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1、Unit 1 The Changing World Topic 1 China has developed rapidly in recent years. 一、重点词汇（一）词形转换1. training ( 动词 ) 2. whole (同音词 ) 3. tidy ( 近义词 ) 4. develop (名词 ) （形容词）“发达的” ; “发展中的”5. rapid (副词 ) 6. old (比较级 ) 7. recent (副词 ) 8. narrow ( 反义词 ) 9. title ( 近义词 ) (二)重点短语1.过一个愉快的暑假e back from 3.work for 4
2、.对 深表同情5.a disabled children s home 6.the whole holiday 7.tell stories to kids 8.从 当中学习9.feed a child 10. do farm work 11. go to summer classes 12. write an article about 13. 过着艰苦的 / 幸福的生活14. 在过去 / 在将来15. 详细地16. at sunrise 17. 没有机会做某事18. 担负得起 (做)某事19. 给某人帮助 /支持20. 获得良好的教育21. 为了 搜索 22. have little fo
3、od to eat 23. dress warmly 24. 随着 的发展25. 饮食均衡26. play musical instruments 27. enter/ win/ lose a competition 28. 欣赏京剧29. 过去常做某事30. fall ill 31. 把 分成 32. 对 感到满足33. 亲眼看见 34. 取得进步35. 多亏 ; 幸亏；由于36. 代表37. 在 的帮助下38. 拟定提纲三、重点句型1.There goes the bell.= . 铃响了。2.Have you (spend) the whole holiday (work) here?
4、你整个暑期都在那里工作吗？3.Is that so? 真是那样吗？4.Can you describe it in detail? 你能详细地说说吗？5.Our job was to grow cotton.（作表语） 我的工作是种植棉花。6.He has(see) the changes in Beijing(he). 他亲眼目睹 了北京的变化。9. I think it is important to remember the past, live in the present and dream about the future . 我认为 记住过去、立足现在、展望未来非常重要。10Th
5、anks to / Because of the government s efforts.由于 政府的努力。四、重点知识点1.Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy this holiday! 尽管我没时间去旅游，但这个假期我仍然感到很愉快。though 从属连词，用来引导让步状语从句，表“虽然；尽管”，不能与but 连用。 如：Though he is poor, he is happy. = He is poor, but he is happy. 尽管他很贫穷，但是他很快乐。2.Parents couldn t a
6、fford education for their children. 父母供不起孩子上学。afford 常与 can, could 或 be able to 连用，尤其用于否定句或疑问句，表“负担得起（做）某事；抽得出（时间）”“ (can t/ couldn t) afford (to do) sth.” 如：(1)我们买不这房了，因为我们没有足够的钱。(2)他觉得自己没有时间踢球了。3.Our government gives support to poor families. 我们的政府能为贫困家庭提供帮助。give support to sb.= give sb. support 为
7、某人提供帮助/ 支持support 作动词时表“供养；支持；支撑”，如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 17 页4.Why not go and search the Internet for some information? 为什么不上网查找相关信息呢？search sb. /sp. for sth. 搜查某人、某地寻找某物search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb. 搜寻某物 / 某人 ； 如：警察搜那个男人的身，查找被偷的钱。他在寻找他丢的钥匙。5.I used to be a
8、 chilld laborer. 我以前是 一个童工。used to be/ do过去曾是 /常做 be used to do sth. = be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事be/ get used to (doing ) sth. 习惯于（做）某事；如：我过去曾是一名语文老师。我过去常在这条河中游泳。刀子被用砍东西。现在我们习惯于早起。6. But China has developed rapidly in recent years. 但是 近年来 ,中国发展迅速. in recent years 表 “ 近年来 ” ,常与完成时连用. 如: 近年来 ,她学到了许
9、多知识. 7. China has made such rapid progress. 中国已经取得如此迅速的进步。progress 为不可数名词make progress 取得进步make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些 / 许多 / 巨大的进步8. What has happened to Beijing s roads now? 现在北京的公路发生 了什么变化？sth. happen to sb. 某人发生了某事，如：If anything happens to him, let me know. 万一他有什么不测，就请通知我。A little accid
10、ent happened to her yesterday. 昨天她发生了点小意外。9. They express the rich culture of China as well. 他们 也表达了丰富的中国文化。as well, too, also 均表“也；又” ；as well 多用于口语，只用于句末，不用逗号隔开；too 多用于口语，用于句末，要用逗号隔开；also 较正式，不用于句末；either 用于否定句，表“也不”，与 too 对应。如：他也喜欢运动。(三种写法 ) 他也没来。五、重点语法（一）现在完成时：表示过去已经发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。即“过去的
11、动作+ 现在的结果” ， 强调结果。 如：I have bought a new bike. (= I bought a new bike, and I have a new bike now.) 我已经买了一辆新的自行车。（强调我现在有了一辆新车。）构成形式：助动词 have / has + 动词的过去分词1肯定句：我已经看过这部电影。否定句：我没看过这部电影。一般疑问句：你看过这部电影了吗？回答：是的，我看过了。不，我没看过。特殊疑问句：你已经做了什么？2肯定句：他已经完成了任务。否定句：他还没有完成任务。一般疑问句：他已经完成任务了吗？回答：是的，他完成了。不，他没有完成。特殊疑问句：他
12、完成了什么？（二） have/ has been to与 have/ has gone to have/ has been to + 某地，到过某地，说话时人已经回来了。have /has gone to + 某地，说明去了某地，说话时人还没回来。如：I have been to Beijing twice. 他去过北京两次。- Where is Jim? 吉姆在哪儿？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 17 页- He has gone to the library? 他去图书馆了。Topic 2 What has hap
