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1、Chapter 3 动词的用法和时态作谓语的动词要根据句子意义的需要和句子的主语在数，时态，语态等方面作变化，成为动词的限定形式；此外还有三种不作句子谓语的动词形式，即不定式，分词和动名词，称为动词的非限定形式。有关动词用法所作的结论既适合于谓语动词，也适用于动词的非限定形式，因为同一个动词不论作为谓语动词出现还是以非限定形式出现，它在用法上的要求总是一样的。有关动词时态的结论，只适用于谓语动词。I. 动词的用法英语动词有及物和不及物之分，及物动词后面要跟宾语，不及物动词后面不能直接跟上宾语。可充当宾语用的此类有名词，代词，数词，动名词，不定式等；有些动词后面可跟两个宾语直接宾语和间接宾语；除
2、了这些简单宾语外，有些动词可跟复合宾语；此外，有时宾语由一个句子担当，就是宾语从句。复杂的是并非每个动词后面都可以跟所有这些不同类型的宾语。一个动词后面跟什么样的宾语完全由这个动词的用法决定。例如：（正）I want you to come.（误）I hope you to come.（正）I hope that you will come.（误）I want that you will come.（正）Ill get him to do it as soon as possible.（误）Ill have him to do it as soon as possible.1. 当动词的宾语表
3、示的是一个动作时，如“他喜欢听音乐”，“他停止了呼吸”，可作宾语的有两种词不定式和动名词。不是任何一个动词后面都可以跟这两种词宾语。有的动词后面只能跟不定式，有的动词后面只能跟动名词；有的动词后面可以跟两者而没有多大区别，有的动词后面可以跟两者而大有区别。a) 只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词：want, wish, hope, manage, ask, offer, pretend, decide, learn, agree, care, choose, expect, undertake, promise, arrange, refuse, hesitate, prepare, fail, l
4、ong, plan, etc.b) 只能用动名词作宾语的动词：finish, deny, enjoy, suggest, mind, consider, quit, practice, risk, recall, resent, keep (on), cannot help, need, fancy, etc.c) 可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语而意义差别不大的动词：love, like, dislike, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, propose. etc.d) 可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语但意义有差别的动词：remember,
5、 forget, regret, try, need, stop, etc.I remember posting the letter for you. 我记得为你寄过信。I remember to post the letter for you. 我没忘记为你寄信。I regret having told him so much about the secret plan.我后悔给他说了那么多关于秘密计划的事。I regret to say that I havent given you enough help.我很遗憾没有给你足够的帮助。Those who have studied the
6、 subject do not need to come.Those pants need washing. (= Those pants need to be washed.)那些裤子要洗一下。When the teacher came into the classroom we all stopped talking.老师走进教室，我们都不说话了。The moment the boss was gone, we stopped (doing something else) to laugh.头儿一走，我们（停下做某一件事）就大笑起来。2. 不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，但有不少及物动词可跟一个
7、介词，然后再跟上介词的宾语。一个不及物动词后面跟哪一个介词，往往是固定的，不能随意乱用。有时同一个动词后面还可能跟两个不同的介词，但意义不同。这些固定的用法是需要死记硬背的。下面是一些常见的不及物动词+介词的固定搭配：agree with, agree to, approve of, count on, rely on, depend on, insist on, persist in, persevere in, think of, think about, succeed in, interfere with, interfere in, look into, object to, res
8、ult from, result in, worry about, conform to, comply with, cooperate with, accord with, etc.3. 英语中有不少构成方式固定的动词短语，如动词+副词+介词，动词+名词+介词等，这些结构中的介词也是要死记硬背的，不可随意改变。下面是一些这类动词短语的例子：look forward to, put up with, keep up with, stand up to, get through to, get along with, look down on, fall out with, pay attent
9、ion to, take care of, devote something to, find fault with, etc.在这些结构中，当介词是to时，要特别小心，因为它和不定式符号to同形，因此常常被误认为是个不定式。（误）We have been looking forward to meet you.（正）We have been looking forward to meeting you.（误）He devoted ten years to write this book.（正）He devoted ten years to writing this book.有些及物动词后面
10、可跟复合宾语，但复合宾语有各种类型，一个动词后面可以跟哪一类或哪几类复合宾语是动词的固定用法。4. 复合宾语有四大类：a) 名词（或代词）+不定式这个结构中的不定式有两种可能：带to和不带to。这取决于前面的谓语动词。要求跟带to的不定式的动词比较多，如：ask, tell, invite., want, force, get, compel, allow, expect, encourage, advice, persuade, instruct, permit, remind, request, order, command, warn, cause, urge, etc.要注意，有些动词
11、虽然意义相近，但用法却不同，这方面是很容易出错的：（正）We wish you to come again.（误）We hope you to come again.（正）We want him to come.（误）We suggest him to come.要求跟不带to的不定式的动词比较少，有make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等。这其中以have最易被忽视。其实have+宾语+不带to的不定式时，它的用法和意义都相当于make，它们都属于有些语法书上说的使役动词。因此：（误）He had the boy to send fre
12、sh flowers to the lady every day.（正）He had the boy send fresh flowers to the lady every day.（误）I felt his hand to move toward my hip pocket.（正）I felt his hand move toward my hip pocket.b) 名词（或代词）+分词这个结构中的分词包括现在分词和过去分词，它们之间的选择取决于意义。要求跟这类复合宾语的动词有see，hear，notice，watch，keep，find，get，have，feel，set，make，s
13、mell，declare，等：Do you smell something burning?What he said set me thinking.They are going to have the room painted.The chairman declared the meeting adjourned.c)名词（或代词）+名词这类复合宾语只是在有限的一些动词后面用，常见的有call, name, make, elect, appoint, nominate, think, find, consider, leave:The death of his mother left him
14、 an orphan.I found him a competent assistant.We made him captain of the team.d) 名词（或代词）+形容词常见的跟这类宾语的动词有：make, find, consider, think, keep, get, dye, paint, turn, prove, believe, render, cut, set, beat:As time is limited, I have to cut my speech short.I am going to paint the walls blue.When are you g
15、oing to set me free?5. 注意系动词的用法。动词to be是最普通的系动词了，除了be以外，become, get, grow等也都是些常用的系动词。但除了这些以外，英语中还有一些动词也可以称作为系动词，或至少是半系动词，最主要的有五个表示人的五种感觉的动词，即look（看上去），sound（听上去），feel（摸上去），smell（闻上去），taste（尝起来）。注意这五个动词后面必须用形容词作补语。The flowers smell fragrant.The plastic top of the table feels very smooth.The pills taste bitter.II. 动词的时态以句子He works为例，动词时态可归纳为十六种：一般进行完成完成进行现在He works.He is working.He has worked.He has been working.过去He worked.He was working.He had worked.He had been working.将来He will work.He will be working.He will have worked.He will have been working.过去将来He would work.He would be working.
