?【注意】 要表示从某地方拿走某物时,常与介词 from ,out of ,off 等连用; 要表示从某
260、人那里拿走某物时,要用介词 from. 例如: She came in to take the umbrella off the wall. 她走进来把雨伞从墙上取了下来。 Mr Zhang put on his glasses and took the letter from my hand.张先生戴上眼镜,把信从我手中接了过去。2) 作 put 的反义词,意为“拿,摘”。例如: Tom took a ring out of his pocket and put it on his girl friends finger.汤姆从口袋里拿出一枚戒指,戴在他的女友手上。3) 作 bring的反义
261、词,意为“带到”。例如: They took me somewhere else. 他们带我到了别的地方。 He gave me some tapes to take home. 他给了我们一些磁带让我带回家。11travel,journey 与 trip 用法比较1)travel泛指旅行,是不可数名词。例如: Travel is much easier now than it used to be. 现在旅行比过去容易多了。2)journey是指“某一次旅行”。例如:I hope you have a good journey. 我希望你旅途愉快。3)trip往往是指带有某种特殊目的短期旅行
262、。例如: Hes away on a business trip this week. 这个星期他外出办事去了。重要词组短语1see sb. off意为“为某人送行”。例如: I saw him off for Beijing yesterday. 我昨天送他动身到北京去。Mary saw him off at the bus station. 玛丽把他送到汽车站。2注意下列短语的用法by bus 乘汽车by train 乘火车by air 乘飞机by boat 乘船by land 陆路by sea 水路on foot 步行精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - -
263、 - - - - -第 25 页,共 37 页在上述短语中,名词前不用冠词,但在ride in a bus/car(乘坐汽车 ) 和 take a bus/taxi短语中则要用冠词。 3say“Hi”to 的含义say“Hi”to 相当于 say hello to,是一种常用的问候语。其构成形式为动词+名词 +介词。另外类似的还有:say good-bye to向告别say sorry to向致歉say yes/OK to同意say no to不同意take care of关心,照料pay attention to注意例如: Lets drive over there in the after
264、noon and say hello to him. 我们下午开车去向他问好。 You must pay attention to what you hear on the tape. 你一定要注意你听到的录音。4see sb. doing sth. 意为“看见某人做某事”see 为感官动词, 通常可跟动词 -ing形式或不带 to 的不定式作宾语。 常见的感官动词还有:hear ,watch,notice ,observe等。例如: I saw him walk up the hill. 我看着他继续上山( 动作的全过程 ) 。 I saw him walking up the hill.
265、我看见他正在上山。( 动作正在进行 ) 【注意】若see 变为被动语态,那么不定式应带to 。例如:He is often seen to walk up the hill. 经常看见他在上山。The lost child was last seen playing in the garden. 被丢失的孩子最后被看见是在花园里玩耍。5“ be about to +不定式”结构表示即刻就要发生/ 做的事。例如:We are about to attend a meeting. 我们将要参加会议。 They are about to finish their homework. 他们立刻就能完成
266、他们的家庭作业。【注意】在这种结构中,不能用表示时间的副词来修饰,若说成:I am aboutto leave next week. 则是错误的,应去掉修饰词 next week 。6take off是常用的短语动词,意为“下车;脱掉( 衣服等 );起飞”。例如: We are going to take off at the next stop. 我们下站下车。 He took off his cap and sat down. 他脱掉帽子,坐了下来。 The plane took off at 7 a. m. 飞机早晨七点起飞。7for miles and miles 是由介词加名词构成的
267、个词短语,在句中作状语用。再如:for days and days“一连好几天”for weeks and weeks“一连好几周”for months and months“一连好几个月”for years and years“一连好几年”8nothing except =nothing but =only 意为“除之外没有”,“仅有”。例如:Under the soil there is nothing but sand. 土壤下只有沙子。I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note. 除了一张一百万英镑的钞票外,我是一无所有。9h
268、appen to的两种用法1)happen to sb. /sth. 一般用来强调某事发生的偶然性,如要表示事先安排或有准备的事件,则用 take place。happen 和 take place都不能用于被动。如: What has happened to him? (=Whats wrong/the matter with him?) 他怎么了? Whats happening to the forest? 这一片森林正发生着什么情况? The accident happened to him at three this afternoon. 今天下午三时他出了事。If anything
269、 happens to the machine, do let me know. 如果机器出了什么毛病,务请通知我。Great changes have taken place in our country in the past/last fifteen years. 十五年我们国家发生了巨大变化。( 不用 happen) The sports meeting took place(=was held)in our school last week. 上周我校举行了一次运动会。( 不用 happen) 2)happen to do 表不“碰巧”,如:I happened to be out
270、when he called. It happened that I was out when he called. 他来访时我碰巧出去了。I happened to have read the article when he asked me about it. It happened that I had read当他问我有关那篇文章的问题时,我碰巧读过。简单句改为复合句时须注意不定式动词转换成谓语动词的时态变化。在 It happened that句型中, It为引导词,不能用人称代词。请注意其否定句中的否定词位置的转移,如“我碰巧身上没带钱”可有以下几种表达法:I happened n
271、ot to have any money with me. =I didnt happen to have any money with me. I happened to have no money with me. = It happened that I had no money with me. It happened that I didnt have any money with me. 10be made from ,be made of 和 be made into 1)be made of和 be made from 都是“用制成”的意思,介词of 和 from 都可以表示一
272、件制成的东西所用的原料,但两者在用法上是有区别的。be made of 表示制成成品后,仍可看出原材料是什么,保留原材料的质地形状,制作过程仅发生了物理变化。be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征,或原材料在制作过程中发生了化学变化,在成品中已无法辨认。试比较: The desks and chairs are made of wood. 这些课桌椅是木材制成的。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 26 页,共 37 页The ink bottles are made of glass. 墨水瓶是玻璃制成的
273、。 Salt is made from sea water. 盐是用海水制成的。 This kind of wine is made from wheat. 这种酒是用小麦制成的。 Books are made of paper and paper is made from wood. 书是纸制成的,而纸是用木材制成的。2)be made into意思是“被制成”,是被动形式,也可用主动 makeinto “把制成”。例如: Glass can be made into many kinds of things. 玻璃可制成许多种东西。=We can make glass into many
274、kinds of things. 我们可以把玻璃制成各种东西。Wood can be made into paper. 木材可制成纸。paper can be made from wood. 纸可以用木材制造。We can make wood into paper. 我们可以把木材制成纸。3)be made in意思是“在制作的”,in 表示制造的地方。This kind of car is made in Shanghai. 这种汽车是在上海制造的。Watches made in Shanghai last long. 上海造的表经久耐用。4) 还有一个词组 be made up of,意思