13、pened to the population? 一、重点词汇（一）词形转换1. possible (反义词 ) 2. rise (过去分词 ) 3. difficult ( 名词 ) 4. less (反义词 ) 5. excellent (近义词 ) 6. different (名词 ) 7. come (过去式 ) (过去分词 ) 8. see (过去式 ) (过去分词 ) 9. peace (形容词 ) （二）重点短语1.走失；迷路2.收到某人的来信3.在国外4.至少5.发生6.China s one-child policy 7.对某人要求严格8.中国的人口9.live longer
14、 10. medical care 11. 控制人口12. 以 而闻名13. 在做某事方面很有功效14. have a long way to go 15. 缺乏 16. 最大的问题之一17. 陷入麻烦中 / 在困境中18. prefer boys to girls 19. 提供某人良好的教育20. 一些;几个21. 即使22. have a lot of pressure 23. the differences between A and B 二、重点句型1. Weand couldn t find. 我们 走失 了， 互相 找不到对方。2.their living conditions w
15、ere not very good.似乎 他们的生活条件不是很好。3. It is that Kangkang s father was the only child in his family. 康康的父亲有可能是他家中的独生子 。4. One answer is known as the one-child policy. 其中一项 众所周知的 措施是独生子女政策. 5.we have made a lot of progress, we have big pollution problems in the city. 虽然 我们已经取得了很大的进步，但是仍存在严重的城市污染问题。三、重点
16、语言点1- I really hate to go shopping. 我真讨厌去购物。- So do I . 我也是。So do I .为倒装句， 表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体，表“某某也一样” ，结构为“so + be /情态动词 / 助动词+ 主语”。 如：吉姆是一名学生，汤姆也是。吉姆会游泳，汤姆也会。吉姆喜欢运动，汤姆也喜欢。如表前面不怎样，后面“也不”怎样时，其结构为“neither/ nor + be / 情态动词 / 助动词+ 主语”。 如：吉姆不中国人，他们也不是。吉姆不会说日语，我也不会。吉姆没去那儿，我也没去。如前后两句表达的是同一个主体，则不能倒装，表“
17、的确如此”。如：吉姆是一名好学生，的确如此。吉姆游泳很好，的确如此。2At that time, China was the country with the largest population in the world. 那时，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。population 为不可数名词，表示人口的多少只能用“ large” 或 “ small” 修饰，提问人口用“what”, 如：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口比北京多。What s the population of China?= Ho
18、w many people are there in China? 中国的人口有多少？3. Great changes have taken place in China. 中国 发生了 巨大变化。take place 指必然性的“发生”或有计划、安排之内的“举行”。如：The meeting will take place next Friday. 会议将在下周五举行。happen 指偶然的、没有预料的“发生“，其结果往往给人带来不幸或麻烦。如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 17 页The accident happ
19、ened yesterday. 事故发生在昨天。两者都不用于被动语态。4. The population has increased a lot. 人口增长发很多。increase 可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。其含义是“增长，增加，加强”等。increase by 指“增加了 ” ; increase to指 “ 增加到 ”5. , and about one fifth of the people in the world live in China. 而且世界上大约五分之一的人口生活在中国。one fifth 是分数表达法。英文分数表达法：分子为基数词，分母为序数词，先读分子后读分母。当
20、分子大于 1 时，分母的序数词则变为复数，直接在词尾加“s” 。如：四分之一；四分之三；二分之一；三分之二6It has worked well in controlling China s population. 它在控制人口数量方面取得了显著的功效。work well in doing sth. 表“在 方面很有功效 ” , 如: Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight. 做眼保健操在保护视力方面很有功效。7. Because of our large population, we are short of ene
21、rgy and water. be short of表 “ 缺乏 ” , 如 : She is always short of money at the end of every month. 每个月底她总是缺钱。be short for 表“是 的缩写” , 如: TV is short for television. TV 是 television 的缩写形式 . 8.I can t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.我得花几个小时，才能到大的商场购物。a) unless = if not 表“除
22、非 ; 如果不”，引导条件状语从句。如：如果你不通知我，我就不去。如果比尔不努力, 他不会通过考试的. b) a couple of 表 “ 几个人或几件事” , 如: 几年前 ; 几个学生couple 指任何两件同类的东西; 如: 两只手表；pair 指两件不可分开使用的东西,它们可指两件互不相连的东西(鞋子、 袜子等 )，也可指两部分构成的一件东西（裤子、剪刀等） 。如：一双鞋子一条裤子四、重点语法现在完成时常与下列表不明确的状语连用：1already 和 yet already “已经”（多用于肯定陈述句），如：他已经回家了。yet “已经 ; 还” （用于否定句或疑问句），如：Have
23、 you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗？我还没完成作业。 already 也可用于疑问句，表“出乎意料或惊奇”Have you finished your homework already? 难道你已经完成作业了？2ever 和 never ever “曾经”（多用于疑问句，问初次经历）， 如：I have ever been abroad. 我曾出过国。never never“从未；从来不” （多用于否定陈述句） ，常回答ever 的句型。 如：I have never seen him before. -Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出过国吗？-N
24、o, never. 不，从来不。3just just “刚刚”（多用于肯定句，位于谓语动词之前），如：I have just tried to call you. 我刚刚打电话给你。4before before “之前”（一般位于句末；常与never 呼应） ， 如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 17 页他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。Topic 3 The world has changed for t
25、he better. 一、重点词汇（一）词形转换1. homeless(名词 ) 2fair ( 反义词 ) 2. excited (动词 ) 3. disobey (反义词 ) 4. succeed (名词 ) (形容词 ) （二）重点短语1.help homeless people 2.需要3.决定（做）某事4.给某人提供某物e for a visit 6.成功地做了某事7.get/find jobs 8.feel good about oneself 9.take drugs 10. 给某人做某事的一次好机会11. end the wa 12. live a happy life 13.
