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1、句子成分及句子结构一、句子成分1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语
2、从句是真正主语）2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 3.宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
3、 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.4.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Miss Yang is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to
4、 teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend. (副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I d
5、o. （定语从句）5.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步和伴随。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like s
6、ome of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.6.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy.
7、 （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词）Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 7.主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next
8、room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）
9、To wear a flower is to say Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的连系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .等等) It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The fo
10、od smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.二、简单句的基本句型1. 主语 谓语本结构是由“主语+不及物动词（词组）”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，She came. My head aches. The sun rises.该句型的主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.2. 主语 谓语 宾语 此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、
11、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.The young should take good care of the old.3. 主语 连系动词 表语本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, co
12、me, grow等。She is happy. He fell off his bike and got hurt. His advice proved (to be) right.4. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, 等；（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, sp
13、are,等。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.5. 主语 谓语（及物动词） 宾语 宾语补足语此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。She makes her mother angry.The teacher asked me to read the pa
14、ssage.6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有 there is / are 过去有 there was / were 将来有 there will be/ there is / are going to be. 现在已经有 there has / have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been. 过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens
