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1、(精品word)跨文化交际课后翻译原文1-8单元Translation1The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology，
2、 appearance， and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilizations failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global。 The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of facetoface conflicts as well as international misunderstanding-major and minor quarrels
3、that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict。 It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from
4、 our own。 The ability， through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace.Translation 2 Culture is someth
5、ing referred to as our mental programming， our “software of the mind.” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various
6、 specific applications。 The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed。 It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture
7、is like the water fish swim ina reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life。 Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals。 Societi
8、es are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters， what o prefer， what to avoid, and wh
9、at to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities。 It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior。Translation 3Although each of us has
10、 a unique set of values， there also are values that tend to permeate a culture。 These are called cultural values. Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what is good and bad， right and false， positive and negative， and the like. Cultural values define what
11、is worthwhile to die for， what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity。 Cultural values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which s
12、hould be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. The values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriat
13、e behaviors in a society. Values, in other words， help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems。 To the extent that cultural value systems differ, we may expect that intercultural communication participants wi
14、ll tend to exhibit and to expect different under similar circumstance.Translation 4When we say that language is always ambiguous， what we mean is that we can never fully control the meaning of the things we say and write。 The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words
15、 and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean。 To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication。 Language is inherently ambiguous。 It means that in order to communica
16、te we must always jump to conclusions about what other mean。 There is no way around this。 When someone says something， w must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources。 1, the language they have used， and 2， our knowledge about the world。 The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances。 Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certa
