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1、XXXX 年专八英语阅读考试训练题年专八英语阅读考试训练题用宝珠打扮自己，不如用知识充实自己。以下是为大家搜索的xx 年专八训练题，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们!Cryptic coloring is by far the monest use of color inthe struggle for existence. It is employed for the purposeof attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring )as well as of defense (protective resem
2、blance or procrypticcoloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, maybe used both for attack and defense has been well explainedby T.Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity ofmovement which is also made use of by both pursuer andpursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in b
3、oth bythe gradual dying out of the slowest through a series ofgenerations.Cryptic coloring is monly associated with other aids inthe struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals andbirds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escapeby speed and will often attempt to defend themselvesactively
4、. On the other hand, small animals which have nomeans of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects,frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protectiveresemblance is far moner among animals than aggressiveresemblance, in correspondence with the fact thatpredaceous forms are as a rule much la
5、rger and much lessnumerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorousVertebrata and their prey such differences exist in anexaggerated form.Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack,may be either general or special. In general resemblancethe animal, in consequence of its coloring, prod
6、uces thesame effect as its environment, but the conditions do notrequire any special adaptation of shape and outline.General resemblance is especially mon among the animalinhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earthssurface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former,animals of all shapes
7、 are frequently protected by theirtransparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverseforms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect ofa uniform appearance may be produced by a bination of tintsin startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes ofthe zebra blend together at a little
8、 distance, and “theirproportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint whicharid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.” Specialresemblance is far moner than general and is the form whichis usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth,on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as
9、on thefloating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, suchas the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the crypticcoloring of animals is usually aided by specialmodifications of shape, and by the instinct which leadsthem to assume particular attitudes. Complete stillness andthe assumption of a c
10、ertain attitude play an essential partin general resemblance on land; but in special resemblancethe attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps moreimportant than any other element in the plex method bywhich concealment is effected.In special resemblance the bination of coloring, shape,and att
11、itude is such as to produce a more or less exactresemblance to some one of the objects in the environment,such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark.In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is ofno interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animalis not hidden from v
12、iew by being indistinguishable from itsbackground as in the case of general resemblance, but it ismistaken for some well-know object.seeking the interpretation of these most interestingand elaborate adaptations, attempts have been made alongtwo lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as aresult
13、 of the direct influence of the environment upon theindividual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inherited effects ofefforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P.Lamarck).The second believes that natural selection produced theresult and afterwards maintained it by the survival of thebest concealed in each
14、 generation.The former suggestion breaks down when the plex natureof numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus thearrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriatepattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape andthe rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude.The lat
15、ter is instinctive and thus depends on the centralnervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exactcooperation of all these factors; and in the present stateof science, the only possible hole of an interpretationlies in the theory of natural selection, which can aumulateany and every variation
16、which tends toward survival. A fewof the chief types of methods by which concealment iseffected may be briefly described. The colors of largenumbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back andbee gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white onthe belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that
17、 thisgradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which isdue to shadow.The color harmony, which is also essential toconcealment, is produced because the back is of the sametint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the coldblue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and
18、 bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflectionsproduces the same effects. This method of neutralizingshadow for the purpose of concealment by increasedlightness of tint was first suggested by E.B.Poulton in thecase of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate thegreat importance of the principle.
19、 In an analogous methodan animal in front of a background of dark shadow may havepart of its body obliterated by the existence of a darktint, the remainder resembling, e.g., a part of a leaf.This method of rendering invisible any part which wouldinterfere with the resemblance is well know in mimicry
20、.1. The black and white stripes of the zebra are mostuseful formA hunters. B nocturnal predatorsC lions and tigers. C insectivorous Vertrbrata2. Aggressive resemblance ours whenA a predaceous attitude is assumed.B special resemblance is utilized.C an animal relies on speed.D an animal blends in with
21、 its background.3. Special resemblance differs from general resemblancein that the animal relies onA its ability to frighten its adversary. B speed.C its ability to assume an attitude. D mistakenidentify4. The title below that best expresses the ides of thispassage isA Cryptic coloration for Protect
22、ion. B How AnimalsSurvive.C The uses of Mimicry in Nature. D Resemblances ofAnimals.5. Of the following which is the least mon?A protective resemblance. B General resemblance.C Aggressive resemblance. D Special resemblance.1. B. 夜间活动的食肉动物。见难句译注 4，斑马的黑白相间颜色的比例正好和月光下所见的贫瘠土地的苍白的色泽相吻合。当然能保护斑马夜间免遭这些食肉动物的
23、袭击。A. 捕获者。 C. 狮子和老虎。 D. 食虫的脊椎动物2. A. 在装成捕食其他动物的姿势时。B. 应该专门模仿。 C. 动物依赖速度。 D. 动物和背景混在一起。3. D. 搞错/认错了动物(身份)(mistaken identify 认错了人之义)。见第一段最后一句话，它不像一般模仿那样，通过动物和背景难以区分从而从视觉中隐藏起来，它是被误认为某种著名动物。A. 用以吓走它的对手(敌人)的能力。 B. 速度。 C. 采用某种姿势的能力。4. C. 自然界模拟的运动。文章一开始就点命保护色迄今为止生存斗争中最常用的一种颜色，常用于进攻和防卫。保护色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，见难句译注1。然后讲到保护色分类，一般(普通)和特殊(专门)模拟/模仿。第二段解释或说明模拟适应性。第一种解释为环境使然/影响。第二种认为是自然界选择之结果。A. 为了保卫的保护色。 B. 动物是如何存活下来。 D. 动物之模仿性。5. C. 进攻性(侵犯性)模仿。见难句译注 2。A. 保护色模仿。 B. 一般性模仿。 D. 专项模仿。