26、 smile on one s face 14. Project Hopes 15. 在国内外16. in poor area 17. 受到良好的教育二、重点语言点1. Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them. 他们一旦发现有人需要帮助，就选定适当的方式来帮助他们。a) once 是从属连词，表“一旦 就”,它的从句为现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)，主句则为一般将来时。或者主从句均为过去的某种时态。如：她告诉他一旦她到了，她会打电话给他。b) decide
27、on (doing ) sth. 决定（做）某事，相当于decide to do sth.如：他们决定在海南度假。2. The government provides homeless people with nice homes. 政府向无家可归的人们提供舒适的住处。provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 提供给某人某物这所学校为学生们提供食物。3. I think it s a wonderful place to live in. 我认为那是一个居住的好地方。to live in 是动词不定式，用来修饰前面的名词place. 在不定式中，
28、如动词为不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后必须跟上相应的介词。如：There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的事。I need a pen to write with . 我需要一只笔写字。4. It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives. 它很出名是因为它已经成功地帮助无家可归的人重新过上正常的生活。be successful in doing sth. 成功地做成
29、某事，相当于succeed in doing sth. 如：他成功地通过了考试。5In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan. 在近十六年希望工程已筹集了大约30 亿元。in the past + 若干时间，表“近若干时间来”，用于现在完成时。如：近两个月来，他们已经学习了大约500 个英语单词。四、重点语法（一）直接引语和间接引语在引用别人原话时，被引用的部分称为直接引语；如：“ What are you reading,Jane? ” Maria asked. 当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被
30、转述部分称为间接引语 。如：Maria asked Jane what she was reading. 直接引语和间接引语可互相转换，但要注意以下几个变化：1 直接引语变为间接引语时，引导词要根据句子类型的不同有所变化。1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that 或省略。 如：She said, “ I m very glad to have such a chance.” She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance. 2）如果是一般疑问句时，则用whether 或 if。如：Maria asked Jane
31、, “ Can they get good food and medicine? ”精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 17 页 Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine. 3）如果是特殊疑问句时，则用相应的疑问词what, where, which, how 等。 如：Maria asked Jane, “ What are you reading?” Maria asked Jane what she was reading. 4
32、）如果是祈使句时，则多用动词ask, tell, order 引导的不定式结构。如：Mother said to me, “ Try again.” Mother asked me to try again. “ Don t be afraid” , Tom said to Dick. Tom told Dick not to be afraid. 2 语序的变化：若是从句，一律为陈述语序。3 时态的变化。1）主句为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变；如：He says, “ I m tired.” He says he is tired. He will say, “ The boy wa
33、s lazy.” He will say the boy was lazy. 2）主句为过去时态时，间接引语则一般都有改成相应的过去时态，但表示自然科学和真理之类的仍以现在时出现。 如：He said, “ I m sorry.” He said he was sorry. The teacher told us, “ The earth moves around the sun.” The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 4 人称的变化。如：The teacher said, “ John, you must bring you
34、r book to the class.” The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class. 5 时间状语的变化。如： nowthen; todaythat day; tonight that night; this morning that morning; agobefore; yesterdaythe day before; last nightthe night before; the day before yesterdaytwo days before; tomorrow the next day; ne
35、xt week the next week. 6 地点状语的变化。如： herethere 7 指示代词的变化。如： thisthat; these those 8 动词的变化。如： come go; bring take （二）构词法1.合成词：由两个或者更多独立的单词组合成一个单词。如：motherland, basketball, filmmaker, birthday; hometown, greenhouse, etc. 2.派生词：一词通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词。如：1）常见的前缀：dis-; un-; im- 表示“不” ， 如：dislike （不喜欢）disappear（消
36、失）disagree （不同意） disobey（不遵守）unhappy（不快乐）unfair （不公平）unlike（不像）unfriendly （不友好）impolite （不礼貌）impossible （不可能）re- 表示“重复” ， 如：retell（复述）review（复习）rewrite （重写）return（重返）super- 表示“超”， 如：supermarket（超市）superman（超人）superstar（超级明星）mis- 表示“错误” ， 如：mistake（错误）misunderstand（误解）2) 常见的后缀：名词后缀： -er, -or; -ness;
37、-tion; - ment 如：worker （工人）player（选手）teacher（教师）driver（司机）visitor （参观者）inventor（发明者）translator （翻译者）question（问题）invention （发明）education （教育）organization（组织）movement（运动）agreement（同意）development（发展）形容词后缀：-ful; -ous; -less - able; -y 如：useful （有用的）careful（认真的）helpful （有帮助的）successful（成功的）dangerous（危险的）
38、famous （著名的）delicious （可口的）serious（严肃的）homeless （无家可归的）careless（粗心的）useless（无用的）changeable （易变的）countable（可数的）cloudy （多云的）windy （有风的）sleepy（困倦的）rainy（下雨的）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 17 页Unit 2 Saving the earth Topic 1 I can t stand the environment here. 一、重点词汇（一）词形变换1. produ
