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1、2023英译汉 At its heart, psycholinguistic work consists of two questions. One is, What knowledge of language is needed for us to use language? In a sense, we must know a language to use it, but we are not always fully aware of this knowledge. A distinction may be drawn between tacit knowledge and expli
2、cit knowledge. Tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge of how to perform various acts, whereas explicit knowledge refers to the knowledge of the processes or mechanisms used in these acts. We sometimes know how to do something without knowing how we do it. For instance, a baseball pitcher (投手) might
3、 know how to throw a baseball 90 miles an hour but might have little or no explicit knowledge of the muscle groups that are involved in this act. Similarly, we may distinguish between knowing how to speak and knowing what processes are involved in producing speech. Generally speaking, much of our li
4、nguistic knowledge is tacit rather than explicit.参考译文：心理语言学的研究涉及两个核心问题。第一，我们使用语言需要什么语言知识？从某种意义上说，我们必须拥有某种语言的知识才干使用该语言，但却并不总是能完全 意识到这种知识。我们也许要对隐性知识和显性知识加以区分。隐性知识是指如何执行各种动作所拥有的知识，而显性知识是指在这些动作中使用的过程或者机制所 蕴含的知识。有时，我们知道如何做某事，却无法说出我们是怎么做的。比如，一名棒球投手也许知道如何以每小时90英里的速度把球抛出去，但对有关参与此活 动的肌群的显性知识却知之甚少，或一无所知。同样地，我
5、们知道如何说话，但却不清楚言语产生包含哪些过程。总的来说，我们的大多数语言知识都是隐性知识而 非显性知识。2023英译汉 The physical distance between speakers can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously sendmessagesaboutintent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers whilst distance maydenote formality o
6、r a lack of interest. Proximity is also both a matter of personal style and is often culture-bound so that what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarilyclose or distant to a speaker from another. And, standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations
7、 such as informal party, but completely out of place in others, such as meeting with a superior. Posture can convey meaning too. Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of mood. A lowered head when speaking to a superior (with or without eye contact) can convey the appropriat
8、e relationship in some cultures. 演说者与听众之间的实际距离通常来是用来传送演说内容的最佳途径但是同时可以表白很多问题。就拿距离的远近来说，近距离可以体现演说者和听众的一种密切限度但同时对于演说者也是一种心灵上的震慑，相反，远距离会是一种较正式的提现但也可说是一种缺少爱好的表现。大体距离不仅仅是一种个人风格的提现同时也和个人的文化背景息息相关，因此在一种文化中所体现的演说者与听众之间适宜的距离在另一种文化中也许会被界定成一种过度亲近亦或过度的疏远。再比如，如在非正规的宴会中，双方之间紧贴的距离是一种适宜的表现但是如若是和高层领导洽谈，这样的距离就显得适得其反了。
9、不仅仅是距离，姿势也会透露很多细节。俯身前倾，头部前伸是一种正面情绪的提现。但当和尊者沟通还随着着时不时的眼神交流时，谦卑的低头在一些文化背景中却也是一种合适的氛围。2023英译汉The UN General Assembly, the central political forum, is composed of 193 members, including virtually all the worlds nation-states. Two thirds of its members are developing countries, which account for about th
10、ree-quarters of the worlds population.Reaching decisions is difficult, especially since all agreements by custom must be reached by consensus. As a result, important agreements are often held hostage by narrow special interests, and most agreements are reached only by reducing them to their lowest c
11、ommon denominators. But the real question is whether the major countries of the world will allow democracy to function at the highest level.The Security Council, which is responsible for peace and security, deals with issues of the greatest political importance. The Council has only 15 members so it
12、 can meet frequently and deal with crises. Once impotence due to Cold War rivalries, it has regained much of the authority accorded by the UN charter.参考译文 联合国代表大会，中心政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎涉及世界上所有国家，其中三分之二的国家为发展中国家，占世界总人口的四分之三。通过决议非常困难，特别是所有惯例决出的协议必须达成一致才干通过。结果就是，重要的协议总是被狭隘的特殊利益所挟持，并且大部分协议都只是用来使自己的利益最大化。但
13、真正的问题是世界上重要国.是否乐意看到民主最大限度地开展。联合国安理睬，负责和平和安全，解决最重要的政治问题。安理睬只有15个成员国，所以能经常性地应付危机。它曾一度由于冷战对立而停摆，但已经重新获得了联合国宪章给予的权利。2023英译汉In some cases, intelligent people implementing intelligent policies are responsible for producing a boomerang effect; they actually create more of whatever it is they seek to reduce
14、 in the first place.The boomerang effect has been achieved many times in recent years by men and women of goodwill. State legislatures around the nation have recently raised the drinking age back to 21 in an effort to reduce the prevalence of violent deaths among our young people. But such policies
15、seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers (夜总会,酒吧等保安人员) (not to mention owners ear to keep their liquor licenses) now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternit
16、y houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior - or their drinking.The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband (违禁品）confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alterative have begun
