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1、 情态动词用法总结一分类 情态动词有四类: 只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might), 可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare 可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would) ,ought to 具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to 情态动词表猜测 二位置 情态动词有一定的词义,但并不完整,必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。 I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你,过来吧。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 我
2、能帮你吗? How dare you treat us like that! 你怎能那样对待我们!三特点 情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 not。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。 He could be here soon. 他很快就来。 We cant carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 Im sorry I cant help you. 对不起,我帮不上你。 基本助动词与情态助动词最主
3、要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想: What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义) I am afraid I must be going. (一定要) You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经) 除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征: 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例
4、外地只能接不带to的不定式: We used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come and repair my television set. 2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一: They need not have been punished so severely. 3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式: She dare not say what she thinks. 4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词: Still, she need
5、nt have run away. 5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间: Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用: You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldnt be
6、 reading a novel.四用法 首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。 用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形 例句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? Shal
7、l we begin now?我们现在就开始吗? You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。 情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 情态动词还有一个很重要的用法,即情态动词表推测 情态动词表推测的用法小结 (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式 1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might / could(也许,或
8、许)。 (1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。 2.否定句中用cant / couldnt(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。 (1)It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长,他去美国了。 (2)He may
9、not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 3.疑问句中用can/could (能?)。 (1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗? (2)Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。 (二)情态动词表推测的三种时态 1.对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 (1)She must / may / might / could
10、arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。 (2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。 2.对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 (1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。 (2)He ca
11、nt ( couldnt ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 (3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢? 3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 (1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is w
12、et. 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。 (2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。 (3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗? 注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应”但与“have +过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如: (4)Its seven oclock. Jack should/ought to b
13、e here at any moment. 现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测) (5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟) 她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 (6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. (虚拟) 汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。 五功能 助动词(
14、auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能: 1) 构成否定式: He didnt go and neither did she. The meeting might no
15、t start until 5 oclock. 2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式: Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you? 3) 构成修辞倒装: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4) 代替限定动词词组: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. can和c