39、ce(名词 ) 2. breathe (名词 ) 3. manage (同义词 ) 4. soil (近义词 ) 5. waste (反义词 ) 6. harm (形容词 ) 7. die (名词 ) (形容词 ) 8. downstairs (反义词 ) （二）重点词组1.改善 /保护环境2.设法做某事3.in a good / bad mood 4.feel uncomfortable 5.把废水倒入河里6.有用的事物7.对某人 /某物有害8.the look of our cities 9.at present 10. 对某人大喊大叫；斥责某人11. stop making so muc
40、h noise 12. disturb others 13. a kind of pollution 14. 对做了某事感到抱歉15. 从现在起16. in noisy conditions 17. become deaf 18. quite a few 19. no better than 20. cause high blood pressure 二、重点语言点1.I can t stand the environment here. 我无法容忍这儿的环境。stand 表“容忍；忍受” ，后接名词、代词及动名词做宾语。如：I can t stand that man, he talks t
41、oo much. 我忍受不了那个人了，他话太多了。I can t stand waiting any longer. 我再也等不了了。2.What do you mean by sth. ? 某物是什么意思呢? = What s the meaning of sth ?= What does sth. mean? 3.I hope I can move from here soon. 我希望我能早点从这儿搬走。当主从句主语一致时，常可转换成不定式短语= I hope to move from here soon. 我希望早点从这儿搬走。4There are several chemical f
42、actories pouring waste water into the river. 有几座工厂正往河里排放污水。There be + sb. / sth. + doing sth. 表有某人 / 某物正在做某事。5stop doing sth. 停止做（正在进行的）事stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另一件）事如： It s late. They will stop working and (stop) to have supper. 很迟了。他们将停下来吃晚饭。The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.
43、 学生们停止说话去听课。6I m sorry for making so much noise. 很抱歉我弄出这么大的噪音。(1) be sorry for doing sth. (2)be sorry to do sth. 7 ,not all people know that noise is also a kind of pollution. 并不是所有的人都知道噪音也是一种污染。not 与 both、all 、every 以及every 的派生词连用时，表部分否定。8. Recently it was reported that many teenagers in America ca
44、n hear no better than 65-year-old people do,近来据报道，美国许多青少年的听力和65 岁的老人一样差。no better than 表“同 (几乎 )一样差 ; 不比 做得好 ”露西和莉莉考得几乎一样糟. 四、重点语法现在完成时中延续性的动作或状态和由for / since 引导的一段时间状语搭配使用。a)“ for + 时间段”与 “since + 时间点”都表“一段时间” ，常用 How long 提问。b) 如句中含有非延续性动词，则改为相应的延续性动词或状态。如： I bought this TV three days ago.= I have
45、 had this TV for three days. 常见的非延续性动词转换成延续性动词如下：comebe here; gobe there; closebe closed; openbe open; buyhave; borrow keep; leavebe away; begin be on; 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 17 页finishbe over; diebe dead etc.Topic 2 How does pollution hurt the earth? 一、重点词汇（一）词形变换1. no
46、ne (反义词 ) 2. both (反义词 ) 3. rubbish (同义词 ) 4.steal (过去式 ) (过去分词 ) 6. behave (名词 ) 7. prevent (同义词 ) 8. although ( 同义词 ) 9. pollute ( 句词 ) 10. completely ( 形容词 ) （二）重点词组2到处3照顾4提出一些建议给5set one s mind to sth. 6protect nature 7wash away 8blow away 9转变成10灭绝；绝迹11stop / prevent (from) doing sth. 12keepfrom
47、 doing sth. 13move toward14砍倒15跑走 ; 流走16中断17on the earth 18be in danger of (doing) sth. 19destroy/ harm/ pollute the environment 20have a quiet life 21大量的22come to realize 23have a clean-up 24one after another 25提供某人的建议二、重点语言点1. As we know, none of us likes pollution. 众所周知，没有人喜欢污染。none与 no one 的区别：a
48、)none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语 ; 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；no one 只指人，后不能跟of 的短语 ; 作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。如：He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。No one is here. 没有一个在这儿。b)none 回答 how many/ much 的问题； no one回答 who 的问题。如：A: How many students come to s
49、chool by taxi? B: None. 有多少的学生搭出租车来上学？没有人。A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None. 瓶子里有多少水？一点儿也没有。A: Who is in the room? B: No one. 谁在房中？没有人。2It has become a big problem recently.最近它已经成为一个严重问题。recently“到目前为止；近来” ，常用于现在完成时。如：最近她看了一些有关历史的书。3A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving
50、 only sand. 许多肥沃土地已变成沙漠留下的是遍地黄沙。change into = turn into把 .(转)变成 . 如：请把英语变成汉语。4. Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away. They can also prevent the sand from moving toward the rich land. 树可以防风固土，也可阻止风沙吹进良田。stop / prevent sb. /sth. (from ) doing sth. 阻止 / 防止某人或某物做某事keep sb./sth. from doing
51、 sth. 阻止 / 防止某人或某物做某事5. You may either take a bus or a taxi. 你们可能搭公车去或者是搭出租车去。a) eitheror “ 要么 要么 ; 或者 或者 ” 并列连词 ,连接对等结构;连接主语时 ,根据就近原则。如：你要么今天来，要么明天来。我们可以唱歌或者跳舞。要么你对，要么他对。b) either 单独使用时，是代词，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主语时，谓语动词用作单数。如：A： ould you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK. 你想要咖啡还是茶？随便都可以。Either of us
