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1、多种经济成分并存1978年以前，中国只有单一的公有制经济，国有企业占77.6%，集体企业占22.4%。改革开放为多种经济成分的共同发展开辟了广阔空间，外商和港澳台商投资工业、个体和私营工业等其他经济成分如雨后春笋般迅猛发展。 国有企业改革始终是中国经济体制改革的中心环节。中国政府做了大量的各种各样的尝试，试图解决国有企业长期大面积亏损的问题。目前，中国国有企业的公司制改革已基本完成。经过股份制改造的国有企业，经济效益持续回升，总体实力和整体素质明显提高，对整个国民经济的控制力、影响力和带动力也不断增强。到2004年，全部国有工业企业及年产品销售收入500万元以上的非国有工业企业增加值中，国有及
2、国有控股企业占42.4%，集体企业占5.3%，其余份额为非公有制企业占有，包括外商投资企业、港澳台商投资企业，以及个体和私营企业，呈现出多种经济成分并存的活跃局面。据2004年的统计，中国进入世界500强的企业中，内地的14家企业全部是国有企业。中国企业500强中，国有及国有控股企业有370家，占74；资产总额27.37万亿元，占96.96；实现利润2663亿元，占84.09。中小企业和非公有制企业已成为中国解决就业问题的主渠道，仅民营企业就占全社会就业总量的50%左右。（选自中国2005）Diversified Economic Players “Elements” is too dubio
3、us.Before 1978, China had a singular public-ownership economy, primarily run by state-owned enterprises, which contributed 77.6% of the national industrial output 原文不清楚。不知道77.6% 是market players (市场参与者)，或是national output （国家经济产出占比）。查了一些资料：“Institutional Environment, Community Government, and Corporat
4、e Governance:Understanding Chinas Township-Village Enterprises1. IntroductionThe remarkable development of the non-state sector has changed the landscape of Chinas industries (Table 1). In 1978, 78% of national industrial output came from state-owned enterprises (SOEs); by 1993, that percentage had
5、sunk to a 43% level, with non-state enterprises providing 57% of total production. The most dynamic segment in the non-state sector is rural enterprises (xiangzhen qiye), which accounted for 36% of the national industrial output in 1993, up from 9% in 1978. Within the rural sector, the township and
6、village enterprises (xiangcun qiye), or TVEs, account for about three-quarters of rural industrial output, or more than one-quarter of the national total”Institutional Environment, Community Government, and Corporate Governance:Understanding Chinas Township-Village Enterprises, Journal of Law, Econo
7、mics, and Organization, 14(1):1-23, April, 1998.www.econ.stanford.edu/faculty/workp/swp97043.pdf“Although Chinese economic reform began with no intention to privatize, in the past two decades, and particularly since the early 1990s, both explicit and implicit privatization have accelerated in China.
8、 In 1978, at the beginning of the reform, 78% of total industrial output came from SOEs. By 1995, the SOEs share had shrunk to only one-third (China Statistical Yearbook 1996: 403).”Chinas SOE Reform: A Corporate Governance Perspective, Weiying Zhang, Guang Hua School of Management Peking University
9、 http:/ and collectively-owned enterprises, which accounted for the remaining 22.4%. The introduction of the policies of reform and opening-up has offered the many economic players extensive opportunities 认为这里用extensive scope 不合适。 for development. Against this backdrop was a rapid growth in industri
10、al investments by foreign businesses as well as by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan companies; home-grown family and private How Ownership Classes Contribute to Output and EmploymentThe State Statistical Office presents data for seven different classes of enterprise ownership: individual ownership, priva
11、te ownership, foreign ownership, joint ownership, shareholding corporations, collective ownership, and state ownership. Unfortunately, information is not uniformly available for these classifications for all of the indicators of interest to analysts; frequently, some of the ownership categories are
12、aggregated as “other types of ownership.” The Development of Private Enterprise in the Peoples Republic of China, Asian Development Bankhttp:/www.adb.org/documents/studies/PRC_Private_Enterprise_Development/section01.pdf industrial ventures also swiftly multiplied. The reform of state-owned enterpri
13、ses (SOEs) has always been central to Chinas economic restructuring. The Chinese government has done much to reverse the perennial losses of SOEs. At present, the corporatisation宝钢能否开辟国企改革新路径作者:陈锐2005年10月17日,“只闻楼梯响,不见人下来”的宝钢集团新董事会终于正式公开亮相。对于国资委乃至中央企业来说,这一天无疑是一个具有里程碑意义的日子。国资委主任李荣融对此事的评价是:“这是国资委成立以来最大
14、的新闻,意义非同一般。”李荣融还特别强调:“以前国有企业改革多数是方法上的改进,而这次是从体制、制度上的改革。”宝钢的制度变革问题,本刊曾在2005年第3期以宝钢试验田为题进行过深入分析,并指出,宝钢在制度上的后发劣势已经成为其持续提高竞争力的现实约束。宝钢集团新董事会的成功组建,是国资委成立两年多来在国企改革方面取得的一个重要阶段性成果。国企改革一直被视为是中国整体经济改革的重中之重,同时也是最具复杂性的改革。尤其是在2004年由郎咸平发起的关于国企产权改革路向的争论,更是凸显了国企改革的紧迫性。目前,公司化、公司控制权的重新安排以及股权的多元化、公众化,已经被越来越多的政府官员、企业界人士
15、和经济专家公认为国企改革的现实路径。国资委的成立,正是为了适应推进国企的公司化改造,代表国家行使所有者权力,建立起所有者与经营者之间的制衡关系,构建良好公司治理结构的需要。因为只有这样,才可能在国有企业形成有效的内部权力制衡机制和外部市场监控机制。国资委主任李荣融也曾公开表示,国有大企业的改革方向是股份制,我们坚持这个方向毫不动摇。宝钢集团是国有企业先进典型的代表,其作为央企董事会改革试点的真正意义也在于,它能否为国企改革引领出一条光明的现实之路。宝钢董事会改革如果成功,无疑会为169家中央企业的治理变革提供难得的、极具现实操作性的宝贵经验。正是基于此,国资委对此次宝钢董事会改革的未来充满期待
16、。可是,外界对于国资委的此项努力却充满疑虑单一的股权结构极有可能使国资委精心架构的宝钢董事会流于形式。国有独资固然会使宝钢的公司治理存在不可避免的缺陷,但此问题完全可以通过集团的公开上市获得解决。依笔者看来,宝钢董事会的根本性缺陷并不在于此,而在于其人员构建模式可能给国企未来的治理改革提供不好的先例。宝钢董事会还缺什么？宝钢集团新董事会的组建,是依据2004年6月初国资委下发的关于中央企业建立和完善国有独资公司董事会试点工作的通知,以及与该通知同时下发的国资委关于国有独资公司董事会建设的指导意见(试行)进行的。其构建工作历时一年多,此间过程可谓错综复杂。此前,外界对宝钢董事会的人员构成也曾有颇多猜测,但宝钢方面对此却一直三缄其口,不向外界透露过多细节。从中也可以看出,国资委为平衡各方
