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1、被动语态一 被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be + 过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：（1） am/ is / are + done 一般现在时 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. （2） has/ have been done 现在完成时 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.（3） am/ is/ are
2、 being done 现在进行时 A new cinema is being built here.（4） was/ were done 一般过去式 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. （5） had been done 过去完成时 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.（6） was/ were being done 过去进行时 A meeting was being hol
3、d when I was there.（7） Shall / will be done be going to be done be about to be done be to be done 一般将来时 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.(8) Should / would be done was / were going to be done was / were about to be done was / were to be done 过去将来时 The news would be sent to the sol
4、diers mother as soon as it arrived.(9) Shall / will have been done 将来完成时 The project will have been completed before July.(10) Should / would have been done 过去将来完成时 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式（1） 带情态动词的被动结构，形式为： 情态动词 + be + 过去分词。 The baby should be t
5、aken good care of by Tom.（2） 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语（人）。His mother gave him a present for his birthday.He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3） 当“动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ” 结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.The bo
6、y was caught smoking a cigarette.（4） 在使役动词have, make, let, force, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.A stranger was seen to walk into the building. （5） 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词 + 介词”，“动词 + 副词”等， 也可以用于被动结
7、构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v. + ing.形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态。I dont like being laughed at in the public.二 It is said that + 从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It + be + 过去分词 + that从句”或“ 主语 + b
8、e + 过去分词 + to do sth.”。 It is said that.据说； It is reported that . 据报道； It is suggested that 据建议 It is believed that. 大家相信； It is hoped that 大家希望； It is thought that . 大家认为； It is well known that众所周知； It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.The boy is said to have passed the national exa
9、m.三谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1 动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, sell, read, write, wash, read, act, wear, open, cook, dry, eat, drink等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。(这类动词一般不单独使用，常加上一个副词修饰语, 多为well, easily, quickly, rapidly等)。This kind of cloth washes well. This pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔写起字来很流畅。
10、注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界造成的影响。The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked. （指不会有人来锁门，指“门没有锁”是人为的原因） 2. 表示“发生，进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do the newspapers come out? 3. 表示“开始”“结束”“启动，开
11、，关，停”的动词，如：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。Work began at eight oclock this morning. 今天早上八点开始了工作。The shop closes at 6 p.m. every morning. 商店每天下午六点关门。This term will end on July 2 nd. 这个学期7月2日结束。4. 系动词没有表达形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, look, smell, pr
12、ove, appear等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your story sounds interesting. His proposal which came up at the meeting proved practical. 他在会上提出的建议证明是可行的。5. 少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义，如：print , build, cook, fry, hang, make, bake, finish等。The meat is cooking. 正在煮肉。The house is building. 这栋房子正在建造中。 The cakes are baking.
13、面包正烤着呢。My raincoat is hanging behind the door. 我的雨衣挂在门后。 四非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义1. 在 need, want, require, deserve等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing (to be repaired). 这房子需要修理。 This point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得一提。 2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式：而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式
14、。 The picture book is well worth reading. The picture book is very worthy to be read. 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与 I是主谓关系。 ) Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此处用不定式
15、的被动语态作定语表明You不是 post 动作的执行者。）4. 在某些“形容词 + 不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, comfortable, pleasant, interesting, light, heavy, good, safe, dangerous 。This problem is difficult (for me) to work out. The boy is easy (for people) to get along with. 这个男