275、是“由组成”。例如:The team is made up of three doctors and six nurses. 这个队是由三名医生和六名护士组成的。常用句型结构1How about ? ( What about ?)意思是“怎么样?”,为口语中的常用句型。常用来询问消息,征求同意,提出请示,了解看法;其后可接名词,代词,动词- ing形式等。如: How(What) about the volleyball match? 排球赛的情况怎么样?What about a cup of tea? 喝杯茶怎么样? How(What) about a game of chess?下盘棋怎么
276、样? How (What) about helping me off with the damp clothes? 帮我把湿衣服脱掉怎么样?How (What) about his lecture? 他的演讲怎么样?2It is/was +adj.inf.可作为一个句型来学习。例如:It is lucky to meet you here. 有幸在这儿见到你。It is not easy to get him to change his mind. 要他改变主意是不容易的。It is important for us to learn English well. 我们学好英语很重要。It is
277、 difficult for the little boy to carry the heavy box. 对那个小男孩来说,搬起那个重箱子是困难的。3感叹句用来感叹名词,用 what ,其句型为: What(a)+ 名词 +主语 +谓语! 感叹形容词、副词用how,其句型为: How +形容词 /副词 +主语 +谓语!例如: What fine weather it is. 多好的天气啊!( 名词不可数 ) What clever students they are! 他们是多么聪明的学生啊! How clean and tidy the room is! 多么干净整洁的房间啊! How d
278、angerous the tiger is! 这老虎太危险啦! How heavily it rained! 雨下得真大啊!4take 与时间短语连用时常用以下两种句型结构1) “It takes/took(+人)+ 时间 +动词不定式”。例如: It took them a whole day to finish the job. 完成那项工作花了他们一整天时间。 It takes a lot of time to put this article into the computer. 把这篇文章录入电脑要花很多时间。2) “某活动 +take(+ 人)+时间”。例如:The journey
279、 took us at least five days. 那次旅行花了我们至少5 天时间。Doing such a work must take much time. 做这项工作一定要花很多时间。The wound took a long time to heal. 这伤口过了很久才痊愈。重点词语用法1sound-词的用法1)sound 作名词,意为“声音”,有可数和不可数两种用法。如:Strange sounds came from the next room.(作可数名词 ) 奇怪的声音来自隔壁房间。Sound travels at 340 metres per second on air
280、.(作不可数名词 ) 。声音以每秒340 米的速度在空气中传播。【注意】 sound,voice 和 noise三个词都表示声音,但用法不同,其区别如下:sound 指任何能听到的声音。如:the sound of voices说话声the sound of music音乐声the sound of breaking glass 打碎玻璃的声音voice 指人的说话声或唱歌声。如:She has sweet voice. 她的声音甜美。noise 通常指较大的使人不快的声音。如:Stop making so much noise!不要弄出这么大的声响!2)sound 作连系动词,意为“听起来”
281、,“听上去( 给人以某种印象 ) ”,常接形容词作表语,不接副词。还可接名词,介词短语或从句。如:Your cough sounds better. 你的咳嗽听起来好些了。That sounds like a good idea!那听起来是个好主意。It sounds as if(as though) the government doesnt know what to do. 听起来好像政府不知道该怎么办。3)sound 作及物动词,意为“发出声音”、“发( 音)”;作不及物动词,意为“发声”、“响”。如:The bell sounded for dinner at eight oclock
282、.晚餐铃声八点钟响。A bell is sounded at eight oclock.八点钟时敲响铃子。Sound your horn to warn the other driver.按喇叭警告另一位驾驶员。4)sound 作形容词,表示“健康的”、“完好的”、“正确的”、“彻底的”等含义。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 27 页,共 37 页如:children of sound mind and body 身心健康的孩子们。a sound sleep 酣睡另外 sound 可作副词,用于习语,如:be sound aslee
283、p(酣睡着 ) 2比较 like和 as 1)like为介词,意为“如,像”,偶尔作连词用,代替as. 如:She sings like a bird.她唱起歌来像小鸟一样。Do you have to feed plants like you feed chickens? 你是否必须给植物喂东西吃,就像喂小鸡那样呢?2)as 常作介词,意为“充当”、“作为”。如:As your teacher,I think it my duty to help you.作为老师,我认为帮助你是我的责任。3)like常用的短语有: sound/feel/seem/look/be like;like this
284、,like that等。as 常用的短语有:have/think of/look on/treat/regard/consider/work,etcas 等。4) 试比较下面两句:He works like a worker. (He really is not a worker. ) 他像工人一样干活。He works as a work.(He himself is a worker.) 他作为一名工人而工作。3感官动词 +复合宾语感官动词 see,hear,watch,feel,notice,observe及使役动词 let,make,have 后接复合宾语时, 其中的宾语补足语通常有三
285、种形式:1) 用不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语,表示宾语所代表的人或物所发出的动作。如:Then I watched all the glass that were on the table fall off onto the floor. 接着我看到桌上玻璃杯都摔落到地上。Did you notice a girl in red enter the building? 你看见一个穿红衣服的女孩进入这座大楼了吗?She lets her children stay up very late. 她让孩子很晚睡觉。【注意】这些动词中,除了let和 have 一般不用于被动语态,其他动词均可用于被
286、动语态。用于被动语态时,不定式前必须带 to 。如:She is often heard to sing songs.人们经常听到她唱歌。Though he often made his little sister cry,today he was made to cry by his lit tle sister. 虽然他时常惹他妹妹哭,但今天却被他妹妹弄哭了。上例中, though 引导的从句是主动结构,动词原形cry 在句中作宾语补足语,后而的主句是被动结构,to cry 在句中作宾语补足语。2) 用现在分词作宾语补足语,表示宾语正在进行的动作。如: Why do you stand a
287、nd watch them fighting?你为什么站着看他们打架?She felt her heart beating faster.她觉得心跳加快了。【注意】动词不定式作宾补和现在分词作宾补都表示主动关系,即宾语与补足语间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,但两者含义不同。用不定式指一个动作或一件事的全过程,有时指经常发生的动作;而现在分词则指一个正在进行的动作,是部分,而不是全过程。试比较:When did you last saw the boy playing in the garden? 你最后一次看到那男孩在花园里玩是什么时间?They knew her very well.They had
288、 seen her grow up from childhood. 他们对她非常熟悉,他们是看着她从小长大的。3) 过去分词作宾语补足语,表示被动关系,即宾语与补足语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,同时表示动作已完成。如:He raised his voice to make himself heard. 他提高声音,使别人能听见他的话。There was a person who saw the man killed. 有一个人目击了那个男子被杀。 4 it,one,ones,that,those替代名词的用法。it,one,ones,that,those这儿个替代词可以用来替代句中或上文中已提到的名
289、词,以避免重复。但我们应注意它们所使用的场合。1)it用于指代前面提到过的名词,而且就是那个名词,即同类同物。it可以替代单数可数名词和不可数名词。如:Do you want the magazine? Yes,I want it. 你想要这本杂志吗?是的,我要。He looked for his watch everywhere yesterday,but he couldnt find it anywhere.昨天他到处寻找自己的手表,但他在哪儿都找不到。I dont want to drink the tea.It is too hot.我不想喝这茶,它太热了。2)one 通常用来代替上
290、文中出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心词组的整个名词,指同类异物。one 的复数形式为ones。one 和 ones 既可指人, 也可指物, 意思是指与有关名词同类型的另一个( 或另一些 ) 。 通常用 one 代替单数可数名词, 用 ones代替复数可数名词。如:I have lost my pen,Im going to buy one.我的钢笔丢了,我要去买一支。I have a new coat and several old ones.我有一件新大衣和几件旧的。one 前可用 this ,that 修饰,但 ones 前不能用these 或 those 修饰,除非 one 前有形容词
291、修饰。如:I prefer this one to that one.我喜欢这个,而不喜欢那个。These yellow ones are so small.I want those green ones. 这些黄的太小,我要那些绿的。one 和 ones 前面不能用物主代词。如:This is my apple and thats yours.(不说 your one) 这是我的苹果,那是你的。one 和 ones 前面有修饰词时,可以加冠词,有时the ones和 those 可互换使用,但要求后面有修饰语。如:I dont like this pen.Show me a better o
292、ne. 我不喜欢这支钢笔,再给我好一点的钢笔看一看。3)that作为代词用来代替上文中出现的名词,它表示与前面同类的东西。that既可代替可数名词,又可代替不可数名词,常要求有后置定语,一般不指人。如:The price of wheat is higher than that of rice.小麦的价格比大米高。The population of China is larger than that of Japan.中国的人口比日本多。that one用来替代同类事物中特指的另一个,可与 that替换。如:This story is not so interesting as the one
293、/that we heard last night. 这个故事不如我们昨晚听到的那一个有趣。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 28 页,共 37 页另外, that可代替上文全句的内容,it和 one 则不能。如:He will ask me to lend him some money and I cant do that. 他要问我借点钱,可我不能借。We see him when he comes to town,but that isnt often. 他进城时我们能见到他,但这种情况不常有。4)those可用来替代可数名词的
294、复数,表示特指。有时the ones和 those 可互换使用,常要求有后置定语。如: The students in our class work harder than those in their class. 我们班的同学比他们班的同学学习更刻苦。5fall和 drop 的用法区别1)drop 可作及物动词,而fall不能。表示无意或故意“掉下来”某一物体,或故意“跌倒”时,用drop ,不用 fall。例如:The Class 2 runner dropped his stick on ground. 二班的运动员不小心把接力棒掉在了地上。He dropped his shoes o
295、n the floor.他把鞋子扔在地上。She was tired and dropped herself into the chair.她非常累,重重地往椅子上一坐。( 不说 fell into the chair.) 2)drop 和 fall都可作不及物动词,表示“掉下”;“落下”。The glass dropped(或 fell)out of her hand. 杯子从她手里掉了下来。He dropped( 或 fell)to the ground. 他摔倒在地上。6over 与 below 的基本用法1)over 用作介词,意为“在上方;跨越上方,超过,多于”。例如:I saw a
296、n arched stone bridge over the river.我看到河上有一座石拱桥。The bridge over the river is closed for repairs. 河上的桥停止使用,进行维修。The lamp was hanging over the table. 桌子上方悬挂着一盏灯。Its population is over two million.它的人口有二百多万。They talked for over half an hour. 他们谈了半个多钟头。2)below 用作副词,意为“下面的,在下面”,通常用作定语、状语或表语。原句中 below 用作
297、定语。例如:Write your name in the place below. ( 作定语 ) 把你的名字写在下面。The rose-garden lay below.(作状语 ) 玫瑰园就在下边。Below is an example of typical business letter. ( 作表语 ) 下面是典型商业书信的一个例子。Then I heard them calling me from below. ( 间或与介词连用 ) 这时我听见他们从下面叫我. 7hurt为不规则动词 (hurt,hurt),主要用法如下:1) 伤害,损害:Too much water or too
298、 much sun will hurt the plants. 水太多,阳光太强,对作物都有害。2) 使受伤:A boy fell down and hurt hinself. 一个男孩摔下来跌伤了。3) 伤害 ( 别人的感情 ) ,使不高兴:My feelings were hurt when he didnt ask me to the party. 他没邀请我聚会,伤了我的感情。4) 疼:Does your leg still hurt (you)? 你的腿还疼吗?区别 hurt ,harm,injure,wound,damage和 destroy的用法:hurt是一般的用语,可指对生物
299、(living things)肉体伤害,指非故意的伤害。injure与 hurt 同义,但较正式。harm指身体或精神上的损害均可,意为“伤害,损害;有害于”。harm 指的伤害仅引起不便或不适。不卫生的地方,对于居住者,会给予 harm, 但因不致给予痛苦, 故不能用 hurt代替 harm。 wound. 表示受子弹伤或刀、 剑伤等。特指蓄意造成的伤。 wound和 injure的意义都比hurt 严重。另外, damage或 destroy所表示的破坏,是指对房屋或车辆等的损坏。8population的用法population为集体名词, 不可数, 当它作主语时, 若表示全部人口, 后面
300、的谓语动词用单数;若表示部分 ( 如 1/3 等) 人口,后面的谓语动词用复数。例如:The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上的人口增长很快。Over eighty percent of the population in China are peasants. 中国超过 80的人口为农民。9as,when与 while 的用法区别1)while常表示一段较长时间或一个过程,强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词同时发生。例如:Work while you work.Play while you play. 工作时工作,玩耍时玩耍
301、。2)when 意为“当时候”,可以指较短的(一点 ) 时间,也可指一段时间。例如:When the clock struck twelve, all the lights in the streets were still on. 钟敲十二时,街上所有的灯仍亮着。When he was at college, he studied hard.他在大学时,学习很努力。3)as 意为“当时候”,强调主句和从句的动作同时发生,经常翻译为“一面一面”。例如:The students sang the English song as they went along.学生们边走边唱那首英语歌曲。10表示
302、时间的介词 at/in/on的基本用法1)at表示确切的时刻:We get up at six every day.我们每天 6 点起床。2)in表示某一天中的某一部分时间(at night):in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早晨 / 下午 / 傍晚3) 在确定的某一天的某一段时间用on:On a cold afternoon in January,I caught a bad cold. 元月份的一个寒冷的下午,我患了重感冒。4) 在某一天用on:on Saturday/on his birthday 在星期六 / 在他的生日5) 用来指整个假期时用at
303、,指假期中的一天时用on:at Christmas/on Christmas Day 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 29 页,共 37 页圣诞节 /圣诞节这天6) 谈论周,月,季,年和世纪用in :in Easter week/in March/in 1998/in tha early 20th century在复活节那周 / 在三月 / 在 1998 年/在 20 世纪初11关系副词where 的用法whare 是表示地点的关系副词。它既可引导非限制性定语从句,也可引导限制性的定语从句,并在从句中作地点状语,它所修饰的先行词都是