52、 is right. 我们俩中有一人是对的。三、重点语法精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 17 页不定代词和不定副词：(一) 不定代词：指人： someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody 指物： something anything nothing everything （二）不定副词指地点： somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere （三）用法：1 some-复合代词 /副词常用于肯定句；如：I
53、saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。There is something in the woods. 树林里有什么东西。He has gone somewhere warm for his holiday. 他去暖和的地方度假了。2 any-复合代词 /副词常用于否定句或疑问句；如：I didn t see anyone in the room. 我没看见有人在房间里。There isn t anything in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。He hasn t gone somewhere warm for his holiday. 他没去暖和的
54、地方度假。3 no- 复合代词 /副词表全否定；如：I saw nobody in the room. 我看见房间里没有人。There is nothing in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。4 every- 复合代词 /副词代替全部；如：Everyone is here. 大家都在这儿。It seems he knows everything. 似乎他知道一切。some-复合代词 /副词用于疑问句中时，表希望得到对方的肯定回答或表请求；如：Would you like something to drink? 你要点喝的东西吗？any-复合代词 /副词用于肯定句时，表“任何”；如
55、：If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished. 如果人们在公众的任何地方吐痰，他们应该受罚。不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；如：No one knows this secret. 没有一人知道这个秘密。Everything goes well. 一切进展顺利。如果有定语修饰,定语应放在不定代词或不定副词后；如：I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事告诉你。There is nobody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。no= not any no
56、body = not anybody; nothing = not anythingShe didn t say anything. = She said nothing. 她什么也没说。There is nobody strange here.= There isn t anybody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。Topic 3 Let s be greener people. 一、重点词汇（一）词形变换1. organization( 动词 ) 2.recycle(动名词 ) 3. follow( 形容词 ) 4.electricity( 形容词 ) 5. move(名
57、词 ) 6. quick( 副词 ) 7. environment( 形容词 ) 8. protect(名词 ) （二）重点词组1.environmental protection 2.spread message about 3.减少浪费 / 空气污染4. 的两面5.(是) 而不是 . 6.不仅 .而且 7.save money/ energy/ electricity 8.应当做某事9.travel a short distance 10. 把 放入 11. take up a lot of space 12. produce power from 13. produce electric
58、ity by doing sth. 14. the movement of water 15. 被用作做某事16. take a quick shower 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 17 页17. 捡起垃圾18. try harder 二、重点语言点1.We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away. 我们应该把纸的两面都使用，将塑料袋再次使用而不是轻易扔掉。a)both 修饰复数名词；而ei
59、ther 修饰单数名词；如：There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road. = There are a lot of trees on either side of the road. 在路的两边有许多树。b)rather than 表“ （是） 而不是” ;连词 , 连接对等结构 , 相当于 instead of 如: I like coffee rather than tea. = I like coffee instead of tea. 我喜欢咖啡而不是茶. He likes listening to music rather t
60、han/ instead of singing. 他喜欢听音乐而不是唱歌. 昨晚我做作业了而不是看电视. 2.Everyone is supposed to do it. 每个人都应该那样做。be supposed to do sth.指（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当做某事；必须做某事；相当于should; 用于否定句时，表“允许” ； 如：老师应该知道很多。这里不允许抽烟。3. First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room. 首先，当你离开房间的时候，应该随手关灯。ought to 情态动词 , 表 “ 应该 ; 应
61、当 ” ; 语气比should 强;指道义上应该做的事,有时含有责备或督促的语气。 should 指主观上感到有责任或义务去做。其否定式： You oughtn t to get up so late in the morning. 你早晨不应该起这么晚。三、重点语法并列句：是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子，连词前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。1表示并列关系，常用连接词有and, not onlybut also等。如：His father is a teacher and his mother is a doctor. 他的父亲是一位老师，母亲是一位医生。Mr. Green
62、can not only drive a car but also repair it. 格林先生不但会开车而且还能修车。2表示转折，常用连词有but, while 等。如：I bought my sister a present, but she didn t like it. 我给妹妹买了一件礼物，但是她并不喜欢。Tom does housework every day while his sister does nothing. 汤姆每天都做家务活，而他的妹妹什么也不做。3表示选择关系，常用连词有or, eitheror等。如：He speaks French, or perhaps h
63、e understands it. 他会讲法语，或者懂法语。Either he could not come or he did not want to. 他要么是不能来要么是不想来。4. 表示因果关系，常用连词有so, for 等。如：Her mother is ill, so she has to stay at home and look after her mother. 她母亲病了，所以她不得不呆在家里照看她。The ground is very wet, for it rained last night. 地面很湿，因为昨晚下雨了。Unit 3 English around the
64、 world Topic1 English is widely spoken around the world. 一. 重点词语1. 能够 , 会2. 迫不急待地做某事3. 有( 好) 机会做某事4. 练习做某事5.be made by be made of/frombe made in 6.on business 7. 和相似8. 把翻译成9.have no/some trouble (in) doing sth. 10. 偶尔 , 间或11. 无论何时12. 以及13.mother tongue 14.take the leading position 15. 鼓励某人做某事16. 号召二
