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1、虚拟语气 ( Subjunctive Mood )语气是动词的一种形式。它表示说话者对所指的动词或状态所持的态度,而且在谓语动词上有所体现。语气分三种:陈述语气;祈使语气;虚拟语气。n 1. 陈述语气多见于大多数句子里, 用来陈述事实或就事实提出询问, 广泛用于陈述句和疑问句中。 He could swim, but he didnt jump into the water to save the boy.n 2. 祈使语气仅用于祈使句中，表示说话人向对方提出请求，劝告或命令。 Shut the window before leaving.n 3. 虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生
2、的情况，而是一种愿望，建议或与事实相反的假设等。 If I were a bird, I should fly in the sky.n 一虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的使用n 二虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用n 三. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的使用n 四. 虚拟语气在表语从句与同位语从句中的 使用n 五. 虚拟语气在方式状语从句中的使用n 六. 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的使用n 七. 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的使用n 八. 虚拟语气表祝愿或愿望一虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的使用n 如果假设的情况与事实相反，或是根本不可能发生或是发生的可能性很小，这就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句。n 1与现在的事实相反的假
3、设的动词形式 从句：过去式（be只用were） 主句：would(should/ could / might)+动词原形 If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. If he came here, he might be able to help you.1） If there were no subjunctive mood, English_ much easier.n A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be n 答案: Dn 2与过去的事实相反的假
4、设的动词形式从句：had + p.p. 主句：would(should/ could / might)+have + p.p.n She should have gone to the party if she had been invited. If she hadnt called me, I should have overslept this morning.n 2） If he _, he _ that food. Luckily, he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned; would not take B. ha
5、d been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have warned; had not takenn 答案: Bn 3与将来的事实相反的假设的动词形式从句：过去式或should / were to+动词原形主句：would(should/ could / might)+动词原形n If I were to be 20 years old next year, I should take the course of computer science. If it should fail
6、, I would try again. What would happen if the earth stopped turning?n 3） If he _ tomorrow, he would find Mr. Wang in the office. A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come n 答案: Cn 注：1。在if引导的非真实条件句中，if可以省略，但是需要倒装（从句位于主句前）n If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food.n =Had he been war
7、ned, he would not have taken that food.n What would happen if the earth stopped turning?n =What would happen if the earth were to / should stop turning? n =Were the earth to stop turning, what would happen?n =Should the earth to stop turning, what would happen?n 4）_ he would have succeeded in the ex
8、amination. A. Had he worked hard B. If he worked hard C. If he works hard D. If he has worked hardn 答案: An 2有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段代替条件句 如：介词without / but for等或连词 otherwise等表示含蓄条件，需用虚拟语 气。or ；but that +从句n provided ,supposing , were it not for +n.n Without air, we would not live even
9、for five minutes. =If there were no air, we would not live even for five minutes.I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.（副词）He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it .（连词）A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in ab
10、out seven days. （定语从句）Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.（独立主格结构）n But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. =If it had not been for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.n Jack cant have arrived yet; otherwise he would have telephone me. =J
11、ack cant have arrived yet; if he had arrived, he would have telephone me.含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有： n （1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 n the leadership of the party, we could not be living a h
12、appy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.n A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for n 答案选B。 But that she was afraid, she would have said no. (2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order th
13、at, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。n She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could buy a car. (注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟
14、语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如： The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。 n （3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake. A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。 (4)形容词及其比较级 A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes. A less conscientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get th