304、表示地点的名词。例如:They will fly to Beijing, where they plan to stay for two days. 他们将乘飞机飞往北京,计划在那儿呆两天。This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房间。2)where 引导定语从句时,意义上相当于:“介词+which”的结构。例如:This is the house where(in which)he lived ten years ago. 这就是他十年前住过的房子。3) 如果引导定语从句的关系词在从句中作主语或宾语的时候,就不能用关系副
305、词where,而只能用关系代词which 或 that 。例如:This is the factory which(that) I visited last year. 我去年参观过的工厂。( 作宾语 ) Have you visited the museum which(that) was built over thirty years ago? 你们参观过三十多年前建成的那座博物馆了吗?( 作主语 ) 12whole 和 all的用法这两词意思相同,但用法很不一样。1)whole 一般位于冠词、所有格或别的限定词之后,而all须位于这些词之前。all the time;the whole
306、time 整个时间all my life; my whole life 我的一生all the class;the whole class 整个班级【注意】如名主词前没有限定词,不能用whole,如可以说all day,而不能说 whole day。2)all和 whole 都可指“未经分割的整体”。但all还可用来指“已经分割或分散的人和物”,而whole 不能这样用。the whole cityall the city整座城市all the classes所有的班级 ( 不能说 the whole classes) 3)whole 一般不能修饰不可数名词或物质名词,修饰复数名词时一般前面有
307、数量词,而all能用于各种情况。all the money所有的钱 ( 不说 the whole money) three whole days三整天4)whole 一般不能修饰地名。不能说the whole Europe,但可以说the wholeof Europe(整个欧洲 ) 。13hit的两种用法1)hit=knock or strike with force,表示“击、击中、碰、憧、打”等意思。如:The ball hit the man on the bike on the back. 球击在那个骑车人的背上。( 不说 on his back) The boy threw a st
308、one at the dog but didnt hit it. 那孩子用一块石头朝那只狗扔去,但没击中。The child hit his forehead against/on the corner of the table. 那孩子的前额撞在台角上。When Bob tried to catch hold of his arm,John hit him hard in the face. 鲍勃伸手去抓约翰的手臂时,约翰打了他的脸。 (不说 in his face) 【注意】在汉语中,通常把人体的某一部分作动词的宾语,而在英语中,一般把人作动词的宾语,而用介词短语说明人体的部位,人体的部位
309、名词前一般用定冠词the ,而不用物主代词或名词所有格形式,如句。再如: The stone hit him on the head/nose/back. 石头打中了他的头/ 鼻子 / 前。I touched him on the shoulder.我碰了下他的肩膀。The policeman caught him by the arm.警察抓住了他的手臂。The soldier was wounded in the leg/chest. 那位战士腿部 / 胸部受伤。The man was blind in the right eye. 那人右眼瞎了。The boy led the cow b
310、y the nose.那孩子牵着牛。(11)The old woman took the girl by the hand.那老太太拉着那小姑娘的手。2)hit have a bad effect on,意思是“袭击”、“遭受”。如:Scientists are afraid that one day an even bigger earthquake will hit the areaaround San Francisco. 科学家担心将来有一天旧金山周围地区会发生更大的地震。The area was hit by a great storm. 那个地区遭受了大风暴的袭击。He was h
311、ard hit by financial losses. 他遭受了很大的经济损失。 1reach 的用法reach ri:tM vt. 到达,抵达。表示到达之意的还有 arrive at (in) , get to 等。例如: The president reached Beijing by special plane yesterday. 总统昨天乘专机到达北京。 We reached here Thursday morning. 我们是星期四早晨到达这里的。 Dr Bethune arrived in Yanan in the spring of 1938白求恩大夫于1938 年春到达延安
312、。 When did you arrive in Europe? 你何时到达欧洲? She was always the first to arrive at the workshop. 她总是第一个来到车间。 They arrived at the station at two oclock. 他们两点钟来到车站。 We must get to the airport before 8我们必须在八点钟前到机场。 When did you get home yesterday? 你昨天什么时候到家的? “When did the train arrived?” “Half an hour ag
313、o.”火车何时到达的?半小时之前。【注意】在指到达一个洲、国家、城市等大地方时,arrive后多用 in ;而在指到达一个小地方时,多用at 。但如将一个城市当作一个点看待,也可用at 。例如: Mary arrived in Shanghai last month. 玛丽上月到达上海。 We arrived at the small village in the evening. 我们傍晚到达那个小村庄。 The train arrived at Jinan at ten o clock. 火车十点钟抵达济南站。2discover 的用法discover disk)v+ vt. 发现 (已存
314、在但并不为人所知的事,通常指地方或科学事实) ;知道。 discover的基本用法如下:1) 跟名词或代词:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 30 页,共 37 页It was Madame Curie who discovered the element radium. 是居里夫人发现了镭元素。 Columbus discovered America in 1492哥伦布于1492 年发现了美洲。2) 跟从句: It was discovered that our food was running short. 我们发现粮食快完了。
315、 We discovered that he was an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。3) 跟带连接词的不定式: We never discovered how to open the box. 我们找不出打开盒子的方法。4) 跟复合宾语: We discovered him to be an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。 We discovered them sitting around a fire talking. 我们发现他们围坐在篝火旁谈话。3both b+uI 的基本用法1)both 用作连词。通常与and 连用,构成“ both and”形式,意
316、为“和两者都”,使用时,both 和 and后面一般都跟着相同词类的词。例如: She both plays the piano and sings. (both+ 动词 + and+ 动词 ) 她既弹钢琴,也唱歌。 She plays both the piano and the guitar. (both+ 名词; and+名词 ) 她既弹钢琴,也弹吉他。2)both 用作代词。常位于连系动词之后,或实义动词之前;但若当动词是由几个部分组成时,both 则放在第一个助动词之后。此外,它可用作主语。如:They are both absent. (同位语 ) 他们俩都缺席。They both
317、 agree to stay. (同上 ) 他们俩都同意留下来。We have both studied French. 我们两个人都学习过法语。3)both 还可作形容词。其用法和either相似,但 both 后面接复数名词,either后面只接单数名词。如:New cities came into being on both sides of the Great Wall. (=New cities came into being on either side of the Great Wall.) 长城的两边出现了崭新的城市。4)both 的全部否定,应用neither或 not ei
318、ther;而 both not 却是部分否定。如:Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard. (=Either of them was not in good health, but both worked very hard.) 他们俩身体都不好,但都努力地工作。Both of them are not teachers. 他们俩并非都是教师。4room ru:m 的基本用法1)room 可以用作不可数名词,意为“( 未占用的或可利用的) 空间;地位;余地”。例如:Is there room for me? 还