65、. 语法学习一般现在时的被动语态英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。如： We clean the classroom.我们打扫教室。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 17 页主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。如： The classroom is cleaned (by us).教室被（我们）打扫。1 被动语态的 构成 ：助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语）其中 by 意为“被；由”，表动作的执行者。如： The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那
66、个男孩打破的。be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。如： English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式）English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式）Is English widely spoken around the world? （疑问式）Yes, it is./No, it isnt. 2 被动语态的用法：（1）在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态。如： This coat is made of
67、 cotton.这件大衣是棉制的。（ 2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态。如： Her bike is stolen.她的自行车被偷了。3 主、被动语态的转换：主动语态：主语+及物动词谓语动词+宾语（ +其它）被动语态：主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+宾语（ +其它）注意 ： （1）主动、被动互转时，时态不变。（2）主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动态by 的宾语时，要用宾格形式。如：(1) People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown (by people) in the south. (2) She takes care
68、of the baby. The baby is taken care of (by her ). 三. 交际用语：谈论英语的广泛使用1.-Youll have a good chance to practice speaking English there. -You re right. 2.-But I m not good at English. Im a little afraid. -Don t worry. 3.-Is Spanish similar to English? -Not really. Topic 2 English is spoken differently in
69、different countries 一. 重点词语1. 顺便说一下2. 取决于3. 与不同4. 成功，达成5.make yourself understood 6. 在某人去的路上7. 给送行8.leave for9. 二十分钟之后10.written English /oral English 11. 一般说来，大致上说12.as for sb./sth. 13.be close to14. 爱好15. 被迫做强迫某人做某事16.even worse 二. 语法学习用现在进行时表示将来现在进行时表示将来时，常有“意图”、 “安排”（但不是固定不变的）或“打算”含义。它表示最近或较近的将来
70、，所用的动词多是位移动词。如： come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start, begin, return, open, die 例：I m going. 我要走了。When are you starting?你什么时候动身？Dont worry. The train is arriving here soon.别着急，火车马上就到了。表示将来的现在进行时除了用于位移动词外，亦可用于某些非位移动词。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 17 页如： My uncle is meeting us to
71、morrow.我叔叔明天会见我们。She is buying a new bike soon.她不久将买一辆新自行车。三. 交际用语：谈论不同国家英语的不同点并了解交际中的身体语言1.I cant follow you. Can you speak more slowly, please? 2.Oh, it sounds interesting. 3.If you want to succeed in making yourself understood, you need to know some of these differences 4.-Whats up? -The foreigne
72、r is asking for a ride. 5.Generally speaking, American English is different from British English in pronunciation and spelling. Topic 3 It s important to learn English well. 一、 重点词语1. 在公共场所2. 有时3. 想要做4. 放弃5. 求助于某人6. 给某人一些有关的建议7. 在方面很差在方面很好8. 害怕做某事9. 犯错误10. 深呼吸11. 做某事最好的时间12.do some listening practic
73、e 13.reply to=answer 14. 建议某人做某事（名词advice ）二、 重点句型1.Could you make yourself understood in the U.S.A?在美国，别人能懂得你的话吗？2.I dont know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办？3.At times I feel like giving up. 有时我想要放弃。4.Try to guess the meanings of the new words, and get the main idea of the article.尽量猜测生词的意思，理解文章的大意。5.I dare
74、 not answer questions in class, because I m afraid of making mistakes.我不敢在课堂上回答问题，困为我害怕犯错误。6. It s an honor to talk with all of you.与在座的各位交谈是我的荣幸。7.But remember to choose the ones that fit you best. 但是记住要选择最适合你的一种。8. I insist that you practice English every day.我坚持认为你们每天都应该练习英语。9.Believing in yourse
75、lf is the first step on the road to success. 自信是通往成功的第一步。三、 语法学习wh- +to do wh-是指 when, where, which, who(m)及 how等连接词，它们和动词不定式连用，即为wh- +to do结构。这种结构在句中常作主语、表语和宾语，作宾语时可以转换为宾语从句。( 对于谓语动词来说，wh- +to do这个不定式动词的动作是个尚未发生的动作，所以在转换成宾语从句时，通常须加情态动词或用将来时表示未来。) 如： I don t know what to do.=I dont know what I shoul
76、d do. She can t decide which to buy.=she can t decide which she will buy. 反之，如果主句中的主语与宾语从句中的主语一致时，宾语从句（由疑问词引导）通常可以与“疑问词+不定式”互相转换。如： I don t know what I should do.=I dont know what to do. 如果不一致就不能转换。I want to know what Mary will do.(不能说 :I want to know what to do.) 四、交际用语：谈论如何学习英语1.-, but I hate to s
77、peak English in public. -You d better not. 2.-I know its very important to learn English well. But its difficult for me. -Me, too. 3.Have you ever had any difficulties in studying English? 4.-, could you give us some advice on how to learn English well? -You d better follow the tape and do some list
