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1、LECTURE 5 虚拟语气本堂目标了解使用虚拟语气的各种句型结构或标志性词语，掌握虚拟条件句与真实条件句的含义对比，正确理解虚拟语气表达含义。基础预习一、虚拟条件句条件句分两种：一种是真实条件句，一种是虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句，即指在一个虚拟假想的条件下，来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景，这些情景是不可能发生的，与客观事实相反的。在这种条件句中，从句和主句都要用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句一般用if，unless(=if not)，lest来引导。我们可以对现在、过去、将来这三种情况进行虚拟，主句和从句中的谓语动词形式列表如下：表示虚拟的时间从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在过去式would/shoul
2、d/might/could + do过去过去完成式would/should/might/could+have done将来did或were to/should +dowould/should/might/could + do【例1】(07-Text 1)If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are m
3、ost likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.【点睛】If从句表示与将来事实相反的假设。If从句谓语动词用过去时were to，主句谓语动词为would+do形式。【译文】如果仔细查看2006年世界杯联赛每个足球运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个明显的巧合：好的足球运动员大都在上半年而不是在下半年出生。【例2】(03-Text 3)If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argu
4、e, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. 【点睛】本句结构为They argue.。if从句表示与现在事实相反的假设。If从句的谓语动词为过去式charged，主句的谓语动词为would to。【译文】他们声称，若铁路部门对所有客户都收取一样的费用，那么发货商就可以转向公路或其他的运输方式，从
5、而迫使剩余的客户承担维持铁路经营的成本费用。【例3】（95-完形）The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood, as if their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseases had crashed.【点睛】主句的谓语动词是一般时态develop，从句的谓语动词用了过去完成时态had crashed，说明as if引导的从句表示与过去事实相反的假设。【译文】这些老鼠的血液受到细菌感染，就好像他们自身的免疫系统预防疾病的一种自我保护机制已经被破坏掉了。【归
6、纳总结】虚拟条件句时态从上面的表格及举例可以看出，虚拟条件句比真实条件句的时态要后退一步。1） 真实条件句中的现在时在虚拟条件句中后退成过去时；2） 真实条件句中的过去时在虚拟条件句中后退成过去完成时；3）真实条件句中的将来时在虚拟条件句中后退成过去将来时。【补充拓展】真实条件句与虚拟条件句含义对比例示含义If I have enough money, I will go to the zoo with you.如果我有足够的钱，我会和你一起去动物园。暗含“我得数一数钱是否够，如果够我就和你一起去”，实际上该句是真实条件句。If I had enough money, I would go t
7、o the zoo with you.如果我有足够的钱，我会和你一起去动物园。暗含“事实上我几乎没钱，没法和你去” ，实际上该句是对现在的假设。If I had had enough money, I would have gone to the zoo with you.如果我当时有钱足够的钱，我就会和你一起去动物园了。暗含“当时我没有足够的钱，如果有的话，我当时就和你一起去了”，实际上该句是对过去的假设。二、wish，if only的虚拟用法wish +that引导的宾语从句或if only引导的感叹句中使用虚拟语气。表示虚拟的时间谓语形式例示与现在相反If only(=I wish)+主
8、语动词过去式If only (=I wish) my friend was healthy.真希望我的朋友身体健康。与过去相反If only(=I wish)+主语had+动词分词If only (=I wish) he had talked to her sooner!要是他早点跟她说就好了。与将来相反If only(=I wish)+主语would动词原形I wish they (=If only) would stop making nuclear bombs. 我希望他们能停止制造核弹。【例】At the second home, the son of the other woman
9、who had gone said, “If only I hadnt insisted on my mothers going to Florida, she would be alive today.”【点睛】本句中if only引导的从句表示对过去的虚拟，而主句则是对现在事实的虚拟，属错综时态结构句。【译文】在第二家，另一位已故妇人的儿子说 ：“如果当初我没有坚持让母亲去佛罗里达，也许她今天还会活着。”三、would rather的虚拟用法 would rather意为“宁愿、宁可”，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。would rather有时也写作would sooner, would ju
10、st as soon。表虚拟的时间从句谓语形式例示与现在或将来相反动词过去式Id rather you were not involved in the case. 我宁愿你不卷入这件事。与过去相反had+动词分词Id rather that you hadnt told me about it.我宁愿你未曾把这件事告诉我。四、as if, as though引导的方式状语中有时用虚拟语气在as if/though从句中使用虚拟语气，表现形式如下：表虚拟的时间从句谓语形式例示现在(主句和从句中的谓语动作同时发生)过去式(be用were或was)Summer as it is, it seems
11、 as if it were spring. 虽然现在是夏天，但看起来好像是春天。过去(从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前)过去完成式Nobody ever touched this machine, but it operates as if it had been repaired. 以前没人碰过这台机器，但它开起来好像被修理过似的将来(从句表示的动作发生在主句表示的动作之后)would 动词原形Some days go by much more quickly than others. Some hours seem as if they would never end. 有时时间过得飞快，
12、有时时间似乎永无尽头。【例1】If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected.【点睛】as if引导的从句谓语动词用了过去时态were，说明从句表示的动作与现在事实相反。【译文】如果我要纠正别人，我会采取和蔼克制的态度，好像在纠正自己一样。【例2】Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as i
13、f they were being treated like disposable goods.【点睛】as if从句中虚拟语气的使用。本句是对现在的虚拟，从句谓语动词为were。【译文】盐湖城的许多移民都对这次拘捕表示愤慨，他们说感觉自己就像是可随意处理的商品一样被对待。【补充拓展】as if/though从句也可不用于虚拟语气，而用陈述语气，表示事实或有很大可能性，这种情况常用在系动词look，seem，taste，smell，sound等后。1)There are clouds in the sky; it looks as if it is going to rain.天空中乌云密布，
14、看起来要下雨了。(马上就要下雨)2)It seems as if the boy has lost his way.这个男孩好像迷了路。五、建议性虚拟语气建议性虚拟语气以suggest的用法为典型代表，用于表示建议、要求、命令等语气。其形式采用“(should +) 动词原形”，其中的should可省略。主要用于以下句式：1. 表示“建议、命令”等的动词这些词后的宾语从句中的谓语动词须用“should动词原形”的形式，其中should可省略。分类动词例示表示愿望desire, preferWe desire that the tour leader inform us immediately
15、of any change in plans.我们希望旅游团领队立即通知我们计划中的任何变化。表示建议advise, move(提议), propose, suggest, recommendHe suggested we go to tomorrows exhibition together. 他建议我们一起去(看)明天的展览。表示要求、请求ask, beg, insist, maintain, oblige, request, require, urge(强烈要求)Mikes uncle insists that he (should) not stay in this hotel. 迈克的叔叔坚持不住这家旅馆。表示命令command, decree, dictate, direct, order, stipulateAs Command-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.作为武装总司令，我命令采取一切力量进行防御。表示决定decide, determi