319、有我的地方吗?Its polite for the youth to make room for the old in the bus. 在公共汽车上为老人让路是有礼貌的。Theres plenty of room for the desks. 有足够的空地方放课桌。Theres room for three more. 还有三个人的位置。I havent much room to move here. 我这儿没有多少活动余地。Can you make room for another? 你还能腾出一个( 或一件东西 ) 的地方吗?This table takes up too much ro
320、om-wed better put it out. 这张桌子占的地方太大,我们最好把它搬到外头去。2)room 可以用作可数名词,意为“房间,室;一套房间;寓所”。例如:How many rooms are there in this hotel? 这家饭店里有多少房间?This room is a very pleasant one. 这个房间很舒服。【注意】与room 常合成的词有: bathroom 洗澡间; sitting-room 起居室; dinning-room 饭厅; schoolroom 教室5prepare 的用法prepare prip#+ vt. vi. 准备1) 跟名
321、词或代词 ( 可有较活译法 ) :Please prepare the table for dinner. 请摆好桌子吃晚饭。Mother is preparing us a meal. 母亲正为我们做饭。2) 跟不定式:They are busy preparing to go on holiday. 他们正忙着准备休假。3)prepare for引起的短语表示“为做好准备”。We were given two days to prepare for the examination. 给了我们两天时间准备考试。Hope for the best and prepare for the wor
322、st. 谚 存最好的希望,准备应付最坏的情况。6way的用法 1)way( 意为“方法” ) 经常不用介词。例如:I think youre putting it together (in) the wrong way. 我认为你把它装错了。Do it any Way you like. 你爱怎么干就怎么干。在有关从句的句子里,我们在way 后面常用 that 来代替 in which。例如:I like the way (that) she organized the meeting. 我喜欢他组织会议的方法。2)way 后面可跟“带to 的动词不定式”结构,也可跟“of+ -ing”结构。
323、两者之间没有重要区别。例如:Theres no way to prove he was stealing money. 无法证明他在偷钱。Theres no way of proving he was stealing money. 无法证明他在偷钱。3) 不要混淆 in the way和 on the way :in the way是用来谈障碍 -阻止你到想去的地方的人或物;on the way意为“在途中”。试比较:Please dont stand in the kitchen door-youre in the way. 请不要站在厨房门口-你挡了我的路。Lets not stop t
324、oo often on the way. 咱们别老在途中停留了。7offer的用法offer作为及物动词,有以下几种意思:1) 提供,提出。如:The young man offered the old woman his own seat. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 31 页,共 37 页那位年轻人把自己的座位让给那位老大娘。 2) 出价,开价 ( 常与介词 for 连用 ) 。如:I offered him 10,000 for the house. 我出价一万英镑向他买那座房子。I offered him the hou
325、se for 10,000 我以一万磅的价格把那座房子卖给他。3) 表示愿意做某事 ( 常与不定式连用) 如:We offered to go with him. 我们表示愿意和他一道去。另外, offer也可作为名词用,意思是“提供”,“提供的事物”。如:You ought to accept the offer. 你应该接受这个提议。8turn 一词的几种常见用法1)Take turns to do, take turns at doing 或 do by turns 都表示“轮流做某事”的意思。Its ones turn to do表示“轮到某人做某事”。注意表达时turn 一词的单复数
326、形式。如:Take turns to offer each other the foods in Part 2 in pairs. 两人一组,轮流请对方吃第二部分列出的食物。They took turns to keep watch. 他们轮流站岗。(=They kept watch by turns.) We take turns to make/ at making dinner. 我们轮流做晚饭。(=We make dinner by turns.) The two drivers took turns at driving the truck. 两个驾驶员轮流开车。(= drove b
327、y turns.) Its your turn to recite the passage. 轮到你背诵这篇短文了。Whose turn is it to speak now? 现在轮到谁发言了?【注意】 Wait your turn是“等着轮到你”的意思,这里wait 后不能接 for 。Wait your turn = Wait until it is your turn. 2)turn = become,用作连系动词。如:In autumn the leaves turn brown. 秋天树叶变黄。Ice turns into water when (it is) heated. 冰加
328、热变成水。Three years later, he turned thief/ doctor. 三年后他变成了贼/ 医生。【注意】句中,turn接表示主语身份的名词时,该名词前不带冠词。说“情况变得更糟了”,英语是 get worse 或 turn for the worse,而个说 turn worse. 3)turn out表示“结果”,如:The project turned out (to be) a failure. 计划结果失败了。(to be可省略 ) The day turned out to be a fine one. 结果那天是个晴天。I hope everything
329、 will turn out fine/ well/ all right. 我希望一切都会好的。4)turn up = appear, be found 表示“出现”。如:He promised to come, but so far he hasnt turned up yet. 他答应来的,可到现在还没出现。I expect the missing watch will turn up one day. 我希望那块丢失的手表哪一天会出现。Tom is always waiting for something to turn up. Tom总是等待着好运会降临。5) 其它 turn所用于的情
330、况:Dont always turn to the dictionary when you come to a new word.碰到生词时不要总是查词典。Dont turn to him for help. 不要求助于他。He turned the key in the lock. 他用钥匙开门。Turn over the page. 翻过一页。 The doctor turned him over and looked at his back. 医生把他翻过来查看他的背。Turn it round and let me see the other side. 把它转过来,让我看另一面。Tu
331、rn away from the light. 背过光去。Turn down the radio/ light. 把收音机音量放小些/把灯调暗些。Turn your pocket inside out. 把你的口袋翻过来。Turn the bottle upside down. 把瓶倒过来。(11)She was angry and turned her back to me. 她生气了,背对着我。(12)Turn your eyes this way. 朝这边看。9ship 作为动词的用法1)ship作为及物动词,意思是“用船运送”、“运送”。如:They shipped the machi
332、ne from Shanghai to Tianjin last week.他们于上星期用船把那台机器从上海运到天津。Did he ship the goods by train or by plane? 他是用火车还是用飞机运送那批货物的?2)ship作为不及物动词,意为“上船”、“乘船”、“在船上工作”。如:He said good - bye to his family and shipped out for England.他向家人道别,乘船到英国去了。He shipped as cook. 他在船上当厨师。重要词组短语1be made into, be made of, be mad
333、e from 和 be made up of 的用法区别1)be made into意思是“被制成”。如:In many parts of the world corn is made into powder. 在世界许多地方玉米被制成粉。We can make glass into different kinds of things. 我们可以把玻璃制成各种东西。2)be made of原为 be made out of, out常被省略。这一短语表示成品制成后,仍保留了原材料的形状,制作过程仅发生了物理变化。如:The desks and chairs are made of wood.