78、ening practice. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 17 页I think the best time to remember new words is in the morning. Unit 4 Fantastic Science Topic 1 The spaceship is so magical! 一、重点词汇：（一）词形转换：1. successful（副词）2. proper（副词）3. completely（动词）4. leader（动词）5. succeed（名词）6. hero（复数）7
79、. physics（形容词）8. fix （同义词）9. introduce（名词）（二）重点词组：1. go around 2. send into=send upinto3. congratulations on sth 4.为而自豪5. be moved by 6.感谢某人做的某事7. have physical examinations 8. in good/bad health 9.情不自禁做10. take turn to (do sth) 11.无疑地12.除的之外，也13. for instance/example 14. work on 15.依靠，依赖16.打开17.关掉1
80、8.开大19.关小20. click on 21.期待做某事二、重点句型：1. Im moved by what Yang Liwei did. 我被杨利伟所做的事感动了。(1) What Yang Liwei did 是介词 by 的宾语从句，意为“杨利伟所做的事”(2) be moved by 为而感动如：同学们为那位老人的故事而感动。2. Generally speaking, we are in good health now. 一般来说，我们现在的健康状况良好。(1) generally speaking“一般来说、大体上、大概”(2) in good/bad health 处于好（
81、不好）的身体状况。如: He has a cold, he is always in bad health. 他感冒了，他的身体状况总是不好。3. We couldn t help looking at the earth again and again.我们忍不住再三地看着地球。(1) can t/couldn t help doing sth. 忍不住做某事，不能停止做某事。如：我忍不住哭了。(2) again and again 一再，屡次，如：老师已屡次和他讲过了。4. It has proved that China has made great progress in develo
82、ping its space industry. 这证明了中国航天业的发展已取得了巨大的进步。It has proved that 这证明了5.There is no doubt that computers are widely used by workers in business and technology. 毫无疑问 ,电脑被商业 , 科技工作者广泛地应用. There is no doubt that 译为“毫无疑问”如: 毫无疑问我们应该保护环境。6. Computers have made the world smaller , like a “village”. 电脑使得世界
83、变小了，就像一个“村庄”。 make+宾语 +形容词“使怎样”如：我们将尽全力使我产的国家越来越美丽. 三、日常交际用语：Congratulations! Thanks for your introduction.Pleased to meet you.=Nice to meet you. It s an honor to interview you now. What do you think of ShenZhou VI?=What are your thoughts about ShenZhou VI? 四、重点语法：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - -
84、 - - - - -第 13 页，共 17 页宾语补足语 : 宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。可作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词和动词不定式等。（一）、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语作宾语补足语。如：1.We call him Jim.（名词）我们叫他吉姆。2.We must keep our school clean every day.（形容词）我们必须每天保持校园清洁。3.Call him in, please.（副词）请叫他进来。4.Leave it on the desk.（介词短语）把它留在课桌上。（二）、动词不定式作宾语补足语可分为三种情况：1. 跟带
85、to 的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的这类动词有：ask, tell, get, teach, want, invite, like, allow, wish, encourage等。如： Tell Jane to sing us a song.叫简给我们唱支歌。2. 跟不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的这类动词有“一感（feel ） 、 二听 （ listen to, hear ） , 三让（make, let, have）, 四看（ look at, see, watch, notice）如： Let s have a rest.让我们休息一会儿。但这种结构变成被动语态时，to 必须加上
86、。如：He was seen to leave the room with a book in his hand.有人见他手拿着一本书离开这个房间。3. 跟带 to 或不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词只有help 。如：Can you help me (to) wash my clothes ?你能帮我洗衣服吗？（三）、分词作宾语补足语可分为两种情况。1. 现在分词作宾语补足语，经常表示正在发生的动作。可跟这类补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear 等。如：I hear somebody singing in the next room.我听见有人在隔壁唱歌。2. 过去
87、介词作宾语补足语，经常表示被动。如：You need to have your hair cut. 你需要理发了。Topic 2 When was it invented? 重点词汇：1. 被用做2. 实现3. 据说4. 某人一生5. 以（身份）而著名6. know/say for certain 7. 一直、总是8. 不再9. 只要10. 就，尽11. 对作出巨大贡献12. 在其余地时间里13. 在任何时候一、 重点句型：1. Because I m not allowed to play computer games.因为我不可以玩电脑游戏。allow “允许、准许”的意思。常用于以下几种
88、形式：(1) allow +n./prep 如： We ca nt allow such a thing.我们不容许这种事情发生。(2) allow sb. to do sth 允许某人做某事如： She allowed me to go fishing.她允许我去钓鱼。(3) allow +doing sth 允许做某事如： We do nt allow smoking in the reading-room.我们不允许在阅览室吸烟。(4) be allowed to do sth如：被允许做某事The students are allowed to play games on the pl
89、ay ground after school. 放学后学生们被准许在操场上做游戏。2. How do you say this in English? 这用英语怎么说？其意思与What s this in English相同。3. It s made from wood.它用木材做的。(1) be made in在地方制造，后接表示地点的名词。(2) be made of用制造的，表示原材料未经化学变化，仍可看得出原材料。(3) be made from用制造的，表示原材料经过化学变化，已看不出其原样。(4) be made by 由（被）（人）制作，后接表示人的名词或代词。(5) be ma
