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1、1 从句专项在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。定语从句定语从句( attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词
2、定语从句在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语,将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下:一,引导词A,由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。 连词 that只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分例: I told him that he was
3、 wrong. l 在 think,believe, suppose, expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式。例: I don t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对) l 在许多带有复合宾语的句子中,that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面,而用it 做形式宾语。例: We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone ( 我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的) B,由连词 if、 whether 引导的表示 “ 是否 ” 的宾语从句。 Whethe
4、r,if 在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下,whether 和 if 可以替换。例: I don t know if/whether he will co me tomorrow. The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. l 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if 引导例: Everything depends on whether we have enough money。l 宾语从句中有or not 时不用 if 引导 . 例: I don t know whether the movie star will co
5、me or not.l 和不定式连用作宾语时不用if 引导 .例: Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页2 C,由 wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which, 和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分。例: Do you know which film they are talking about? (
6、which做定语 ) I don t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语 ) 二,宾语从句的语序,宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序,既连接词+主语 +谓语 +其他成分例: I believe that they will come soon. He asked me whether I was a teacher. They wanted to know what they can do for us. 二,宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,既:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主
7、句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。例: 1)She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student. 2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already. 4)She say
8、s that she can sing a song in English. She said that she could sing a song in English. l 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例: The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. He told me that Japan is an island country. lCould you tell me是用来征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去。例: Could you tell me when we will
9、 visit the Histury Museum? C、同位语从句(一) 概念一般来说, 在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word(消息),problem, question, doubt, thought 等。例如:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归
10、纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页3 They were delighted at the news that their team had won. 当听到他们队获胜的消息时,他们欣喜若狂。Where did you get the idea that I could not come ?你从哪儿听说我不能来?有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如:The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book. 他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。(二)引导词寻规找矩 请仔细观察下列句子,
11、注意从句引导词的用法。1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting. 4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now. 5. We haven t yet settled the qu
12、estion where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be back 小结归纳 that 引导同位语从句时无词义,也不充当任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1; whether 引导同位语从句时意为“ 是否 ” ,通常不能用if 来代替 ,如句 2; 连接代词 who, what 等可以引导同位语从句,如句3, 4; 连接副词 where, how,
13、 when 等可以引导同位语从句,如句 5,6,7。(三) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较:1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. 分析 句 1 中 that 引导同位语从句,说明“news”的内容:我们队取得了决赛胜利。句 2 中 that引导定语从句,对“news”加以限定:是你告诉我们的,而非来
14、自其他渠道。 that 的功能不同: that 引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较:1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 分析 句 1 中 that 引导 同位语从句,其中that 无词义,也不充当任何成分;句 2 中 that 引导定语从句,that 指代 p
15、romise,又在从句中充当主语,且that 可以用 which 替换。 可否省略: that 在引导同位语从句时,通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略,若作主语则不可以省略。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页4 即学即用 I 请用适当的词填空,使下列句子意思完整。1. They expressed the hope _ they would come over to China soon. 2. The fact _ he didnt see Tom this morning is tru
16、e.3. Word has come _ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week. 4. He cant answer the question _ he got the money from his home yesterday. 5. Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom? 6. The problem _ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be de
17、cided at once. II. 下列各句中均有一处错误,请改正。1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy. 2. Ive come with a message from Mr Wang how he wont be able to see you this afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not. 4. Ive read the book where you gave me the day before
18、 yesterday. 5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right. III 把下列句子翻译成英语。1. 我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信。2. 他经常问我这个问题,那就是这个工作是否值得做。3. 他什么也不说,这一事实使大家都感到惊奇。4. 在我看来,他刚才告诉我的这个消息是真实的。5. 他突然想起他本来应该去接儿子的。Key: I. 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. how 5. what 6. whether II. 1 thatwhich 2. how that 3. ifw
19、hether4. where that / which 或省略 where 5. when that 6. thathow III. 1. I made a promise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing. 2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. 3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 4. In my opinion, the news
20、(that / which) he told me just now is true5. A thought suddenly came to him that he should have picked up his son. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页5 D、 状语从句的种类 1 状语从句的种类用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句; 3.原因状语从句; 4.条件状语从句; 5.目的状语从句; 6.让步状语从句; 7.比较状语从
21、句; 8.程度状语从句; 9.方式状语从句; 10.结果状语从句。 2 状语从句的时态特点一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“ 一般现在时 ” 表示 “ 一般将来时 ” ,用 “ 现在完成时 ” 表示 “ 将来完成时 ” 。二 时间状语从句 3 时间状语从句( adverbial clause of time)1.由 when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。【区别】 when, while 和 as 的区别: when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when 有时表示 “ 就在那时 ” 。While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强
22、调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while 有时还可以表示对比。例如:While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和 was watching同时发生 ) As 表示 “ 一边 一边 ” ,as 引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as 也可以强调 “ 一先一后。As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as 强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特
23、定时间)2.由 before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句。注意before 引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before 引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成 “ 就,才 ” 。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before 引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before 引导的从句相反。3.由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句。till 和 until 一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until 。并
24、且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:4.由 since 引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is 时间 since 从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:5.由 as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些
25、连词都表示“ 一 就” 。【注意】 hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于 as soon as 之意。主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时。当 hardly, scarcely, rarely和 no sooner 位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 8 页6 6.由 by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般
26、现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。7.由 each time, every time和 whenever引导的时间状语从句。8.由 as long as和 so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“ 有多久 就多久 ” 。三 地点状语从句 4 地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place) 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如:句型 1:Where 地点从句,( there )主句。【注意】此句型通常译成“ 哪里 哪里就 ” ; 主句在从句后面时, there 可用可不用; 如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都
27、不用there 。句型 2:Anywhere/ wherever地点从句,主句。状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号。状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,结果,目的等类。时间状语从句:是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。原因状语从句:because, since, as和 for
28、 都表示原因。 because 语势最强,回答why 提出的问题,用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因,就用as 或 since 。由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。目的状语从句:表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。结果状语从句:结果状语从句常由so.that 或 such.that引导,要掌握和区分这两个句型,首先要了解so 和 such 后面分别跟什么词。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词 ,只能
29、修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。如: The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. 让步状语从句:是由though, although 引导的状语从句。E、表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词。名词性从句在be 等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句,例如:The problem is how we can get the thi
30、ngs we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)/ The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)/ What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语,that 作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页7 不能省略)/ Th
31、at is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)/ That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) “That is why. ” 是常用句型,意为 “ 这就是 的原因 /因此 ”, 其中why 引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结,又如:That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮,这就是现在这个老太婆出现在
32、你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异,说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后,用这一句来进行概括)。 / That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构,它们与 “That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:(1) “That is why.”与 “That is the reason why.” 同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why.”中 why引导的是个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样,例如:That is
33、 (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。(2) “That is because.” 句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为 “ 这就是为什么 /因为 ” 。“That is because.”与 “That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由,“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果,例如:He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little
34、 sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果,第二句话说明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他昨天晚上没有去看。 (第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果) 考题1The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed ” to make us do so. (2007上海 ) A. when B.
35、why C. whether D. that 答案D 解析下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句,如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此,应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that 。考题2You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how 答案B 解析下划线处的引导词引导系动词is 后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree ” 属于不及物动词,“I disagre
36、e”本身是完整的主谓结构), 下划线应填入引导词where , 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“ 我不同意之处、我不同意的地方” 。考题3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? (1999) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 8 页8 A. why B. when C. what D. where 答案A 解析下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is 连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语,下划线应填入表示“ 因此 ”( 指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why 。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 8 页