334、这些课桌都是木头制成的。The cloth is made of cotton. 这种布是用棉花制成的。3)be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外性和特性,原料在制作过程中发生了化学变化,从成品已无法辨认。如: Gas is made from coal. 煤气由煤制成。This kind of wine is made from rice. 这种酒是米制成的。4)be made up of是“由组成”的意思。如:The article is made up of four parts. 这篇文章由四部分组成。The sports team is made up of t
335、wenty members. 这支运动队有二十人组成。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 32 页,共 37 页【注意】 be made of ,be made into和 make into 许多时候可互换使用。如:Bread is made of flour. =Flour can be made into bread. =We can make flour into bread. =We can make bread (out) of flour. 2help oneself 的用法help oneself是固定用法,可单独使用,
336、也可和介词to 连用。主要有四种含义:1)serve oneself (with food or drink) 自用 ( 食物等 ) 。如:There is some bread on the table. You may help yourself to it. 桌子上有面包,你自己拿去吃吧!-Can I have a drink? -Help yourself. “我可以喝点吗?”“别客气 ( 随便喝吧 ) !”“ Jill, help yourself to the pancakes. They are delicious”. 吉尔 (自己 )拿些煎饼吃吧!非常好吃!2)take for
337、 (oneself), esp. dishonestly, 擅自取用。此时,to 后宾语不一定是食物类,而可以泛指其他各种物品。如:The money was on the table and no one was there, so he helped himself (to it). 桌上有钱,左右无人,于是他就拿走了。Before leaving, father warned me against not to help myself to the medicine in the box on the shelf. 出门前,父亲再次警告我不要拿放在架子上盒子里的药。【注意】 help s
338、b to sth表示“替别人取食物等。”如:May I help you to some more meat? 我帮你再拿些肉好吗?3动词时态和by 引起的时间状语by 引导的时间状语,有“在某时前、到某时为止”、“到某时”的意思,所修饰的谓语动词的时态既取决于by 短语,指过去、将来还是现在,也取决于谓语动词是动作动词还是状态动词。详述如下:1)by 引导的时间状语表示过去某一时间(1) 如谓语动词是动作动词,该动作到by 短语所示时间时已经完成,则用过去完成时。如:By the time he was ten, he had already built a chemistry lab fo
339、r himself. 到了十岁时,他为自己建了一个化学实验室。(2) 如谓语动词是动作动词,该动作到by 短语所示时间时尚在进行之中,则用过去进行时。如:By seven oclock, the wind was blowing harder than ever. 到七点时,北风比以往吹得更强劲了。(3) 如谓语动词是状态动词,表示到by 短语所示时间时存在的状态,则用过去时。如:By that time the Japanese were already very near. 到那时,日本人已经很近了。By then he knew what he wanted to be when he
340、grew up. 到那时,他知道他长大后要干什么。(4) 如谓语动词是状态动词,表示到by 短语所示时间时该状态已延续若干时间,则用过去完成时。这时,另有一个表示一段时间的状语,说明该状态延续的时间长度。如:By the end of last month, my brother had been on that ship for two years. 到上月底,我兄弟在那艘轮船上已有两年了。2)by 短语表示将来某一时间(1) 谓语动词如果是动作动词,则用将来完成时或一般将来时,表示到by 短语所表示的时间时该动作将完成。如:Quite often youll find the unknow
341、n word comes again, perhaps several times and by the end of the chapter youll have guessed its meaning. 你常常会发现,那个不认识的单词会再次出现,也许会多次出现。到全章快读完时,你就会猜出这个词的意义了。We will have the work completed by noon tomorrow. 到明天中午我们将把工作做完。在主动词为过去式的宾语从句中则用过去将来时。如:Mrs Adams thought the movie would be finished by 10:30 p.
342、m. 亚当斯认为电影到晚上十点半会结束。(2) 如谓语动词是状态动词,则用一般将来时,表示到by 短语所示时间将出现的状态。如:Your son will be all right by supper time. 到吃晚饭时你儿子(的病 ) 就会好了。He wont be here by this time tomorrow. 明天这个时候他还不会到这里。3)by 短语表示现在如谓语动词是动作的动词,则用现在完成时,表示到现在该动作已完成。如: Perhaps shes recovered by now. 也许现在她已恢复健康了。4be able to与 can 的用法区别be able to
343、表示能力,意思上与can 没有区别,但can 只有现在式和过去式(could) ,而 be able to则有更多的形式,体现在 be 的时态变化上。例如:No one is able to do it. (= No one can do it.) 没人能做这件事。We shall be able to finish the work next week. 我们下周将能完成这项工作。I havent been able to find the book. 我没能够找到那本书。常用句型结构1asas中第一个as 是副词,第二个as 是连词,其基本用法如下:1) 如果我们要说两个东西在某方面是一样
344、的,同我们就可以用asas 加一个原级形容词或副词。如:Its as cold as ice. 它象冰一样冷。He drove as fast as he could. 他尽可能快开。在非正式文体中,第一个as 往往省略。美国英语尤其如此。例如:Shes bard as mails. 她冷酷无情。如果第二个as 后面跟的是人称代词,可以用主格(I ,he,we等) ,也可以用宾格(me,him,us 等) 。在正式的文体中多用主格 (as clever as I),但在非正式的讲话或文字中,宾格较为普通(as clever as me)。【注意】在作否定的比较时,可用not as as,也可用
345、not so as。在现代英语中,两者都是正确的。例如:Shes not as/ so nice as her sister. 她不如她姐姐好。2) 如果涉及数量,我们可以用as much as或 as many as加一个名词。例如:I havent got as much money as I thought. 我没有原来想象的那么多钱。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 33 页,共 37 页We need as many records as possible. 我们需要尽量多弄到一些唱片。as much 和 as many 也
346、可用作代词,后面不跟名词。如:I ate as much as I could. 我放开肚子大吃了一顿。He didnt catch as much as hed hoped. 他没有得到预期的那么多。 as much 还可以用作状语,来修饰某个动作或状态。如:You ought to rest as much as possible. 你应当尽量多休息。3)as as 还可以与 twice ,three times等连用,也可以与half ,a quarter等连用。例如:Im not going out with a man whos twice as old as me. 我不愿意和一个
347、年纪比我大一倍的人一起参加社交活动。We got three times as many people as expected. 来的人超过我们预料人数的两倍。Youre not half as clever as you think you are. 你可不象自己想象的一半那么聪明。2“ too to ”意为“太以致于不能”。例如:Hes too old to work. 他太老了,不能工作了。Its too late for the pubs to be open. 天太晚了,酒馆不会营业了。Its too heavy for you to lift. 太重了,你提不起来。【注意】当gla
348、d ,eager ,easy,pleased 等形容词放在“too to ”结构中的“ too ”后时,其后的不定式短语往往含有肯定意义。例如:I am too eager to join the Youth League. 我非常渴望加入共青团。I am too glad to meet you. 见到你我非常高兴。3感叹句的两种形式: 感叹句由 What 或 How引导。 What 后接名词; How后接形容词或副词。构成以下句型:Whata(an) (adj.)可数名词单数; What(adj.)可数名词复数或不可数名词以及How (adj. adv). 句子。例如:What an in
349、teresting film we saw yesterday! 昨天我们看的电影真有趣!What delicious beancurd you offered me!你给我的豆腐真好吃!How delicious the soup is! 这汤真香!How hard the farmers are working in the fields! 农夫们在田野里干得多起劲!1sport与 game用法比较1)sport可指各种运动或户外消遣,可以是娱乐性的,也可以是竞赛性的体育活动。sport 特指某种运动项目时,一般用作可数名词;它还指运动会,常用复数形式 sports(=sports mee