90、de into（某物）被制成精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 17 页(6) be made up of由组成如：The TV set is made in Japan. 这台电视机是日本生产的。These houses are made of stones.这些房子是由石头建造的。Paper is made from wood.纸是木头造的。Was this cake made by your mother?这蛋糕是你妈妈做的吗？Metal can be made into all kinds of things. 金
91、属可以制成各种各样的物品。The medical team is made up of ten doctors.这支医疗队由10 位大夫组成。4. It s used for helping us to improve our English. 它用来帮助我们提高英语水平。(1) be used for+vingbe used to do （被）用来做强调用途或作用(2) be used as （被）作为而用，强调被当作工具或手段来用。(3) be used by被使用， by 后跟人 / 物，强调使用者。如: Pens are used for writing.钢笔被用来写字。Wood is
92、 used to make paper.木材被用来造纸。English is used as a foreign language in China.英语在中国被当作外语使用。Recorders are often used by English teachers.英语老师经常使用录音机。5. They will no longer want to be our servants, but our masters. 它们将不再愿意做我们的人，而要做我们的主人。no longer （通常在动词前） ，not any longer ; not any more （用于非正式文体中）都可表示“ （过
93、去曾）现在不再” 如：She no longer lives here. She does nt live here any longer(或 any more ). 她不在这儿住了。 （过去她曾住这儿）6. This method worked well at night as long as the weather was good and the stars could be seen. 在夜间只要天气晴朗，能看见星星，这种方法就能很好地发挥作用。 work well 有效 as long as 只要三、重点语法：1、 一般过去时的被动语态谓语部分的基本形式是be 的过去式was/wer
94、e+及物动词的过去分词。如： When was it made? 它是什么时候制造的？It was made in 1980.它是 1980 年制造的。When was the digital camera invented?数码像机是什么时候发明的？It was invented in 1975.它是 1975 年发明的。2、时间前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in ，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in 。要说某日上下午，用on 换 in 才能行。午夜黄昏须用at ，黎明用它也不错。at 也用在时分前，说“差”可要用上to 。说“过”只可使用past ，多说多练牢牢记，莫让岁月
95、成蹉跎。Topic 3 Perhaps people will fly to Mars. 一、重点词汇：1.travel by spaceship 2. 将来3. 为了4.on the radio 5. 参加6. 成长、长大7. 喜欢胜过8. 更为糟糕的是9. 有好处，值得一干10.at a distance of 11. 给某人发送信息二、重点句型：1. I dont think aliens can be found in space. 我认为外星人不可能出现在太空里。(1) 当 think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后的宾语从句含有not
96、的否定词时，该否定应移至精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 17 页主句，即否定主句的谓语动词。如：I do nt think it will rain tomorrow.我认为明天不会下雨。如果主句的主语是第二、三人称，否定式一般不转移。如：He supposes they wont win the game.他猜想他们赢不了比赛。(2) can +be + 过去分词 ，是情态动词构成的被动语态。如：This cant be done in a short time.这不是短期内能完成的。2. It has been t
97、wo days since we landed on Mars.自从我们登上火星以来已经两天了。it用作主语谈论时间，常与since 连用。如： It is( 或 has been ) three years since we left school.自从我们离开学校以来已经三年了。3. Whats worse , our water supplies were very low.更糟糕的是，我们的水供给是非常有限的。Whats worse更糟糕的是。类似结构还有：Whats more 更有甚者；更为重要的是。4. Its a quarter as big as the earth.它是地球的
98、四分之一大。倍数表示法：倍数 +as+形容词 / 副词 +as如： This box is three times as heavy as that one.这只箱子是那只箱子的三倍重。5. Mars goes around the sun at a distance of about 228 million kilometers. 恒星在相隔大约228000000 千米的地方绕着太阳转动。(1) at a distance of 相隔(2) at a distance 在远处。如： The moon goes around the earth at a distance of 380000k
99、m. 月球在距地球38 万千米的地方绕地球旋转。 The police followed him at a distance. 警察远远地跟着他。三、重点语法：1、情态动词的被动语态: 是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如： Aliens can not be seen on the earth. 在地球上不可能见到外星人。Other planets may be visited soon in the future.将来其他的星球也会有人登陆。Scientific research should be done carefully.应该认真地进行科学研究。These trees
100、 must be watered in time.这些树应该及时浇水。2、书面表达技巧善于衔接。 一篇好作文不仅是词汇、句子的简单罗列，语句间如缺乏必要的连接过渡和照应，作文就会结构简单，句式单调，缺少灵气，而看似不显眼的衔接过渡可大大增强作文的连贯性，逻辑性和可读性。常见的语篇衔接成分见下表：逻辑关系语篇衔接成分时间关系first(ly),second(ly),then, finally, suddenly, immediately, after, until, the moment, while 空间关系in front of, across, above, nearby, at the
101、back of, next to, on one sideon the other side 对称关系on one hand on the other hand, for one thingfor another 转折关系but, however, yet, while, though, otherwise, rather than, no matter what ,on the other hand 因果关系because of, thanks to, because, since, as, for this/that reason, as a result, so, therefore.
102、条件关系as long as, if, unless, if necessary 增补关系besides, in addition, not onlybut also, as well, whats more,what s worse 举例for example/instance, such as, like, namely, in other words 评价as far as I know, there is no doubt that, Im not sure that, It s certain that, as we know, Its known to all that,总结in a word, next to, in short, in general, in all, to sum up Generally speaking, therefore 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 17 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 17 页