350、t)。如:Our headmaster is fond of sport, not music. 我们校长喜欢体育,不喜欢音乐。Fishing and hunting are his favorite sports.钓鱼和打猎是他特别喜爱的运动。The school sports meet will take place next week. 学校运动会将在下周举行。2) 比较: game(游戏、运动、比赛) 。可以是户内或户外的,也可以是脑力或体力的,通常有一定规则,凡参加者都必须遵守。指球赛时,美国英语用game ,英国英语用match。指大型的国际体育运动会、比赛,用game. 如:Fo
351、otball is a game which makes me excited. 足球是一项让我激动的运动。Lets play a game of chess! 咱们下盘棋吧。The Olympic Games are held every four years. 每四年举行一次奥运会。2excite一词的用法1)excite作及物动词,意为“使激动”,“使兴奋”,在主动结构中以事物作主语;在被动结构中以人作主语。如:The result of the experiment excited me. 实验的结果令我激动。Everybody was excited by the news of t
352、he victory. 人人为此胜利的消息而兴奋。2)exciting与 excited都可作形容词用,在句中作定语或表语,但两者用法不同。exciting意思是“令人激动的”,常用来修饰事物; excited 意思是“对感到激动的”,常用来修饰人或人的表情、声音等。如:Why were they so excited? 他们为什么如此激动?The excited children were opening their Christmas gifts. 激动的孩子们打开圣诞礼物。The trip was very pleasant and exciting. 这次旅行使人感到又愉快又激动。We
353、 just watched an exciting football match. 我们刚看了一场激动人心的足球赛。He gave an excited shout. 他发出了激动的叫喊。注:在上例中,修饰shout 的形容词不是exciting而是 excited ,表示“喊声”是由于人的激动而发出的。3)excitement是名词,作“兴奋、激动”解时,是不可数名词;作“使人兴奋的事物”时,是可数名词。3join, join in, take part in 和 attend 的用法比较这几个词或短语都有“参加”的意思,但用法不同。1)join有两个用法:(1) 指加入某个党派,团体组织等
354、,成为其成员之一,意为:“参军、入团、入党”等。如:When did your brother join the army? 你哥哥什么时候参军的?She joined the Young Pioneers. 她加入了少先队。(2) 和某人一道做某事,其结构为:join sb. in (doing) sth.,根据上下文, in (doing) sth. 也可以省去。如:Will you join us in the discussion? 你参加我们的讨论吗?Hell join us in singing the song. 他将和我们一道唱歌。Were going to the East
355、Lake Park on Sunday. Will you join us? 我们打算星期天去东湖公园。你跟我们一道去好吗?2)join in多指参加小规模的活动如“球赛、游戏”等,常用于日常口语。如:Come along, and join in the ball game. 快,来参加球赛。Why didnt you join in the talk last night? 昨晚你为什么没参加座谈?3)take part in 指参加会议或群众性活动等,着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。如:Well take part in social practice during th
356、e summer vacation. 暑假期间我们将参加社会实践。We often take part in physical labour. 我们经常参加体力劳动。【注意】 take part in是惯用词组, part 前一般不用冠词,但part前有形容词修饰时,要用不定冠词。如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 34 页,共 37 页Lincoln took an active part in polities and was strongly against slavery.林肯积极参加政治活动,强烈反对奴隶制。4)atten
357、d是正式用语,及物动词,指参加会议,婚礼,葬礼,典礼;去上课,上学,听报告等。句子的主语只是去听,去看,自己不一定起积极作用。如:Hell attend an important meeting tomorrow.他明天要参加一个重要的会议。I attended his lecture. 我听了他的讲课。4farther与 further的区别1) 表示“较远”、“更远”时,两者可以通用。如:We cant go any farther (further) with a rest. 我们不休息无法向前走了。They went farther (further) into the forest。
358、他们走向森林深处。2)further还表示“更多的”,“另外的”;“进一步”,“深一层”;“而且,此外”等含义,而farther没有此义。如:We must get further information. 我们必须获得更多的信息。We need go further into the matter. 我们必须进一步调查此事。The Museum will be closed until further notice. 该博物馆将关闭,开放时将另行通知。5win 与 beat 的用法区别win 与 beat 的区别: win 后接战争、 比赛、奖品等名词作宾语,不能接竞争对手作宾语;而 bea
359、t 后常接竞争对手, 意为“打败”、“击败”。试比较:win a race/a battle/ a prize/a medal/success/friendship 赢得赛跑 / 战役 / 奖品 / 奖章 / 成功 / 友谊。beat the competitor/the team/the country打败对手 /队/ 国家6time 作“时代”解时的用法time 作“时代”解时,常用复数形式(times) 。如:In ancient times, man lived on wild plants and wild beasts. 在古代,人类靠野果和野兽为生。Times have chan
360、ged, and we shouldnt fall behind. 时代变了,我们不应落后于时代。She didnt understand the spirit of the times. 她不理解那个时代的精神。【注意】 time作“时代”解时,也可用单数形式,如:He lived in Queen Victorias time. 他生活在维多利亚女王时代。7happen 的两种含义happen 可作“发生”解,常指意外地、偶然地发生某一件事。它的另一含义是“碰巧”。如:What time did the accident happen? 事故是什么时间发生的?If anything hap
361、pens to him, let me know. 如果他发生什么事,请通知我。I happened to meet him in the street yesterday. 我昨天碰巧在街上遇见他。It so happened that I had no money with me. 碰巧我身上没带钱。8every 和表示数量的词连用。1)every可与表示数量的词连用,表示时间或空间的间隔。如:Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games. 每四年,来自世界各地的运动员参加奥
362、林匹克运动会。I usually go to my uncles every three days (=every third day). 我通常每三天 (每隔两天 ) 去我叔叔家一次。Theres a bus stop every two miles. 每两英里有个车站。They looked up and gave a smile to each other every few minutes. 每隔几分钟他们抬起头相互笑笑。【注意】every 后可接 few , 但不能接 a few, 因 every一词已包含了a 之意, 如句,另外 every 后也不能接some , several
363、,many等词。 every 后接序数词时,则修饰单数可数名词,如句2)every 可与 other + 单数可数名词连用,表示“每隔一”。如:Please write on every other line (third line). 请隔行写。 ( 请隔两行写一行。) They planted a tree every other metre along the road. 他们在马路边每隔一米栽一棵树。The doctor comes to see my mother every other day. 医生每隔一天来看我妈妈一次。重要词组短语1prefer to 的含义1)prefer
364、A to B 意思上接近于like A better than B,表示“喜欢要胜过喜欢”。在这一结构中,to 为介词,prefer和 to 后面可接名词或动词-ing形式。I prefer science to languages. 我喜欢理科而不太喜欢文科。He prefers beer to coffee. 啤酒与咖啡相比,他更喜欢啤酒。He said he preferred the country life to the city life. 他说城市和农村相比,他更喜欢农村。Even on holidays, he preferred doing something to doin
365、g nothing. 即使在假日里,他也宁愿干点什么事,而不愿闲待着。2)prefer 不接介词 to短语而单独使用时,相当于 likevery much 。这时 prefer后面可接名同,代词,不定式,动词-ing形式等。例如:Southerners prefer rice while northerners prefer food made from flour. 南方人比较爱吃米饭,北方人比较爱吃面食。Which would you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你较喜欢哪一种?She preferred to work and live with the co
366、mmon people. 她喜欢工作生活在普通人中间。So you prefer staying with your children on holidays? 这么说,你在假日中宁愿与孩子们在一起了?【注意】 prefer在构成其 -ed 及-ing 形式时,要双写词尾字母 r ,即: preferred,preferring 3)prefer还可与 rather than 连用,这时 prefer和 rather than 后面一般接不定式,而不接动词-ing 形式, rather than后面的不定式符号 to 可有可无。如:She preferred to go with us rat
367、her than stay behind. 她宁愿和我们一道去,而不愿留下。He preferred to write to her rather than telephone her. 他宁愿写信给她,而不愿打电话给她。2由 read 构成的短语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 35 页,共 37 页1)read out sth. =read sth. loud for others to hear,意为“读出”、“宣布”。Your teacher will read out eight sentences. Which pictu
368、re is she talking about? 你的老师将读出8 个句子,她分别读的是有关哪幅画的呢?Heres a letter from Tom. Shall I read it out? 这儿有一封汤姆的来信,我要不要读出来。The headmaster read out the names of the winners and the contest results of each class. 校长公布了获胜者姓名以及各班竞赛结果。2)read sth. to sb./ read sb. sth. =read loud for sb. to hear. 表示“读给某人听”。Here
369、s a report about our school. Let me read it to you. 这儿有一篇有关我们学校的报道,我来读给你听。The teacher read a poem to the class. 老师给全班同学读了首诗。She read the children a story. 她给孩子们读了篇故事。Children like to be read to. 孩子们喜欢读给他们听。【注意】 read to sb. 是“读给某人听”的意思,read for sb. 是“替某人读”的意思。3)read sth. to oneself = read sth. in sil
370、ence. 意思是“默读”Read it to yourself. Im not interested in it. 不要读出声来,我对此不感兴趣。4)read between the lines = to find a meaning that is not expressed. 表示“体会字里行间的言外之意”。If you read between the lines, this letter is really a request for money. 你如果体会一下言外之意,这封信实际上是要钱。5)read 可用作不及物动词,指文字的流畅或通顺情况。The sentence doesn
371、t read well. 这个句子不通顺。Her letters always read well. 她的信读起来很好。The full text reads as follows, 全文如下:6)read 可用来表示“理解”、“解释”,如:Dont read my silence as consent. 别把我的沉默当作同意。How do you read this passage? 这一段话你怎么解释?3after that和 since then的用法区别after that表示在过去某一件事以后,但情况或动作并不延续到说话时,所以句中的谓语动词仍要用一般过去时。since then表示
372、从过去某一点时间延续至说话时,强调到目前为止一直进行的动作或保持的状态。因此句中谓语动词一般用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。试比较:After that he never passed any exam. 从那以后他任何一门考试都从未及格过。After that they took more attention to what I said and did. 从那以后他们对我的一言一行更加关注了。I have been studying hard since then. 从那以来我一直努力学习。He has written more than 20 books since then. 从那时候以
373、来他写了二十多本书。Its over three years since then. 从那以来已有三年多了。( 句中常用 Its代替 It has been. ) 【注意】 that 指过去某一件事,then 指过去某一点时间。4介词 for 短语代表一个不定式介词 for 短语常被用来代表一个动作。表示目的、用途、方向等。表示目的时,后面一般接名词,在作用上相当于一相表示目的的动词不定式。例如:In 1992 over 8000 competitors from more than 150 countries went to Barcelona for the 25th Summer Oly
374、mpics. 1992 年,来自 150 多个国家的八千多运动员去巴塞罗那参加第25 届夏季奥林匹克运动会。(= to take part in) The place to which she took us was just right for a picnic. 她带我们去在那个地方正适合野餐。We are travelling back to England soon for a holiday. 我们不久要回英格兰度假了。(for = to have) Ill go back to my room for my pen. 我要回宿舍去拿钢笔。(for = to get) He had
375、to go out for food. 他不得不出去寻找食物。(for = to find) Lets go in for some tea. 我们进去喝些茶吧。(for = to have) Shall we go for a walk? 我们出去散散步好吗?(for = and take) 5hand 构成的动词短语学习下面例句,注意hand 构成的动词短语的含义:Please hand in your papers at the end of the exam. 请在考试结束时将试卷交上来。Hand out the pencils to everyone in the class. 把这
376、些铅笔分发给班上的每位同学。The thief was handed over to the police. 小偷被提交给了警方。Please hand on the magazine to your friends. 请把这本杂志传给你的朋友们。Then he handed the cup around the class of students. 他把杯子递给学生,在全班传了一圈。This ring has been handed down in my family for generations. 这枚戒指在我的家族中传了好几代了。常用句型结构1Many of the sports we
377、re the same as they are now. 1)the same as中, same是代词, the same + 名词 + as 中, same是形容词。在上述句型中,as 是关系代词,引导定语从句,as 在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。如:The house is just the same as it used to be. 这座房子还跟过去一样。(as 在定语从句中作表语) We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. (as在从句中作动词宾语)我们正面临着几年前同样的问题。We drove out of the
378、 town by the same road as we had entered by. (as在从句中作介词宾语) 我们驱车出城时,与进城时是同一条路。【注意】在这种句型中,为避免重复,as 从句中常省略和前面相同的部分。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 36 页,共 37 页2)the same that 表示和一样,指同一人或物。如:She lives in the same room that her mother lived. 她住在她母亲住过的同一间屋里。2After that more and more countrie
379、s joined in the games. 形容词 /副词“双重比较”的结构,表示持续不断的变化,意思是“越来越”:1)adj. /adv. + -er and adj. /adv. + -er (单音节及部分双音节的形容词/ 副词双重比较 ) 2)例如:She is getting thinner and thinner. 她变得越来越瘦了。He runs faster and faster. 他跑得越来越快了。2)more and more + adj. /adv. (多音节及部分双音节的形容词/副词双重比较 ) 例如:Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的家乡变得越来越美丽了。We are going more and more slowly. 我们越走越慢精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 37 页,共 37 页